IARKBA VRDRJVRJCD XAEBJBJCDE
“QMJ EKPIDLJRDV VA@DPDE BDRD BDE QMJ OKIKNAEJRDV WDPJDEV’
Bksae Xaendipu Idtd
Culjdo = 4) Br. Ej Catut
Pdpj, I.Xb.
0) Xutu ^jbjdrjej, V.Xb., I.Xb. I.Vf.
KLAO = CALKIXKC 1
EJ LQO DZQ DPBJ LAVRDPJ (0846804887) XQRQ PDRED JEBDO XPDRJ^J (0846804846)
XPKNPDI VRQBJ XAEBJBJCDE GJVJCD MQPQVDE GJVJCD BDE
XAENDMDPDE JXD
GDCQLRDV IDRAIDRJCD BDE JLIQ XAENARDOQDE DLDI QEJWAPVJRDV XAEBJBJCDE NDEAVOD
j
CDRD XAENDERDP
Xujj syucur paeuljs pdejdtcde capdbd Ruode Zden Idod Asd ,dtds rdoidt bde cdruejd-Eyd, saojennd paeuljs bdpdt iaeyalasdjcde paeyusuede idcdldo baende jubul “ Qjj
Ekridljtds Va`drde Bdtd bde Qjj okiknaejtds Wdrjdes’
Idcdldo jej `arjsj bascrjpsj iaenaedj fdrd-fdrd ialdcucde ujj ekridljtds sa`drde bdtd bde ujj okiknaejtds vdrjdes. Xaeyusuede idcdldo jej iarupdcde updyd iaiaeuoj tunds idtd culjdo Iatkba Vtdtjstjcd Xaebjbjcde.
Xaeuljs iaenufdpcde tarjid cdsjo capdbd pjodc ‖ pjodc yden taldo iai`arj bucuende ikrdl bde idtarjjl bdldi paeyusuede idcdldo jej. Dcojreyd, dpdpue yden paeuljs sdjjcde bdldi idcdldo sabaroded jej, saiknd bdpdt `aridegddt, coususeyd `dnj paeuljs saebjrj, uiuieyd `dnj sjdpd sdjd yden `arcapaetjende.
Bjsdbdrj `dowd idcdldo jej bjljodt bdrj idtarj bde tdipjldeeyd idsjo jduo bdrj saipured. Qetuc jtuldo idsucde-idsucde bdrj `ar`dndj pjodc sdendt bjodrdpcde baij casaipuredde idcdldo jej pdbd idsd yden dcde bdtden. Vaiknd Zden Idod Cudsd saedetjdsd iai`arjcde patuejuc yden tar`djc `dnj cjtd saiud.
Xaeuljs
BDGRDP JVJ
CDRD XAENDERDP... j BDGRDP JVJ... jj
@D@ J XAEBDOQLQDE... 4
4.4 Ldtdr @aldcden... 4
4.0 Puiusde Idsdldo ... 4
4.6 Rujude Xaeuljsde... 0
4.2 Idegddt Xaeuljsde ... 0
@D@ JJ XAI@DODVDE ... 6
4.4 Qjj Ekridljtds Va`drde Bdtd ... 6
0.0 Qjj Okiknaejtds Wdrjdes ... 44
@D@ JJJ CAVJIXQLDE ... 48
BDGRDP XQVRDCD... 4:
4
4.4 Ldtdr
@aldcden
@D@ J XAEBDOQLQDE
Vtdtjstjc bjbagjejsjcde sa`dndj gdctd-gdctd `ar`aetuc dencd yden tardencui bdldi td`al-td`al dtdu cuipulde dencd pdbd td`al yden iaeardencde sudtu gaekiaed.Vtdtjstjcd dbdldo jliu yden iaipaldjdrj `dndjided iaraefdedcde,iaenuipulcde, iaendedljsjs, iaenjetarpratdsj, bde iaiprasaetdsjcde bdtd.Vjencdteyd, stdtjstjcd dbdldo jliu yden `arcaedde baende bdtd. Dtdu stdtjstjcd dbdldo jliu yden `arusdod uetuc iaefk`d
iaenkldo bdtd uetuc iaebdpdtcdeidegddt `arupd caputusde bdldi caojbupde.
Bdldi sa`udo paealjtjde, tarutdid paealjtjde cudetjtdtjg bdpdt bjldcucde dedljsjs bdtd baende
`detude stdtjstjc.
Vafdrd uiui saiud stdtjstjf pdrdiatarjc `arguensj uetuc iaennaeardljsdsj odsjl paealjtjde, ydjtu pai`arldcude odsjl paealjtjde bdldi pkpuldsj baende iaennuedcde bdtd sdipal yden odrus iaiaeuoj dsuisj-dsuisj. Dsuisj tarsa`ut ialjputj bdtd sdipal bjdi`jl safdrd dfdc bdrj pkpuldsj bde bdtd tarbjstrj`usj ekridl. Vabdencde dsuisj-dsuisj ldjeeyd iaeyasudjcde baende tacejc dedljsjs bdtd yden bjnuedcde.
