Bibliometric Analysis: Research Trends in E-Government Implementation
Ismail Nurdin a,1*, Abd. Salam a
a Institut Pemerintahan Dalam Negeri, Jatinangor, Sumedang, Indonesia
1ismailnurdin@ipdn.ac.id *
* corresponding author
I. Introduction
The Government as an institution in the implementation of state administration certainly has functions and tasks, which include providing public services for the community, from the Central Government, Regional Government, and Regency/City Governments to Village Governments. As a public servants, the Government always tries to create and develop public services policies to create excellent public services. One of the Government's efforts in realizing excellent public services is by implementing an Electronic Government policy abbreviated as E-Government or, in Indonesian, called Electronic Government as the achievement of an electronic-based government system from advances in technology and information.
Electronic Government is an information system that uses the internet and other digital technologies to conduct transactions, public services, communication, coordination, and management of government organizations, which include Government, Government business, and Government social services. E-Government is the government's use of information technology to provide information and services to the public and deal with other government-related issues. To make the process of providing public services more efficient, effective, transparent, and accountable, the implementation of public services must be innovative.
According to Mulyadi (2015), implementation refers to the measures taken to realize a decision's intended outcomes. This step aims to transform these decisions into practical patterns and achieve big or little modifications, as previously determined. Implementation also involves determining what should occur after the program has been implemented.
One of the goals of E-Government implementation is for government entities to provide improved public services. In this regard, a strong commitment from the government to innovate within the bureaucracy is required. The use of E-Government by the bureaucracy is anticipated to be an option for reforming bureaucracy to provide better services. E-Government has been implemented in Indonesia since 2001 in accordance with Presidential Instruction Number 6 of 2001 concerning Telematics (Telecommunication, Media, and Informatics), which mandates that government officials use telematics technology to promote good governance and speed up the democratic process. The Republic of Indonesia then published Instruction No. 3 of 2003 about National Policies and Strategies.
ARTICLE INFO A B S T R A C T
Article history:
Received 17 June 2022 Revised 04 Sept 2022 Accepted 01 Nov 2022
This study aims to present the results of a Bibliometric Analysis of research trends related to the implementation of e-government from the Scopus database in 2018-2022. This study uses research methods through Publish or Perish by Harzing on citations in metric form, Microsoft Excel for data frequency analysis, and Vosviewer for data visualization. Findings: Based on the study's results, the research publication on e-government implementation experienced the dynamics of increasing and decreasing. While the number of citations has decreased since 2018, numbered 156 citations. Most cited documents by L.Glyptis (2020) have 40 sources. The most popular keywords include E- Government, Local Government, Critical success factors, Project management, Digital Government, and Public service..
Copyright © 2023 International Journal of Artificial Intelegence Research.
All rights reserved.
Keywords:
Bibliometric analysis, E-Goverment,
Implementation of e-goverment
Presidential Order 95 of 2018 related to the Electronic-Based Government System mandates the management and administration of a national electronic-based government system in order to enhance the integration and efficiency of the electronic-based government system. One of the responsibilities of government administration undertaken by government personnel is public service. The laws and regulations of Indonesia have paved the way for the provision of public services in accordance with the General Principles of Good Governance (AAUPB). Legal Certainty, Transparency, Responsiveness, Fairness, Effectiveness and Efficiency, Responsibility, Accountability, and Not Abusing Authority are included in Article 3 of Law No. 28 of 1999 on the Implementation of a State Free from Corruption, Collusion, and Nepotism. This idea serves as the basis for judicial and administrative decisions and as the unwritten legal standard for government actions. Although it is a principle, not all of them are generic and abstract ideas; in some situations, they take the form of real legal laws or are explicitly specified in legal documents and carry certain punishments.
Public services in the regions are not yet optimal, partly due to unclear regulatory factors in the realm of the division of tasks between regional governments and the central Government. As the legal basis for regional autonomy in Indonesia today, Law Number 23 of 2014 concerning Regional Government does not yet regulate a clear division between the central, provincial, and district or city governments in dealing with an affair, so what happens is that there is a tendency for mutual claims between government institutions above and below. The destructive impact of the unclear division of tasks causes overlapping or neglect of an affair, causing public services not to run optimally.
