TUGAS BAHASA INGGRIS UNIVERSITAS KRISNADWIPAYANA
FAKULTAS TEKNIK
ANGGOTA KELOMPOK:
1.Ilyasa naufal alqadr 2. MOH. Raihan 3. Dimas prabowo
History and Development of Industrial Engineering
Early Development
• Engineering and science have developed in parallel with complementarity.
• The focus of science is the development of basic knowledge, while engineering focuses on the application or application of knowledge.
General Activities of Engineering People
• Engineering people solve problems, so do math people;
• Technical people analyze, as well as statisticians and economists; and
• Engineering people design systems, do others too? What distinguishes engineering people is their attention in designing a sy
History of Industrial Engineering
• Industrial Engineering was born as a profession that was the result of the Industrial Revolution.
The driving factors are:
• The need for engineers who can plan, organize, and operate complex systems;
• The need to increase efficiency and effectiveness; and
• The need to develop a better management system.
People and their contributions Adam Smith
• Division of labor.
• The division of labor gives an increase in yield by a factor close to five times.
Charles Babbage
• Use of skilled and unskilled labor.
• The division of labor into smaller elements (subdividing task).
Eli Whitney
• The concept of manufacturing interchangeable parts.
• Design and construction of machines that do not require high skills.
Henry R. Towne
• Engineering people should also pay attention to profitability effects.
• Assumption of costs as uncontrollable needs.
Frederick W. Taylor
• "Scientific management" in the form of stages in designing and designing work with high efficiency.
• These stages are (1) analysis and method development; (2) reduce the time required; and (3) create high productivity.
Formula: clear work – fixed time – firm method.
Industrial engineering can be traced back to the beginning of the Industrial Revolution in the late 18th century. Some of the early practitioners of industrial engineering include:
• Samuel Colt, who pioneered the assembly line;
• Frederick Taylor, who introduced scientific management, and time-and- motion studies;
• Harrington Emerson, who described process improvement methods in his book, "The Twelve Principles of Efficiency";
• Henry Laurence Gantt, who developed the Gantt Chart for organizational management;
• Henry Ford, who applied the assembly line to the manufacture of cars;
and
• Eliyahu M. Goldratt, who developed the Theory of Constraints (TOC), identifies the most significant limiting factor in a process – the
"bottleneck" – and how to fix it until it is no longer an obstacle.
Areas of expertise
In several universities in Indonesia, Industrial Engineering is classified into three areas of expertise, namely Manufacturing Systems, Industrial Management, Industrial Systems and Techno Economics.
• Manufacturing Systems
Manufacturing System is a system that utilizes an industrial engineering approach to improve the quality, productivity and efficiency of an integral system consisting of humans, machines, materials, energy and information through the processes of designing, planning, operating, controlling, maintaining and repairing while maintaining harmony. human aspects and the work environment. The types of scientific fields studied in this Manufacturing System include Production Systems, Production Planning and Control, System Modeling, Factory Layout Design, and Ergonomics.
• Industrial Management
The Industrial Management field of expertise is a field of expertise that utilizes an industrial engineering approach to create and increase business
system value through management functions and processes that rely on the superiority of human resources in facing a dynamic business environment.
The types of scientific fields studied in Industrial Management include Financial Management, Quality Management, Innovation Management, Human Resources Management, Marketing Management, Decision Management and Technical Economics.
• Industrial and Techno-Economic Systems
The field of expertise in Industrial Systems and Techno-Economics is a field of expertise that utilizes industrial engineering approaches to increase the competitiveness of integral systems consisting of labor, raw materials, energy, information, technology and infrastructure that interact with the business community, society and government.
• Role
Industrial engineering is integrated into 4 systems, namely humans, materials, equipment and energy.[5] This shows all systems that must produce or increase added value, both in the form of goods and services.[5] Therefore, an industrial engineer has a very important role in processing these 4 systems.[5] The roles of an industrial engineer are:[5]
• Designing
Designing shows the creative ability to combine existing knowledge into a system design. This system can also take the form of designing a solution system, namely multidisciplinary, multiapproach and multidimensional solution design. That is why many industrial engineering graduates work in the consulting field.
• Increase
Improving can be interpreted as management. Management experts say that there is a difference between administration and management. Administration is oriented towards doing the same thing continuously in a precise and orderly manner, while management means that there are improvements that must be made. Based on this definition, of course management shows the ability to solve problems, because the essence of improvement is the ability to solve problems.
This system includes analytical skills, project management skills, thinking systematically, so it is useful in solving problems.