Qetuc iaenatdouj dpdcdo sudtu bdtd tarbjstrj`usj ekridl bdpdt bjldcucde ujj ekridljtds. Qjj jej iarupdcde paenujjde yden pdljen `deydc bjldcucde uetuc dedljsjs stdtjstjc pdrdiatrjc. Cdraed bdtd yden `arbjstrj`usj ekridl iarupdcde sydrdt bjldcucdeeyd tas pdrdiatrjc. Vabdencde uetuc bdtd yden tjbdc iaipueydj bjstrj`usj ekridl, idcd dedljsjseyd iaennuedcde tas eke pdrdiatrjf. Valdje ujj ekridljtds dbd
jund yden bjedidcde ujj okiknaejtds, sasudj edideyd ujj okiknaejtds bjnuedcde uetuc iaefdrj tdou dpdcdo bdrj `a`ardpd calkipkc bdtd paealjtjde iaijljcj vdrjdes yden
sdid dtdu tjbdc. Xaenujjde okiknaejtds jund bjidcsubcde uetuc iai`arjcde caydcjede `dowd sacuipulde bdtd yden bjidejpuldsj bdldi sardencdjde dedljsjs
iaiden `ardsdl bdrj pkpuldsj yden tjbdc jduo `ar`abd cardndideeyd.
Qjj ekridljtds bde ujj okiknaejtds jej sdendt paetjen uetuc bjpdodidej cdraed dcde sdendt iai`detu bdldi paenkldode bde dedljsjs bdtd coususeyd bdldi paealjtjde.
Odl jtuldo yden ialdtdr `aldcdenj cdij uetuc iaeyusue idcdldo jej, dndr edetjeyd bdpdt iaebucuen bde iai`detu bdldi ialdcucde dedljsjs bdtd sddt paealjtjde.
4.0 Puiusde Idsdldo
4.4.4 Dpd yden bjidcsub baende ujj ekridljtds sa`drde bdtd;
4.4.0 Dpd yden bjidcsub baende ujj okiknaejtds vdrjdes;
0
4.6 Rujude Xaeuljsde
4.6.4 Qetuc iaenatdouj ujj ekridljtds sa`drde bdtd 4.6.0 Qetuc iaenatdouj ujj okiknaejtds vdrjdes 4.2 Idegddt Xaeuljsde
Xaeuljsde idcdldo jej bjodrdpcde `aridegddt `dnj paeuljs saebjrj uetuc iaedi`do wdwdsde fdrd-fdrd ialdcucde ujj ekridljtds sa`drde bdtd bde ujj okiknaejtds vdrjdes saojennd bdpdt iaeardpcdeeyd bdldi prksas paealjtjde. Idegddt ldje `dnj paeuljs uetuc iaiaeuoj tunds idtd culjdo Iatkba Vtdtjstjcd Xaebjbjcde. @dnj pai`dfd Qetuc iaedi`do paenatdoude iaenaedj fdrd-fdrd ialdcucde ujj ekridljtds sa`drde bdtd bde ujj okiknaejtds vdrjdes saojennd pai`dfd bdpdt iaidodijeyd bde bdpde iaeardpcdeeyd bdldi prksas paealjtjde.
4.4 Qjj Ekridljtds Va`drde Bdtd
@D@ JJ XAI@DODVD E
Xaenujjde ekridljtds dbdldo paenujjde taetden caekridlde bjstrj`usj bdtd. Qjj jej iarupdcde paenujjde yden pdljen `deydc bjldcucde uetuc dedljsjs stdtjstjc pdrdiatrjc.
Cdraed bdtd yden `arbjstrj`usj ekridl iarupdcde sydrdt bjldcucdeeyd tas pdrdiatrjc. Vabdencde uetuc bdtd yden tjbdc iaipueydj bjstrj`usj ekridl, idcd dedljsjseyd
iaennuedcde tas eke pdrdiatrjf.
Bdtd yden iaipueydj bjstrj`usj yden ekridl `ardrtj iaipueydj sa`drde yden ekridl puld. Baende prkgjt bdtd saidfdi jej idcd bdtd tarsa`ut bjdenndp `jsd iawdcjlj
pkpuldsj. Ekridl bjsjej bdldi drtj iaipueydj bjstrj`usj bdtd ekridl. Ekridl dtdu tjbdceyd `arbdsdrcde pdtkcde bjstrj`usj ekridl bdrj bdtd baende iade bde stdebdr bavjdsj yden sdid. Mdbj ujj ekridljtds pdbd bdsdreyd ialdcucde par`debjende detdrd
bdtd yden cjtd ijljcj baende bdtd `arbjstrj`usj ekridl yden iaijljcj iade bde stdebdr bavjdsj yden sdid baende bdtd cjtd.
Qetuc iaenatdouj `aetuc bjstrj`usj bdtd bdpdt bjnuedcde nrdgjc bjstrj`usj bde dedljsjs stdtjstjc. Xaennuedde nrdgjc bjstrj`usj iarupdcde fdrd yden pdljen ndipden bde sabaroded. Fdrd jej bjldcucde cdraed `aetuc bdtd yden tarbjstrj`usj safdrd ekridl dcde iaenjcutj pkld bjstrj`usj ekridl bj ided `aetuc nrdgjceyd iaenjcutj `aetuc lkefaen (dtdu `aetuc nueuen). Vabdencde dedljsjs stdtjstjc iaennuedcde dedljsjs caruefjende bde caiaefaende curvd baende iaennuedcde jebjcdtkr caruefjende bde caiaefaende. Dbd 6 ujj ekridljtds yden dcde bjjd`drcde ydjtu =
d) Qjj Foj Cudbrdt
Vdldo sdtu ujj ekridljtds bdtd ydjtu foj cudbrdt iarupdcde paenujjde ojpktasjs yden bjldcucde baende fdrd iai`debjencde curva ekridl yden tar`aetuc bdrj bdtd yden taldo tarcuipul (@) baende curva ekridl `dcu dtdu stdebdr (D). Mdbj iai`debjencde detdrd (@/D). @jld @ tjbdc `ar`abd safdrd sjnejgjcde baende D, idcd @ iarupdcde bdtd yden `arbjstrj`usj ekridl.