The usage or development of e-government is an endeavor to support the Government's performance based on electronic technology in the context of executing and enhancing the quality of services to the community. Through the development and implementation of e-government, management systems and work processes are organized within government agencies, especially those that perform public service functions; with the passage of e-government, it is hoped that all government activities will be conducted electronically to facilitate the implementation of policies and services. The execution of this e-government concept requires the participation of both government and society (shared objectives) (Mulyono, 2011).
Public services are activities or series of activities that meet the service needs of each citizen and resident in compliance with applicable laws and regulations for the provision of goods, services, and administrative services by public service providers. Furthermore, building e-government is not only building data and information communication infrastructure but also means building application system infrastructure, standardizing metadata, developing human resources, and developing procedures, policies and regulations.
E-government can be interpreted as a technology the Government uses in governance. The emergence of e-government has resulted in various reforms or changes to technology-based Government. As with online-based services, there are licensing systems, procurement, online-based complaints systems, and other systems (Subekti & Gustomy, 2018). E-government can be interpreted as government regulation by utilizing technology and telecommunications to maximize government performance or achievement in meeting community needs such as transparency and accountability to become good governance [1].
The principles of good governance can be achieved by using one of the efforts, such as maintaining accountability (Muljo et al., 2014). In increasing the value of the company or the value of the organization, a supportive area is needed for the organization's sustainability, which is undoubtedly effective and profitable. Improving organizational governance and accountability can be done using financial information related to the budget. "Giving and demanding of reasons for conducts" is a relationship in an organization referred to as accountability.
The Government has presented a performance reporting system to overcome the irregularities that occur, which we currently known as LAKIP. Performance reporting is known as LAKIP or Government Agency Performance Accountability Report. Parameters in the achievement of performance used include indicators of output, input, outcome and benefit, and impact. In terms of performance accountability, LAKIP is divided into financial responsibility and performance.
Performance accountability can be divided into several parts, such as evaluation and analysis of activities and research and evaluation and analysis of the achievement of targets or targets. The financial analysis is in the form of allocating sources of funds in implementing programs that are unquestionably considered efficient (Purnomo et al., 2018).
Performance accountability evaluation is carried out annually regularly. This evaluation aims to create a more effective government, adequate public services, transparent and accountable government, high performance-based management, and future performance improvements (Setiyawan & Safri, 2016). The steps taken by the Government to realize the wishes or interests of the community are making financial reports and government performance reports that are transparent so that accountability can be maintained. If a government or organization is not transparent and neglects its responsibility, it will cause negative impacts that occur in society; for example, people lack confidence in the Government of Grosso and Gregg (2011) (in Nurizzkiana et al., 2017), this can also lead to fraud such as corruption and take advantage of the given powers.
Accountability and government organizations cannot be separated from the influence of demands in fulfilling increased responsibility. The community expects the Government as a tool and planning carried out in controlling effective government organizations and as a forum for forming efficient and effective accountability. Effective responsibility or accountability allows the public and other information users to assess the accountability of organizations or business actors for all activities (Auditya et al., 2013; Darwanis & Chairunnisa, 2013).
Responsibility or accountability can be categorized as the main thing a guarantor is considered adequate. Accountability has an essential meaning in budget management, which can be seen in compliance with the law in making administrative decisions of an agency or organization that must be upheld and recognized by the implementers and their authorities. In addition, accountability is closely related to the effectiveness of an activity to achieve what has been determined. Efficiency or effectiveness is a measure of seeing the success or failure of an organization or business actor in achieving its goals or objectives.
According to Firmansyah, G. (2018), e-government is the use of information and communication technology by government agencies to deliver services to the general public, businesspeople, and other government agencies. Government agencies' interactions with citizens are known as G2C (Government to Citizen), with businesses as G2B (Government to Business), and with other government agencies as G2G (Government to Government) (Inter-Agency Relationship). The Government Architecture Framework is a framework architecture required for e-Government implementation (GAF). Focusing on government services, a Government Architecture Framework is an efficient and successful implementation framework for e-Government. One nation's government architecture framework is distinct from those of other nations. Determining how the Government Architecture Framework is implemented is so essential. Consequently, a review of the current literature is required.