• Installing
Installing shows the ability to define the steps required to install a system design.
Installation forces an industrial engineer to think ahead in designing and improving the system. In the 7 habits of effective humans, this concept is known as starting from the desired end result (Begin With the End in Mind). This concept is a design that includes elements of ease of maintenance, manufacture, and even quality control so that the product can be more quickly accepted by the market in optimal quality.
In its early days, industrial engineering was driven almost entirely by the motive of improving the efficiency and profitability of plant operations. Since then, the continuous invention and development of new machines and power sources has presented new challenges for industrial engineers to find new applications for these technologies and optimize their use to increase productivity.
Starting in the 1940s, the concept of Total Quality Management (TQM) became an important part of industrial engineering. TQM emphasizes on ensuring and improving the quality of products and processes in every phase of operation. It has since been replaced by Six Sigma and the International Organization for Quality Standard ISO 9000 Standardization.
• Basic science
Industrial Engineering has a scientific basis. The basis of this knowledge is: [7].
1. Method engineering is a study that systematically studies all direct and indirect operations to obtain improvements to work systems, so that work is done easily and in a short time.
2. Ergonomics is a science that studies the relationship between people and their work environment, especially the results of work design.
3. Facility planning and design includes determining the location of the facility, the layout of the facility, and how large the facility will be located.
4. Simulation is needed to solve problems that are very difficult to do analytically.
In this case, the use of a computer is very necessary, so that calculations can run quickly and produce fairly accurate solutions.
5. Material handling is the movement of material or ingredients from one location to another or between work stations.
6. Operational Research is the basis for determining basic efficient flight patterns, goods distribution patterns, and electronic operational network patterns.
7. The Production System is an activity to process the use of existing resources in the process of creating goods or services with the aim of improving the level of effectiveness and efficiency of the production process.
8. Inventory Control aims to accommodate inventory flow levels that are not always the same.
9. Quality Control is used to analyze the quality of the products or services produced.
10. Management functions for planning, organizing and monitoring functions.
• Definition of Industrial Engineering
"Industrial Engineering deals with the design, improvement, and installation of integrated human, material, equipment, and energy systems.
It draws on specialized knowledge and skills in the mathematical, physical and social sciences along with principles and methods of analysis and engineering design to determine, predict and evaluate the results to be obtained from such systems" (Handbook of Industrial Engineering; Institute of Industrial Engineers) , Industrial Engineering and Press Management, 1983, Page 207)
Industrial engineering is a branch of engineering that involves finding ways to make or do something better. Industrial engineers care about reducing production costs, increasing efficiency, improving the quality of products and services, ensuring the health and safety of workers, protecting the environment and complying with government regulations.
They "work to eliminate waste of time, money, materials, energy, and other commodities," according to the Institute of Industrial Engineers. For example, industrial engineers can work to streamline operating rooms, shorten roller- coaster lines, make assembly lines safer and more efficient, and speed up freight delivery.
Received Influence
• The influence of operational research, in the analytical approach of problem solving.
• The influence of computers, which is very helpful in system design.
• The emergence of the service industry, the expansion of the application of Industrial Engineering which is not limited to the invoice industry only.
Future Challenges
• The world has a limited amount of non-renewable natural resources.
• Another challenge is how to design a safe and reliable product.
• The involvement of political and legal issues in designing social systems is a major challenge that must also be faced.
What does an industrial engineer do?
Industrial engineers are engaged in all stages of production and processing. They may design a new facility from the ground up, or they may be responsible for upgrading, expanding or reconfiguring an existing facility.
They may be required to design new equipment or write specifications for equipment purchased from outside vendors and ensure that it meets those requirements. They may also need to reuse existing facilities and equipment, design new processes, and design new tools and equipment.
Increasingly, industrial engineers rely on computer-aided design (CAD) systems to design facilities and equipment. They also use computer modeling to simulate process flows and supply chains to maximize efficiency and minimize costs.
Where do industrial engineers work?
"Depending on their duties, industrial engineers work both in offices and in settings they are trying to improve. For example, when observing a problem, they might watch workers assembling components in a factory or staff performing
their duties in a hospital. When troubleshooting a problem, they may be in the office at the computer looking at the data they or someone else has collected. ” How much do industrial engineers make?
Most industrial engineer jobs require at least a bachelor's degree in engineering.