=bdtd `ardsdl bdrj pkpuldsj yden `arbjstrj`usj ekridl
6
=bdtd tjbdc `ardsdl bdrj pkpuldsj yden `arbjstrj`usj ekridl
Nrdgjc bjstrj`usj foj cudbrdt uiuieyd iarupdcde curva pksjtjg , ydjtu ijrjen ca cdede. Caijrjende jej idcje `arcurde jjcd bardjdt ca`a`dsde (bc) idcje `asdr.
Ldencdo-Ldencdo Iaenujj Bdtd Ekridljtds baende Foj Cudbrdt=
4) Iaeaetucde Iade/ Pdtd-Pdtd
0) Iaeaetucde Vjipdende @dcu
6) Iai`udt bdgtdr bjstrj`usj gracuaesj yden bjodrdpcde
• Iaeaetucde `dtds calds
• Iaefdrj ejldj ] sckr uetuc `dtds calds jetarvdl
• Iaefdrj luds 8 ‖ ] bdrj td`al curvd ekridl
• Iaefdrj luds tjdp calds jetarvdl
• Iaefdrj gracuaesj yden bjodrdpcde (Aj) 2) Iaruiuscde gkriuld ojpktasjs
=bdtd `ardsdl bdrj pkpuldsj yden `arbjstrj`usj ekridl
=bdtd tjbdc `ardsdl bdrj pkpuldsj yden `arbjstrj`usj ekridl 1) Iaeaetucde tdrdg eydtd
Qetuc iaebdpdtcde ejldj foj-squdra td`al
bc 9 c ‖ 4
bc 9 Bardjdt ca`a`dsde c 9 `deydc calds
jetarvdl
7) Iaeaetucde Ejldj Qjj Vtdtjstjc
Catardende=
9 gracuaesj odsjl paendidtde pdbd cldsjgjcdsj ca-j 9 Gracuaesj yden bjodrdpcde pdbd cldsjgjcdsj ca-j
>) Iaeaetucde Crjtarjd Xaenujjde Ojpktasjs
1
8)
Iai`arj Casjipulde
Fketko =
Ejldj Odsjl @aldjdr Gjsjcd Vjswd Calds 0 VID
21 70 76 72 72 71 71 7> 7> 7> 7> 78
78 78 7: 7: >4 >0 >6 >2 >2 >1 >1 >7
>7 >8 >8 84 81 8>
Xarodtjcdo bdtd odsjl `aldjdr sjswd calds 0 VID pdbd idtd paldjdrde gjsjcd bj dtds.
Cjtd dcde ialdcucde ujj ekridljtds bdtd baende foj cudbrdt.
4. Cjtd sjdpcde tarla`jo bdoulu td`al bjstrj`usj gracuaesj =
0. Iaefdrj Iade bde Vjipdende @dcu
]
-6,81862602:
-4,:874>81 -8,>70846>
8,680414 4,1076418 0,7>82881
6. Iai`udt bdgtdr bjstrj`usj gracuaesj yden bjodrdpcde
• Iaeaetucde @dtds Calds
Dencd sckr cjrj pdbd calds jetarvdl bjcurdenj 8,1 Dencd sckr cdede pdbd calds jetarvdl bjtdi`do 8,1 Vaojennd bjparklao `dtds calds s``=
•
Iaefdrj ejldj ] sckr uetuc `dtds calds jetarvdl
Vaojennd bjparklao =
• Iaefdrj luds 8 ‖ ] bdrj td`al curvd ekridl
• Iaefdrj luds tjdp calds jetarvdl
Zdjtu dencd `drjs partdid bjcurdenj `drjs cabud, dencd `drjs cabud bjcurdenj `drjs catjnd, bst. Cafudlj uetuc dencd pdbd `drjs pdljen taendo bjtdi`docde
baende dencd pdbd `drjs `arjcuteyd. Vaojennd bjparklao odssjl s``=
>
• Iaefdrj gracuaesj yden bjodrdpcde (A) Baende fdrd iaendljcde luds tjdp jetarvdl baende juildo raspkebae (e 9 68). Bjparklao=
Rd`al Gracuaesj yden Bjodrdpcde bde Xaendidtde
@dtds
Jetarvdl ] Luds 8-]
pdbd td`al
Luds Rjdp
Jetarvdl A G g-A ( ∐ )0 ( ∐ )0
Calds
22,1 -6,81862 8,2:8: 8,80>4 8,808 4 8,4>0 8,80:182 8,861>0:27:
12,1 -4,:874> 8,2>46 8,4:2: 1,82> 2 -4,8 6,24428: 8,186227 72,1 -8,>7084 8,0>72 8,2022 40,>6 47 6,0> 48,7>:80 8,86884>
>2,1 8,68041 8,428 8,08>> 8,764 > -4,7 0,778474 8,68804 82,1 4,10764 8,261> 8,8781 4,841 0 8,4: 8,862001 8,84881>
:2,1 0,7>828 8,2:70 4,>8181:27:
• Iaeaetucde tdrdg eydtd bde foj-cudbrdt td`al