Meanwhile, Joko Tri Nugraha (2018) states that the rapid and slow evolution of a government from a knowledge society to an e-government is very dependent on how sensitive the Government and its people are in reading the signs of the times (trends or tendencies). Support for the implementation of e-government in public services has been provided by the Sleman Regency Government, although it is not optimal; this is because there is no legal umbrella that specifically regulates it in addition to the different budget allocations in each OPD. Literacy levels among government personnel in the Sleman Regency are still generally low, especially among senior officials. On the value side, Sleman Regency e-government management have recognized the benefits and significance of information technology in public services. For the implementation of e-government to run optimally, it is necessary to create a clear legal umbrella and a grand design for e-government development, including preparing the budget. Related to the low literacy of employees, it is necessary to plan for continuous IT training. In the future, the Sleman Regency Government must plan to recruit employees with information technology education backgrounds.
The importance of the role of information systems in Government, which is supported by the development of technology, requires an application that can assist the task of Government in serving the public, which meets requirements such as better, cheaper, and faster. This application is known as e-government. This information technology makes it easier for leaders to interact directly with the community. Using technology, leaders can monitor city developments directly, improve security, and live a decent life (Utomo & Hariadi, 2016).
The phenomena and challenges in implementing E-Government in the local government public service system described above are interesting to discuss with a Bibliometric Analysis research design.
Bibliometric analysis can evaluate publications and productivity in a particular research area (Moed
et al., 2022) [2]. The author tries to find trends in E-Government Implementation research with research methods through Publish or Perish by Harzing from the Scopus and Google Scholar databases. The data is processed using Microsoft Excel and VOSviewer for frequency analysis and data visualization. Therefore, the author determines the research title "Research Trends in E- Government Implementation" with a Bibliometric Analysis research design.
II. Methods
This research uses a quantitative approach with a Bibliometric Analysis research design. The method used was Bibliometric Analysis because it can evaluate publications and productivity in a particular research area (Mod et al., 2002) [2]. Using Bibliometric Analysis allows authors to evaluate and find gaps between research on e-government from various types of writing, journal articles, books, conference papers, and others.
The data source of this research is all literature related to e-government from the Scopus database through Publish or Perish by Harzing from various types of documents in the range of 2018 to 2022.
The literature taken contains the keyword "E-Government" in the title. The author chose Scopus because it is one of the indexed research databases. It is one of the most comprehensive databases containing various documents for academic research (Ahmi & Mohamad, 2019)[2].
The literature documents obtained from the Scopus database are then stored in RIS format. After that, the file is inputted and managed with Mendeley software. The author will complete the literature needs at Mendeley to prepare data to be analyzed through Microsoft Excel to find the frequency of data and VOSViewer for data analysis in visual form, including preparing abstracts, author keywords, and full-text documents from all literature. This is integral to identifying, filtering, and testing research data feasibility. The Bibliometric Analysis research method has several stages: determining keywords (formulating problems), literature search, article selection, validating (feasibility), and analyzing data.
III. Result and Discussion
The e-government implementation research literature document was obtained from the Scopus database through Publish or Perish by Harzing in 2018-2022. From this process, a total of twenty- seven literatures were deemed worthy of analysis, namely:
Table 1. Literature that falls into this category deserves to be researched in this study
Author Title
T. Budding (Budding, 2018)
[3]
Assessing electronic service delivery in municipalities: determinants and financial consequences of e-government implementation
U. Melin [4]
Balanced and integrated e-government implementation – exploring the crossroad of public policy-making and information systems project management processes M. Olumoye
[5]
An empirical investigation of factors influencing integrated e-Government implementation in Nigeria: A case of housing and urban development agency Al-Emadi (Al-Emadi,
A. 2018) [6]
Grounded theory analysis of the successful implementation of e-government projects:
Exploring
A. Rahmanto (Rahman, 2018)
[7]
The implementation of e-government through social media use in the local Government of Solo Raya
N. Nurdin (Gupta, 2018)
[8]
Institutional arrangements in E-government implementation and use: A case study from Indonesian local Government
S. Gupta (2018) [9]
SauSam model: The government process reengineering implementation model to implement the e-governance initiatives in India
S. Al-Shuaili (Al-shuaili et al., 2019)
[10]
An Investigate on the Critical Factors that can Affect the Implementation of E- government in Oman
perceptions of e-government authorities P. Bakunzibake
[11]
E-government implementation and monitoring: The case of Rwanda's ‘one-stop’ E- government
Icesi, U., Camilo, J., &
Hoyos, V.