Many employers, especially those offering engineering consulting services, also require certification as professional engineers (PE). A master's degree is often required for promotion into management, and ongoing education and training is required to keep up with advances in technology, materials, computer hardware and software, and government regulations, In addition, many industrial engineers belong to the Institute of Industrial Engineers (IIE).
Industrial engineering was born in ancient Greece[2]. At that time, humans used stones and bones as work tools.[2] The tools used are regularly improved, thereby increasing productivity in production matters.[2] This has happened to this day.[2] Industrial engineering actually has strong roots in the industrial revolution.[2] The industrial revolution has dramatically changed the manufacturing process and helped the birth of scientific concepts in the future.[2]
The technological innovations that occurred at that time were aimed at assisting in the mechanization of several traditional manual operations in the textile industry.[2] Several technological discoveries during the industrial revolution, namely the invention of the spinning machine by James Hargreaves (1765), the development of the water frame by Richard Arkweight (1769), and the steam engine by James Watt.[2]
The beginnings of Industrial Engineering can be traced to several different sources. Frederick Winslow Taylor is often considered the father of industrial engineering, although none of his ideas were original.
The history of Industrial Engineering in Indonesia began on the campus of the Bandung Institute of Technology (ITB) on January 1, 1971. The history of the
establishment of Industrial Engineering education at ITB cannot be separated from the practical conditions of engineering graduates in the fifties. At that time, the profession of a mechanical engineering graduate was a continuation of the profession in the Dutch era, which was limited to the work of operating and maintaining machines or production facilities. These capital goods are fully imported, because there are no machine factories in Indonesia.
If at that time, there were relatively large workshops that carried out steel construction design work, such as those found in the cities of Pasuruan and Klaten, among others, this work was still part of the maintenance activities for existing sugar factory machines and plantation product processing factories. in East Java and Central Java. Thus, the design activities carried out by Mechanical Engineering graduates at that time were still very limited to designing and manufacturing simple spare parts based on examples of existing items. Similar roles for Mechanical Engineering graduates also occur in cement factories and in railway workshops.
Development of Industrial Engineering Science Towards the Era Industry 4.0
The development of the industrial world is on the verge of entering the Industrial 4.0 era. These conditions are not despite the rapid development of industrial engineering science. Through literature study, this paper aims to see from the perspective of the philosophy of science how Industry 4.0 emerged related to the development of industrial engineering science, what challenges are faced and how should be the direction of development of industrial engineering science. The results of this study show that in In its development, industrial
engineering science synergizes with other sciences and engineering sciences so that brought influence to the industrial world until it evolved to the emergence of the idea of Industry 4.0. This idea brings the concept of combining digital technology and the internet with industry conventional which ultimately aims to increase productivity, efficiency and customer service significantly. But apart from that, there are also consequences that must be faced regarding impacts The negatives of Industry 4.0 include the impact on industrial engineering science.
This is where it appears various challenges for industrial engineering science.
There are many roles that science can play. Industrial engineering faces the challenges of the emergence of Industry 4.0. The main role is to focus on studying human interaction with various other components in integrated systems in industry. Besides that, It is also recommended that there be adjustments and upgrades to the industrial engineering curriculum to ensure technical knowledge Industry is ready to face the changes that occur and graduates can still be needed in the industrial world.
Industry 4.0 is a relatively new term and perhaps there are not many yet known and understood by audiences in the industrial sector. In the opinion of the Minister Industry and Trade (Working Cabinet) Airlangga Hartarto quoted from Glienmourinsie (2016), Industry 4.0 makes the production process run with the internet as a support main. All objects are equipped with sensor-assisted and capable technological devices communicate with information technology systems. Roser (2015) conveys his opinion that the signs of the emergence of Industry 4.0 began in Hannover, Germany, when it was held Hannover Messe/Fair (is an international scale meeting in the industrial sector and automation) in 2011. At the meeting, the German government announced to the public will disburse funds of 400 million euros for research and development of Industry 4.0. There are those who have an opinion (which will be explained in more detail later) that the emergence of Industry 4.0 will have a major impact on the industrial sector, economic and even social conditions of society globally. If
you look at the explanation of Industry 4.0 which is closely related to processes production, its presence cannot be separated from the influence of industrial engineering science. Science Industrial engineering since the era of the industrial revolution has developed rapidly up to the modern era. Scope His study, which was originally narrow, became increasingly broad. This condition raises questions Is the development of industrial engineering science related to the emergence of phenomena? Industry 4.0? And what is the influence of the Industry 4.0 phenomenon on industrial engineering science literature and at the same time provide suggestions for the direction of industrial engineering scientific development.