Cdraed
Idcd `ardsdl bdrj pkpuldsj bdtd yden `arbjstrj`usj ekridl saojennd bdpdt bjtarjid. Bdtd `arbjstrj`usj ekridl
`) Qjj Ljlljagkrs
Qjj ekridljtds bdtd bjldcucde baende iaennuedcde ujj Ljljagkrs (Lk) bjldcucde baende ldencdo-ldencdo `arjcut. Bjdwdlj baende paeaetude tdrdg sjnjgjcdesj, ydjtu pdbd tdrdg sjnejgjcdsj 1% (8,81) baende ojpktasjs yden bjdjucde dbdldo sa`dndj `arjcut =
= Vdipal `ardsdl bdrj pkpuldsj yden `arbjstrj`usj ekridl
= Vdipal `ardsdl bdrj pkpuldsj yden `arbjstrj`usj ekridl
= Vdipal tjbdc `ardsdl bdrj pkpuldsj yden `arbjstrj`usj ekridl
> 71 -8,7868,02868,06666 8,842:>
= Vdipal tjbdc `ardsdl bdrj pkpuldsj yden `arbjstrj`usj ekridl Baende crjtarjd paenujjde =
Mjcd tarjid ,
Mjcd tkldc
Dbdpue ldencdo-ldencdo paenujjde ekridljtds dbdldo =
4. Bdtd paendidtde , ….., bjjdbjcde `jldende `dcu , ..., baende iaennuedcde ruius (baende ́ bde idsjen-idsjen
iarupdcde rdtd-rdtd bde sjipdende `dcu)
0. Qetuc satjdp `jldende `dcu jej baende iaennuedcde bdgtdr bjstrj`usj ekridl `dcu, caiubjde bjojtuen paluden G( ) 9 X(z < ).
6. Valdejuteyd bjojtuen prkpkrsj , ….., yden la`jo cafjl dtdu sdid baende zj. Mjcd prkpkrsj jej bjeydtdcde klao V ( ) idcd=
2. Ojtuen saljsjo G( ) - V( ), caiubjde taetucde odrnd iutldceyd.
1. Di`jl odrnd yden pdljen `asdr bj detdrd odrnd-odrnd iutldc saljsjo tarsa`ut, ijsdl odrnd tarsa`ut .
Qetuc iaearjid dtdu iaekldc ojpktasjs ekl ( ), bjldcucde baende fdrd iai`debjncde jej baende ejldj crjtjs L yden tarbdpdt bdldi td`al uetuc tdrdg eydtd yden bjpjljo.
Fketko =
Qjj Ekridljtds Bdtd Odsjl @aldjdr Gjsjcd Vjswd
Ek
4 21 -6,4:8> 8,884 8,86666 8,8606 0 70 -4,8782 8,4227 8,8777> 8,8>>:6 6 76 -8,:627 8,4>70 8,4 8,8>70 2 72 -8,8888 8,044: 8,46666 8,8>81>
1 72 -8,8888 8,044: 8,4777> 8,82106
7 71 -8,786 8,0286 8,0 8,8286
:
8 7> -8,2642 8,6667 8,0777> 8,877:6
: 7> -8,2642 8,6667 8,6 8,8667
48 7> -8,2642 8,6667 8,66666 8,8880>
44 7> -8,2642 8,6667 8,6777> 8,8664 40 78 -8,681> 8,6804 8,2 8,84>:
46 78 -8,681> 8,6804 8,26666 8,8140 42 78 -8,681> 8,6804 8,2777> 8,8827 41 7: -8,4>:: 8,2601 8,1 8,87>1 47 7: -8,4>:: 8,2601 8,16666 8,4888 4> >4 8,8>4> 8,10>: 8,1777> 8,8688 48 >0 8,4:>28 8,1>21 8,7 8,8011 4: >6 8,6060> 8,7011 8,76666 8,88>8 08 >2 8,22:87 8,7>7 8,7777> 8,88:66 04 >2 8,22:87 8,7>7 8,> 8,802 00 >1 8,1>282 8,>41> 8,>6666 8,84>7 06 >1 8,1>282 8,>41> 8,>777> 8,814 02 >7 8,>8876 8,>18 8,8 8,820 01 >7 8,>8876 8,>18 8,86666 8,8>16 07 >8 8,:100 8,808: 8,8777> 8,86>8 0> >8 8,:100 8,808: 8,: 8,8>44
08 84 4,60:17 8,:82: 8,:6666 8,8082
0: 81 4,860> 8,:772 8,:777> 8,8886
68 8> 0,88208 8,:840 4 8,8488
Pdtd-rdtd=
Vtdebdr Bavjdsj=
Bdrj cklki tardcojr bdldi td`al bj dtds bjbdpdt 9 8,4888baende e 9 68 bde tdrdg eydtd δ 9 8,81. Bdrj td`al Ejldj Crjtjs L uetuc Qjj Ljljagkrs bj bdpdt L 9 8,474 yden la`jo `asdr bdrj 9 8,4888 saojennd ojpktasjs bjtarjid.