Does trust have an impact on system and operational effectiveness? The implementation of e-government in Colombia
[12]
R.A.R. Ayquipa (Ayquipa, 2019) [13]
Challenges in the implementation of e-government for public institutions in Peru
A.Q. Wahyu Sulistya [14]
A case study of Indonesian government digital transformation: Improving public service quality through E-government implementation
G.D. Gyamfi [15]
Assessing the factors affecting the implementation of e-government and effect on performance of DVLA
E. Agbozo (Agbozo, E.
2019) [16]
Personal data and privacy barriers to e-Government adoption, implementation, and development in Sub-Saharan Africa
N.A. Pusparani [17]
Qualitative Assessment of e-Government Implementation using PeGI Framework: Case Study Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries the Republic of Indonesia
P. Panda (Panda &
Sahu, 2019) [18]
E-government procurement implementation in India: Evolving decision parameters for project success
G. Valverde Landívar [19]
Analysis of e-government strategy implementation in Ecuador
L. Glyptis [20]
E-Government implementation challenges in small countries: The project manager's perspective
G.P. Dias [21]
Determinants of e-government implementation at the local level: an empirical model
S. Ariana [22]
Cogent Business & Management Clustering of ICT human resources capacity in the implementation of E-government in expansion area : a case study from pali regency Clustering of ICT human resources capacity in the implementation of E-government in expansion
S. Nawafleh [23]
The implementation of e-government and the trust of citizens in public sector performance: The mediating role of service quality
M. Yusuf [24]
Actor-Network Theory (ANT) for Indonesia e-Government implementation
F. Renaldi [25]
Integrated Monitoring Platform for Collaborative Youth Communities in Indonesia: A Case of e-Government Implementation for the Rural Millennial
N.H. Alghatam [26]
E-government through the lens of trading zones: A case of e-government implementation in Dubai
E.J. Mulder (Mulder, 2020)
[28]
Playing the telephone game in a multilevel polity: On the implementation of e- government services for business in the EU
N. Puspitasari (Series, 2021)
[29]
Microservice API Implementation for E-Government Service Interoperability
Z. Chen (Chen, Z. 2021) [30]
Design and Implementation of A Vulnerability-Tolerant Reverse Proxy Based on Moving Target Defense for E-Government Application
The trend of research on e-government implementation studied in this study began in 2018 has an increase and decrease in the amount of literature published until 2022. The graph of research trends from 2018 to 2022 is presented in the following figure:
Fig. 1. E-Government Imlementation Research Trends. Source: Primary Data, 2022
2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
E-government Implementation Research Trends
E-government Implementation Research Trends
This analysis found that overall there was a dynamic of increasing and decreasing the number of published literature. In 2018, as many as seven literature were found, which is 26% of the total.
Meanwhile, in 2019 there was an increase to 37%, namely ten literature. Then in 2020, there was a decrease to 30% of 8 literature. In 2021 it continued to decline to 7% with a total of 2 literature.
However, in 2022 there is no published literature in the Scopus database.
Fig. 2. E-government implementation research publication trends Source: Primary Data, 2022
From 27 pieces of literature found, 21 publishers publish literature on E-Government Implementation. Seventeen publishers only published one piece of literature, except the Journal of Physics and Communications in Computer and Information, which each published two pieces of literature, and the International Journal of Electronic Government and Electronic Journal of Information System, which each published three different pieces of literature throughout 2018-2022.