Method
Based on the background above, this article attempts to look at the problemfrom an angle view of the philosophy of science regarding how Industry 4.0 actually appears if it is related with the development of industrial engineering science and what challenges engineering science faces industries related to the presence of Industry 4.0. The steps taken are as follows,
(1) collect information through book literature, articles and websites related to the philosophy of science, scientific developments in industrial engineering and Industry 4.0,
(2) draw a connection between the scientific development of industrial engineering and its emergence Industry 4.0 phenomenon,
(3) compiling an overview of the challenges that industrial engineering science will face in facing Industry 4.0,
(4) provide suggestions on the direction of industrial engineering scientific development.
At the beginning of its birth era, industrial engineering still focused on improving work methods and work specialization. This era is called the era of scientific management. The next period, scientific thinking Industrial engineering develops towards human and organizational interactions. Invention of machines Production powered by electricity encourages mass production. Condition This makes the process of organizing production more difficult. aside from that found evidence that the human relations factor in a company is evident influence on productivity. This era is called the era of administrative and behavioral management which produces contributions regarding management principles.
The beginning of the 20th century was marked by the occurrence of two world wars. Great need for military purposes was very influential, so that the study of industrial engineering developed into how to optimize limited resources. In this period the characteristics are: What stands out is the use of mathematics in modeling systems to find solutions, So the operations research and simulation approach was born (also influenced by discovery computer technology). This era is called the era of management science. Computer technology and embedded systems began to develop in the mid-20th century which has resulted in automation technology for various production processes also starting to become widespread applied. These developments influenced industrial engineering thinking in this direction think systems and integratedly. Thinking in this era is called integrated systemic. Focus studies in this period did not only focus on human, machine and material systems, but also pay attention to external environmental factors so that it becomes more complex. Need to resolve problems at the managerial level and top management becomes more big. This condition requires industrial engineering knowledge to look at the system from
all aspects holistically. A prominent characteristic of this period is the development of studies regarding system modeling (system thinking), decision support systems and automation. Knowledge penetration management from Japanese industry (continuous improvement, just in time, etc.) is also sufficient influential in this period which can even be applied to the public service sector (Fryer et al., 2007).
The rapid development of information technology (characterized by the widespread use of the internet broad) at the end of the 20th century had a major influence on the development of ways of thinking industrial engineering science.
The principle of thinking changes to thinking globally and looking at systems integrated more widely as an inter-industry network. Two issues are the focus of the era this is a network of cooperation and information technology. This era is called the Global and Information era. The presence of the e-supply chain is a sign of the development of industrial engineering in this era.
Industry 4.0 and its Relation to Industrial Engineering Science There is synergy between the three disciplines as shown in Figure 2 It turns out that it also has an impact on the development of other engineering sciences, including in the field of engineering automation. Table 1 provides an overview of how automation technology is developing.
If we trace the history of its development, automation technology was also born from revolution industry. According to the European Union parliament in Davies (2015), revolution industry occurred four times. The first occurred in England in 1784 where the discovery Steam engines and mechanization began to replace human work. The second revolution occurred at the end of the 19th century where production machines were powered by electricity and methods
Assembly lines began to be developed for mass production activities. Use Figure 2. Synergy between Science, Engineering and Industrial Engineering (Nur Bahagia, 2007)
Computer technology for automation in manufacturing activities starting in 1970 became a sign third industrial revolution. Currently, the rapid development of sensor technology, interconnection and data analysis gave rise to the idea of integrating all technologies into various industrial fields. This idea is what was predicted to become the fourth industrial revolution or Industry 4.0. The understanding of Industry 4.0 itself is diverse. This is caused by Industry 4.0 is still in the research and development stage. According to the German chancellor, Angela Merkel (2014), Industry 4.0 is a comprehensive transformation of all aspects of production in industry through combining digital and internet technology with conventional industry. German Trade and Invest in MacDougall (2014) explains in more detail that “Smart industry or INDUSTRIE 4.0 refers to the technological evolution from embedded systems to cyber-physical systems.
INDUSTRIE 4.0 represents the coming fourth industrial revolution onthe way to an Internet of Things, Data and Services. Decentralized intelligence helps create intelligent object networking and independent process management, with the interaction of the real and virtual worlds representing a crucial new aspect of the manufacturing and production process”. Based on this explanation, it can be concluded that there are several technologies that exist support for Industry 4.0.
These technologies are Cyber-Physical Systems, Internet and Networks, Data and Services and manufacturing technology.