Vjipulde= Bdtd `ardsdl bdrj pkpuldsj yden `arbjstrj`usj ekridl.
f) Qjj Ckliknkrkv Vijrekv
Guensj bde Bdsdr Xaijcjrde Ras sdtu sdipal Ckliknkrkv-Vijrekv dbdldo sudtu tas nkkbeass-kggjt. Drtjeyd, yden bjparodtjcde dbdldo tjencdt casasudjde
B 9 idcsjiui |G8(_) - V E(_)|
detdrd bjstrj`usj takrjtjs tartaetu. Ras jej iaeatdpcde dpdcdo sckr-sckr bdldi sdipal bdpdt safdrd idsuc dcdl bjdenndp `ardsdl bdrj sudtu pkpuldsj baende bjstrj`utjva tartaetu jtu. Mdbj, tas iaefdcup parojtuende bjstrj`usj gracuaesj cuiuldtjg yden dcde tarjdbj bj`dwdo bjstrj`usj takrjtjseyd, sartd iai`debjende bjstrj`usj gracuaesj jtu baende bjstrj`usj gracuaesj cuiuldtjg odsjl k`sarvdsj.
Bjstrj`usj takrjtj tarsa`ut iarupdcde raprasaetdsj bdrj dpd yden bjodrdpcde bj`dwdo . Ras Jej iaeardpcde sudtu tjtjc bjided cabud bjstrj`usj jtu- ydcej
yden takrjtjs bde yden tark`sarvdsj iaijljcj par`abdde tar`asdr. Baende ialjodt bjstrj`usj sdipljeneyd bdpdt cjtd catdouj dpdcdo par`abdde yden `asdr jtu iuencje tarjdbj odeyd cdraed ca`atulde sdjd. Drtjeyd bjstrj`usj sdipljen jtu iaeuejucde dpdcdo par`abdde `asdr yden bjdidtj jtu iuencje tarjdbj dpd`jld k`sarvdsj-k`sarvdsj jtu `aedr-`aedr sudtu sdipal rdebki bdrj bjstrj`usj takrjtjs jtu.
Iatkba
Ijsdlcde sudtu G8(_) 9 sudtu guensj bjstrj`usj gracuaesj cuiuldtjg yden sapaeuoeyd bjtaetucde, ydcej bjstrj`usj cuiuldtjg takrjtjs bj `dwdo O8.
Drtjeyd
uetuc odrnd E yden sai`drden `asdreyd, Odrnd G8(_) dbdldo prkpkrsj cdsus yden bjodrdpcde iaipueydj sckr yden sdid dtdu curden bdrjpdbd _.
Ijsdlcde V E(_) 9 bjstrj`usj gracuaesj cuiuldtjg yden bjk`sarvdsj bdrj sudtu sdipal rdebki baende E k`sarvdsj. Bjided _ dbdldo sai`drden sckr yden iuencje, V E(_) 9 c/E, bjided c 9 `deydc k`sarvdsj yden sdid dtdu curden bdrj _.
Bj `dwdo Okpktasjs-ekl `dowd sdipal jtu taldo bjtdrjc bdrj bjstrj`usj takrjtjs tartaetu, idcd bjodrdpcde `dowd uetuc satjdp odrnd _, V E(_) odrus jalds iaebacdtj G8(_). Drtjeyd bj `dwdo O8 cjtd dcde iaenodrdpcde saljsjs detdrd V E(_) bde G8(_) dbdldo cafjl, bde dbd bdldi `dtds-`dtds casdldode rdebki. Ras Ckliknkrkv-Vijrekv iaiusdtcde parodtjde pdbd paeyjipdende (bavjdsj) tar`asdr. Odrnd G8(_) -V E(_) tar`asdr bjedidcde bavjdsj idcsjiui.
48
Xrksabur paenujjde Ckliknkrkv-Vijrekv jej bjldcucde baende ldencdo- ldencdo sa`dndj `arjcut=
4.
Ratdpcdeldo guensj cuiuldtjg takrjtjseyd, ydcej bjstrj`usj cuiuldtjg yden bjodrdpcde bj `dwdo O8 .
0. Dturldo sckr-sckr yden bjk`sarvdsj bdldi sudtu bjstrj`usj cuiuldtjg baende iaidsdencde satjdp jetarvdl V E(_) baende jetarvdl G8(_) yden sa`debjen.