Fig. 3. Trends in Types of E-government Implementation Research Documents.
Source: Primary Data, 2022
From a total of twenty-seven literatures, two documents discuss the implementation of E- Government. The most published documents are articles, namely 56% with a total of 15 pieces of literature. Then 44% of conference papers with a total of 21 literatures throughout 2018-2022.
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
ACM International Conference Proceeding…
Communications in Computer and…
Electronic Journal of Information Systems…
Information Communication Technologies…
International Colloquium on Signal…
International Conference on Cybernetics…
International Conference on Science and…
International Journal of Electronic…
Journal of Physics Online Information Review Transforming Government
E-government Implementation Research Publication Trends
E-government Implementation Research Publication Trends
Article 56%
Conference Paper
44%
Trends in Types of E-government Implementation Research Documents
Article Conference Paper
Fig. 4. Co-occurrence Analysis Source: Primary Data, 2022
From the analysis in VOSviewer, it was found that there were 15 identified groups or clusters that produced 63 keywords which were the output of the VOSviewer application. For example, Cluster 1 consists of Administration, cost of services, diffusion of innovation, empirical study, institutional theory, local Government, municipalities, public, and service delivery. While Cluster 2 consists of digital Government, digital transformation, digitalization, egdi, policy-making, project management, and sustainable implementation. Cluster 3 consists of computer-based technology, information system, the internet, public service, security threat, and sustainability. Cluster 4 consists of critical success factors, decision parameters, e-projects, electronic government procurement, knowledge management, and public procurement. Cluster 5 consists of cyber security, moving target defense, network, security, and web application. Cluster 6 consists of change management, content analysis, framework, and grounded theory analysis. Cluster 7 consists of digital literacy, e-government barriers, electronic payment receipts, and network coverage. Cluster 8 consists of Enactment, Implementation, institutional logic, and trading zones. Cluster 9 comprises general data protection regulation, personal data, security, and privacy. Cluster 10 consists of gap analysis, human resources, and resource-based view. Cluster 11 consists of e-government, leadership styles, ministry of marine affairs, and fisheries pegi. Cluster 12 comprises an integrated monitoring platform, technology in rural areas, and youth communities. Cluster 13 consists of actor-network theory (ant) implementation. Cluster 14 consists of good governance and social media. Finally, Cluster 15 consists of State strategy.
This research data screening and feasibility study examine research trends on e-government implementation from 2018-2022 with a citation matrix. Based on research on 27 existing literature documents, 156 citations were found. The most cited document was written by [20], with a total of 40 citations. The results of the co-occurrence analysis generated from the VOSviewer application are used to answer questions about the general theme of research on e-government implementation. The most popular keywords include E-Government, Local Government, Critical success factors, Project management, Digital Government, and Public service. These results were obtained to answer the trend of research topics regarding e-government implementation.
The number of citations identified in 2018 was more than in subsequent years. This number is expected to continue to increase, and research topics can also be diverse and in-depth. The results of this study can be a reference source for spreading ideas, strengthening collaboration between authors, institutions, countries, and regions, and building bridges between academics and practitioners. This study only focuses on the co-occurrence aspect and only uses documents from the Scopus database, considering authenticated publications as the primary source. Future research is expected to consider other publication sources to analyze e-government implementation. Then this research is also limited by the range of 2018-2022. Future research should consider the documents published since the introduction of e-government implementation to get a broader picture
IV. Conclusion
Based on an analysis of research trends in e-government implementation from the Scopus database in the 2018-2022 timeframe, the number of published literature has increased and decreased, but the number of citations identified has increased and decreased in the 2018-2022 range, which is 156 citations. There are 63 keywords found in 15 clusters. The most cited document was written by L.
Glyptis (2020) with 40 citations. The results of this study can be a reference and reference for future research related to the application of digital Government as well as to the formulation and implementation of innovations in Indonesia associated with the most popular keywords according to the visualization results from Vosviewer from this study, namely E-Government, Local Government, Critical success factors, Project management, Digital Government, Public service..
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