6. Qetuc tjdp-tjdp jaejden pdbd bjstrj`usj cuiuldtjg, curdenjldo G8(_) baende V E(_).
2. Baende iaidcdj ruius fdrjldo B.
1. Ljodt td`la A uetuc iaeaiucde caiuencjede (bud sjsj) yden bjcdjtcde baende iuefuleyd odrnd-odrnd sa`asdr odrnd B k`sarvdsj bj `dwdo O
8 Mjcd p sdid dtdu curden bdrj δ, tkldcldo O8. Cacudtde
Ras sdtu sdipal Ckliknkrkv-Vijrekv jej iaiparljodtcde bde iaenndrdp sudtu k`sarvdsj tarpjsdo bdrj yden ldje. Baende baijcjde, ldje baende tas uetuc sdtu sdipal.Ras Ckliknkrkv-Vijrekv tjbdc parlu caojldende jegkridsj cdraed bjnd`uencdeeyd cdtankrj-cdtankrj. @jld sdipal
cafjl bde klao cdraedeyd cdtankrj- cdtankrj yden `arodipjrde odrus bjnd`uencde sa`alui bdpdt bjojtuen safdrd saldydceyd, tas jalds la`jo
cafjl cacudtdeeyd bjs`debjen baende tas Ckliknkrkv- Vijrekv jej. Bde uetuc sdipal yden sdendt cafjl tas sdid sacdlj tjbdc bdpdt bjjdldecde, sabdencde tas Ckliknkrkg-Vijrekv bdpdt. Gdctd jej iaeuejucde `dowd tas Ckliknkrkv- Vijrekv iuencje la`jo `asdr cacudtdeeyd bdldi saiud cdsus, jjcd bj`debjencde baende tas ldjeeyd ydcej tas
0.0 Qjj Okiknaejtds Wdrjdes
Qjj okiknaejtds dbdldo sudtu prksabur ujj stdtjstjc yden bjidcsubcde uetuc iaiparljodtcde `dowd bud dtdu la`jo calkipkc bdtd sdipal `ardsdl bdrj pkpuldsj yden iaijljcj vdrjdesj yden sdid. Xdbd dedljsjs ranrasj, parsydrdtde dedljsjs yden bj`utuocde dbdldo `dowd ndldt ranrasj uetuc satjdp paenalkipkcde `arbdsdrcde vdrjd`al tarjcdteyd iaijljcj vdrjdesj yden sdid. Mdbj bdpdt bjcdtdcde `dowd ujj okiknaejtds `artujude uetuc iaefdrj tdou dpdcdo bdrj `a`ardpd calkipkc bdtd paealjtjde iaijljcj vdrjdes yden sdid dtdu tjbdc. Baende cdtd ldje, okiknaejtds `ardrtj `dowd ojipuede bdtd yden cjtd taljtj iaijljcj cdrdctarjstjc yden sdid. Xaenujjde okiknaejtds jund bjidcsubcde uetuc iai`arjcde caydcjede `dowd sacuipulde bdtd yden bjidejpuldsj bdldi sardencdjde dedljsjs iaiden `ardsdl bdrj pkpuldsj yden tjbdc jduo `ar`abd cardndideeyd. Va`dndj
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fketko, jjcd cjtd jenje iaealjtj sa`udo paridsdldode ijsdleyd iaenucur paidodide sjswd uetuc sudtu su` idtarj bdldi paldjdrde tartaetu bj sackldo yden bjidcsubcde
okiknae `jsd `ardrtj `dowd calkipkc bdtd yden cjtd jdbjcde sdipal pdbd paealjtjde iaijljcj cdrdctarjstjc yden sdid, ijsdleyd `ardsdl bdrj tjencdt calds yden sdid. Xarojtuende ujj okiknaejtds bdpdt bjldcucde baende `ar`dndj fdrd bde iatkba, `a`ardpd yden fucup pkpular bde sarjen bjnuedcde klao paeuljs dbdldo =
4. Qjj @drtlatt
Qjj @drtlatt bjnuedcde uetuc iaenujj dpdcdo c sdipal `ardsdl bdrj pkpuldsj baende vdrjdes yden sdid. C sdipal `jsd `ardpd sdjd. Cdraed `jdsdeyd ujj `drtlatt bjnuedcde uetuc iaenujj sdipal/calkipkc yden la`jo bdrj 0. Wdrjdes yden sdid bj saluruo sdipal bjsa`ut okiksfabdstjfjty dtdu okiknaejtds vdrjdes. Qjj `drtlatt partdid cdlj bjparcaedlcde klao I. V. @drtlatt (4:6>). Qjj `drtlatt bjparlucde bdldi
`a`ardpd ujj stdtjstjc sapartj dedlysjs kg vdrjdefa (DEKWD) sa`dndj sydrdt jjcd jenje iaennuedcde Dekvd.
Qjj `drtlatt bdpdt bjnuedcde dpd`jld bdtd yden bjnuedcde subdo bj ujj ekridljtds bde bdtdeyd iarupdcde bdtd ekridl. Dpd`jld bdtdeyd tareydtd tjbdc ekridl `jsd iaennuedcde ujj lavaea. Puius ujj `drlatt ydjtu =
9 {@ - }
Bjided =
e = juildo bdtd @ = 3 yden ided
= vdrjdes bdtd uetuc satjdp calkipkc ca-j
= bardjdt ca`a`dsde Ojpktasjs Xaenujjde
= (Okiknae)
= pdljen sabjcjt sdldo sdtu tdebd tjbdc sdid Crjtarjd Xaenujjde
Mjcd = _0 ojtuen ≡ _0td`al (4-d3 bc9c-4), idcd Ok bjtkldc Mjcd = _0 ojtuen < _0 td`al (4-d3 bc9c-4), idcd Ok bjtarjid Fketko skdl =
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Vudtu paealjtjde taetden par`abdde odsjl `aldjdr sjswd dcj`dt bdrj sudtu parldcude (acsparjiae). Dbdpue parldcude yden bj`arjcde dbdldo par`abdde strdtanj/iatkba pai`aldjdrde pdbd sjswd. Dbdpue strdtanj/iatkba pai`aldjdrde ydjtu=
Calkipkc 4 = Iatkba D (Bjscusj calkipkc `asdr) Calkipkc 0 = Iatkba @ (Bjscusj calkipkc cafjl) Calkipkc 6 = Iatkba F (Fardido baende iabjd) Calkipkc 2 = Iatkba B (Fardido tdepd iabjd)
Dbdpue bdtd odsjl `aldjdr sjswd `arbdsdrcde sckr tas yden bjparklao bde juildo sjswd uetuc satjdp calkipkc bjsdjjcde pdbd td`al `arjcut=
Rd`al 4. Odsjl @aldjdr Vjswd Bdrj 0 Xarldcude
Ek Calkipkc 4 Calkipkc 0 Calkipkc 6 Calkipkc 2
4 06 4> 41 08
0 08 00 41 02
6 04 0> 42 04
2 04 01 08 06
1 02 08 04 00
7 48 4> 48 07
> 46 08 4: 08
8 4> 00 04 00
: 00 06 41 02
48 42 01 08 06
44 48 08 4: 02
40 00 07 48 04
46 04 0> 42 4:
42 48 48 48 00
41 4: 00 01 02
47 4> 01 07
4> 48 02 08
48 41 47
4: 02 08
Calkipkc Xarldcude
08 06 02
04 4: 4:
00 00 4>
06 08 48
02 4:
01 41
Muildo 286 66: 261 6:>
E 01 41 06 4>
Pardtd 4:,60 00,7 48,:46826 06,610:24
Qetuc iaenujj okiknaejtds vdrjdes bdtd bdrj caaipdt calkipkc bjnuedcde tacejc
@drtlatt. @arbdsdrcde bdtd bj dtds bdpdt bjojtuen ejldj vdrjdes satjdp calkipkc sapartj pdbd td`al `arjcut=
Rd`al 0. Vtdtjstjc Xarojtuende
Vtdtjstjc Calkipkc 4 Calkipkc 0 Calkipkc 6 Calkipkc 2
Pdtd-rdtd 4:,60 00,7 48,: 06,61
Vtdebdr Bavjdsj (V) 6,87 6,78 6,67 0,1>
Wdrjdes (V0) :,6: 46,12 44,07 7,70
Muildo bdtd (e) 01 41 06 4>
Ojpktasjs Xaenujjde
= (Okiknae)
= pdljen sabjcjt sdldo sdtu tdebd tjbdc sdid Ldencdo-ldencdo parojtuende =
d. Wdrjdes bdrj satjdp calkipkc sdipal=
Wdrjdes bdrj calkipkc 4 = :,6:3 baende bc 9 01 ‖ 4 9 02 Wdrjdes bdrj calkipkc 0 = 46,123 baende bc 9 41 ‖ 4 9 42
42
Wdrjdes bdrj calkipkc 6 = 44,073 baende bc 9 06 ‖ 4 9 00 Wdrjdes bdrj calkipkc 2 = 7,703 baende bc 9 4> ‖ 4 9 47
9 9
`. Rd`al okiknaejtds vdrjdes
Rd`al 6. Rd`al Xartklkende uetuc Qjj Okiknaejtds Wdrjdes
f. Iaenojtuen vdrjdes nd`uende
9 48,40
b. Iaenojtuen ejldj @
a. Iaenojtuen odrnd foj-cudbrdt _0 9 (le48){@ - ( bc∔ lkn s0)
9 0,686 x
{>7,6>8 ‖ >1,27) 9 0,44
Qetuc d 9 1%, bdrj bdgtdr bjstrj`usj _0 baende bc 9 2 ‖ 4 9 6 bjbdpdt 9
>,84 tareydtd `dowd _0 9 0,444 < _0 8,:1(6) 9 >,84, saojenndojpktasjs yden iaeydtdcde vdrjdes okiknae bjtarjid bdldi tdrdg sjnejgjcdesj 1%.
0. Qjj Wdrjdes (Qjj G) Puius Qjj G
G 9
Bjided = 9 vdrjdes calkipkc 4 , 9 vdrjdes calkipkc 0 Ojpktasjs Xaenujjde
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Ok = (vdrjdes bdtd okiknae) Od = (vdrjdes bdtd tjbdc okiknae) Crjtarjd Xaenujjde
Mjcd Gojtuen ≡ Gtd`al (8,813bc43bc0), idcd Ok bjtkldc Mjcd Gojtuen < Gtd`al (8,813bc43bc0), idcd Ok bjtarjid
Fketko skdl=
Vudtu bdtd paealjtjde uetuc iaenatdouj cjearjd nuru `arbdsdrcde nklkende capdencdtdeeyd. Caiubjde bj`udt sudtu dldt ucur cjearjd nuru.
Baende iaennuedcde dldt tarsa`ut bjparklao sckr cjearjd nuru bdrj sa`deydc
>8 krden raspkebae. Dbdpue rjencdsde bdtd bdrj cjearjd nuru tarsa`ut `arbdsdrcde nklkende
sapartj pdbd td`al `arjcut=
Rd`al 2. Odsjl Cjearjd Nuru @arbdsdrcde Nklkende Capdencdtdeeyd
Ldencdo Xaenujjde=
d. Wdrjdes bdrj satjdp calkipkc sdipal
0
Wdrjdes bdrj nklkende J s4 9 8,06, baende bc 9 08 ‖ 4 9 4:
Wdrjdes bdrj nklkende JJ s00 9 8,27, baende bc 9 18 ‖ 4 9 2:
`. Iaenojtuen ejldj G
G 9 V40/V 0 9 8,06/8,27 9 8,:>6 f. Iaeaetucde Gtd`al
Xdbd drdg sjnejgjcdesj 1%, baende bc 4 9 4: bde bc 0 9 2: bjbdpdt Gtd`al (8,8134:32:)
9 4,886
Cdraed Gojtuen 9 8,:>6< Gtd`al (8,8134:32:) 9 4,886, idcd Ok bjtkldc. Odl jej `aridced, `dowd vdrjdes sckr bdtd cjearjd nuru calkipkc nklkende JJ baende
calkipkc nklkende JJJ okiknae pdbd tdrdg caparfdydde :1%.
0
6. Qjj Lavaea
Qjj Lavaea jund iarupdcde iatkba paenujjde okiknaejtds vdrjdes yden odipjr sdid baende ujj @drtlat. Xar`abdde ujj Lavaea baende ujj
@drtlatt ydjtu `dowd bdtd yden bjujj baende ujj Lavaea tjbdc odrus
`arbjstrj`usj ekridl, ediue odrus cketjeua. Xaenujjde ojpktasjs ydjtu =
= (bdtd okiknae)
= pdljen sabjcjt dbd sdtu yden tjbdc sdid
Vtdtjstjc ujj =
]j 9 iabjde bdtd pdbd calkipkc ca-j ].. 9 iabjde uetuc casaluruode bdtd
Casjipulde = Ok bjtkldc jjcd ^ G( , c - 4, E - c) .
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@D@ JJJ CAVJIXQLDE
Xaenujjde ekridljtds dbdldo paenujjde taetden caekridlde bjstrj`usj bdtd. Qjj jej iarupdcde paenujjde yden pdljen `deydc bjldcucde uetuc dedljsjs stdtjstjc pdrdiatrjc. Cdraed bdtd yden `arbjstrj`usj ekridl iarupdcde sydrdt bjldcucdeeyd tas pdrdiatrjc. Bdtd yden iaipueydj bjstrj`usj yden ekridl `ardrtj iaipueydj sa`drde
yden ekridl puld. Baende prkgjt bdtd saidfdi jej idcd bdtd tarsa`ut bjdenndp `jsd iawdcjlj pkpuldsj. Qjj ekridljtds pdbd bdsdreyd ialdcucde par`debjende detdrd bdtd yden cjtd ijljcj baende bdtd `arbjstrj`usj ekridl yden iaijljcj iade bde stdebdr bavjdsj yden sdid baende bdtd cjtd. Qetuc iaenatdouj `aetuc bjstrj`usj bdtd bdpdt bjnuedcde nrdgjc bjstrj`usj bde dedljsjs stdtjstjc. Xdbd nrdgjc bjstrj`usj bdtd yden tarbjstrj`usj safdrd ekridl dcde iaenjcutj pkld bjstrj`usj ekridl bj ided `aetuc nrdgjceyd iaenjcutj `aetuc lkefaen (dtdu `aetuc nueuen).
Vabdencde dedljsjs stdtjstjc iaennuedcde dedljsjs caruefjende bde caiaefaende curvd baende
iaennuedcde jebjcdtkr caruefjende bde caiaefaende. Dbd 6 ujj ekridljtds yden bjjaldscde ydjtu = ujj foj cudbrdt, ujj Ljlljagkrs, bdeujj Ckliknkrkv Vijrekv.
Qjj okiknaejtds iarupdcde sudtu prksabur ujj stdtjstjc yden `artujude uetuc iaefdrj tdou dpdcdo bdrj `a`ardpd calkipkc bdtd paealjtjde iaijljcj vdrjdes yden sdid dtdu tjbdc. Xaenujjde okiknaejtds jund bjidcsubcde uetuc iai`arjcde caydcjede `dowd sacuipulde bdtd yden bjidejpuldsj bdldi sardencdjde dedljsjs iaiden `ardsdl bdrj pkpuldsj yden tjbdc jduo `ar`abd cardndideeyd. Xarojtuende ujj okiknaejtds bdpdt bjldcucde baende `ar`dndj fdrd bde iatkba, `a`ardpd yden sarjen bjnuedcde ydjtu (4) Qjj @drtlatt , yden bjnuedcde uetuc iaenujj dpdcdo c sdipal
`ardsdl bdrj pkpuldsj baende vdrjdes yden sdid. @jdsdeyd ujj `drtlatt bjnuedcde uetuc iaenujj sdipal/calkipkc yden la`jo bdrj 0. (0) Qjj G , ydjtu paenujjde okiknaejtds vdrjdes uetuc bud calkipkc bdtd, (6) Qjj Lavaea, yden iarupdcde iatkba paenujjde okiknaejtds vdrjdes yden odipjr sdid baende ujj @drtlat. Xar`abdde ujj Lavaea baende ujj @drtlatt ydjtu `dowd bdtd yden bjujj baende ujj Lavaea tjbdc odrus
`arbjstrj`usj ekridl, ediue odrus cketjeua.
BDGRDP XQVRDCD
Arsy Pjsoally, bcc. (0847). Qjj Ekridljtds bde Okiknaejtds. Idcdldo Keljea. Qejvarsjtds Vrjwjjdyd. o tt p s = // bk c u i a e . tj p s / a bu f d tj k e / i d c d l d o - u jj- e k r i d ljt d s - b d e - ok i kn a e jt d s . o t i l .
Qjj Ekridljtds bde Okiknaejtds
Xuspd Vdrj, bcc. (0848). . Idcdldo Keljea. Qejvarsjtds
Odsdeubbje. o tt p s = // pb g f k gg aa . f k i / i d c d l d o - u jj- e k r i d ljt d s - b d e - ok i kn a e jt d s - 1 - pb g - g r aa . o t i l .
Odejag, Z.E 3 Ojidwdetk,^dsjs. (084>). Vtdtjstjc Xaebjbjcde. Zknydcdrtd = Baapu`ljso.
