Green Scientific Director, Nikos (Netherlands Institute for Knowledge Intensive Entrepreneurship), University of Twente, Netherlands. Paul Kirwan PhD researcher, Nikos (Netherlands Institute for Knowledge Intensive Entrepreneurship), University of Twente, Netherlands.
Jan Ulijn, Dominique Drillon and Frank Lasch
FIRST COMMENTS
Even if, in some rare cases, government action moderates the tendency to move, this economic challenge will be part of the EU's economic landscape for decades to come. France and Germany were the two big "engines" of the Airbus project, which developed into a European consortium with several companies from different countries (Belgium, Germany, France, the Netherlands, Spain, the United Kingdom and so on).
HOW DOES EUROPE COMPARE WITH THE US ON THE EMERGENCE AND SURVIVAL OF HIGH-TECH
Several studies on the rise of small-scale entrepreneurship in the US and Europe confirm the growth in the importance of SMEs on both sides of the Atlantic (Loveman and Sengenberger, 1991; Acs and Audretsch, 1993). In the first year of this cross-country comparison of entrepreneurship activity, the US tops the rankings, with 8.5 percent of the adult population starting a business (Reynolds et al.
WHY SHOULD HIGH-TECH VENTURES
So future research should focus more on analysis of one sector across regions or countries to validate or invalidate results obtained without any industry criteria. Against this background, the collaboration between a European research network focusing on the same activity sector represents an enormous potential for contribution to the field.
COOPERATE IN ORDER TO EMERGE AND/OR SURVIVE?
Thus, the basic assumption for the elements of the title of this book is the evaluation process through a culture of cooperation in the different layers and. Finally, does the success of the venture depend on his/her cultural background: NC or PC, as Ulijn et al. chapter 1 in this book) seem to indicate.
THE QUESTION OF DEFINITIONS AND METHODOLOGY
Beyond this and after 10 years, as in the Bradford case reported by Verhoeven et al., the technology evolves and reaches a maturity which marks the perspective of the companies that survived. Finally, one of the principles of Islamic entrepreneurship as a work ethic in the Qur'an is cooperation (see Ali, 2005).
AN UNDERLYING CONCEPTUAL MODEL OR GUIDING PRINCIPLE
This may be due to an NC effect in Ulijn et al. ch. 11) (within the multicultural society of Estonia), Calay et al. Two chapters deal with the PC effect: Wakkee et al. ch. 10), where the general ICT sector seems to ignore the NC effect of Slovenia vis-à-vis Germany.
PART ONE: THE ROLE OF THE INDIVIDUAL VERSUS THAT OF THE INSTITUTION
In Chapter 4, the authors focus on the role that universities and academia can play in promoting high-tech ventures, especially academic start-ups. First, the authors highlight the role of techno-enterprises in the European economy and identify the challenges high-tech start-ups face.
PART TWO: THE ECONO-GEOGRAPHIC ASPECTS OF EMERGENCE, COOPERATION AND SURVIVAL
In summary, novice entrepreneurship is strongly influenced by the socio-cultural and economic dimensions of the geographical context. In Chapter 7, 'The importance of collaboration and support for technology start-ups: a comparison of the Eindhoven and Darmstadt areas', Johannes Halman, Jan Ulijn, Vareska van de Vrande and Frank Umbach present the results of a study that was held among high-tech start-ups in the Eindhoven area in southern Holland and in the Darmstadt area in western Germany.
PART THREE: THE CULTURAL LEVELS OF NATION, GENDER, PROFESSION, SECTOR AND REGION IN
The importance of values related to innovativeness was found to differ between these two groups, suggesting that their representatives could play different roles at different stages of the innovation process. Here we have an example of ethnic entrepreneurship where human capital has strong links with the start-up phase, which become weaker in the growth phase (Stiles and Galbraith, 2004; also for links with social capital in the United States, Canada and New Zealand) .
CONCLUSIONS AND POSSIBLE FUTURE RESEARCH
The 'model' should include the effect of cooperation (or not) on startup survival at the upper age limit as an independent variable to be controlled for. On the other end, the technostarter's social and economic context can also make or break his/her success.
The in fl uence of national culture on cooperative attitudes in
INTRODUCTION
In exploring these aspects of cooperative attitudes, this chapter presents the results of an exploratory study (for a more comprehensive treatment of the theory of cooperation among HTSUs, see Wakkee et al. and Kirwan et al. in this volume). It is the basic premise of this chapter that the recognition by IHTS of the value of strategic partnerships can be an important factor, not only for the success of IHTS, but also for the European business activity as a whole.
THE ROLE AND CHALLENGES OF THE HTSU IN THE EUROPEAN ECONOMY
The rest of this study deals with the following issues: the role of ITUs in the European economy and the challenges faced by ITUs; a research model of culture and cooperation, including a set of hypotheses relating national culture and cooperative attitudes; summary of a research study aimed at testing these hypotheses; directions for future research on culture and collaboration; and, finally, a summary with further implications for European Union policy. The type of management required during the initial start-up is believed to be different from that required during the growth of the enterprise.
CULTURE AND COOPERATION: A RESEARCH MODEL
For example, male societies may reject partners from different cultures because they may be rivals or enemies (outgroup). On the other hand, female cultures may reject cross-cultural partners out of jealousy or a sense of in-group protection.
AN EXPLORATORY STUDY OF NATIONAL CULTURE AND HTSU ATTITUDES TOWARDS
Tables 1.6 and 1.7 show the results for predicting each of the dependent variables, respectively cooperative attitudes regarding strategic partners and attitudes toward partner diversity. No support was found for the effect of uncertainty avoidance on cooperative attitudes and partner diversity (hypotheses 3 and 4).
DIRECTIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH ON CULTURE AND COOPERATION
Moreover, the research results show a positive relationship between cross-functional experience and cooperative attitudes, as well as a sector effect such that manufacturers are more likely not only to report positive cooperative attitudes toward strategic partners, but also more willing to accept the value. of strategic partners from a different cultural background. Past research by Nightingale (1998) and Sirmon and Lane (2004) suggests that engineers, for example, have a different mental picture than scientists.
FURTHER IMPLICATIONS FOR EUROPEAN UNION POLICY
Such companies may come together in various forums, either to directly discuss a cooperative problem or to be enticed by other educational or business topics of common interest. In conclusion, collaboration between HTSUs and external parties can help overcome some of the common barriers faced by HTSUs, but only if different cultural barriers can be overcome.
NOTES
Ungson (1997), 'The effect of national culture, organizational complementarity, and economic motivation on joint venture dissolution', Academy of Management Journal. Russell (2005), 'The effect of cultural distance on entry mode choice, international diversification and MNE performance: a meta-analysis', Journal of International Business Studies, 36, 270-83.
APPENDIX 1A
How do you assess the speed at which products/services in the sector are becoming obsolete? Company size Respondents were asked: Higher number How many employees does your larger company have (including yourself).
Moniel Verhoeven, Arjen Verhoe ff, Dominique Drillon and Jan Ulijn
The study shows that CEO influence is more important in the high-tech sector compared to other sectors. First, there is the relationship between the (un)conscious motivation of the engineer/entrepreneur and the employees, which is of a psychoanalytic nature.
EUROPEAN AEROSPACE AND THE POSITION OF BRADFORD
He shows how the concept of community has known three Figure 2.6 Elements of the psychoanalytic method. But no one knows which road will lead there, and each- Figure 2.7 The elements of the sociological method.
THE ANALYSIS OF BRADFORD
The engagement in the value chain for the customer has many characteristics of the 'high engagement' community. This subsection will look at the interaction between the directors and Table 2.2 Outline of possible characteristics of Bradford society.
CONCLUSIONS, QUESTIONS, LIMITATIONS AND PERSPECTIVES
Finally, in Bradford's still-evolving myth, the founding hero is no longer part of the community he founded. Expanding the research network to the rest of the world will be beneficial to our work.
NOTE
1970), Social Change and History: Aspects of Western Development Theory, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. The Theory of Economic Development: An Inquiry into Profit, Capital, Credit, Interest and the Business Cycle, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Mateja Drnovsˇek, Patricia Kotnik, Valentina Nahtigal, Janez Prasˇnikar and Alesˇ Vahcˇicˇ
TECHNOLOGY, INNOVATION AND ECONOMIC GROWTH
A large body of empirical evidence supports the importance of technology transfer with technical entrepreneurs and their spin-off companies as key transferors in the process. Mechanisms of technology transfer (Rogers, 2001) are spin-off companies, licensing, publications, meetings and cooperation agreements in research and development.
THE STATE AND TRENDS OF TECHNOLOGY ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN SLOVENIA
These changes can be explained by the lifting of customs formalities with the EU, the improved recognition of Slovenia in some markets that were not traditional external trading partners before membership, and – to a lesser extent – the expiry of free trade agreements with the countries of the former Yugoslavia (Bednasˇ, 2005 ). The majority of the funding in the period 2001-03 was given to large companies (38 per cent), followed by medium-sized companies (33 per cent).
IMPLICATIONS
Ministry of Economy (2005), 'Evaluation analysis of public tenders in the sector of entrepreneurship and competitiveness Ljubljana: Ministry of Economy. In the discussion and management implications section, the findings are explored and the implications of the study are discussed in terms of how they contribute to the understanding of the knowledge market.
LITERATURE REVIEW
The latter – the entrepreneurial system – was defined as individual and corporate actors interacting in a known context to form the infrastructure for entrepreneurship (Van de Ven, 1993; Spilling, 1996). Knowledge production – the way in which an academic uses the knowledge of the discipline to produce new knowledge.
Working relationships – the extent and nature of how an individual academic works with others while undertaking entrepreneurship. Maverick – an academic who is strongly engaged with discipline work colleagues, but less interested in knowledge production at the cutting edge of their discipline.
The difference between the four types of academic entrepreneurs is characterized by their approach to disciplinary knowledge (as opposed to the production/use of disciplinary knowledge by trading/exchange of disciplinary knowledge) and their relationship with the host university (balanced in terms of cooperation with systems and colleagues in as opposed to skewed collaboration in the sense of extreme individualism and/or non-use of university systems). In the SET group, the percentage of indeterminate types rose to more than a quarter of the sample.
DISCUSSION AND MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS
Production of knowledge. The preference for mode 2 or interdisciplinary knowledge production was particularly evident among established academic entrepreneurs. Knowledge acquisition The preference of academic entrepreneurs to use personal scanning affects the ways in which university systems are designed.
CONCLUSIONS
Klofsten (eds), Technology Innovation and Enterprise: The European Experience, London: Macmillan, pp. 2002), 'Universities, academics, and spinout companies: lessons from Imperial', International Journal of Entrepreneurship Education. Mayle (eds),Managing Innovation and Change, London: Sage, pp. 2003), 'Towards a taxonomy of entrepreneurial learning experiences among potential entrepreneurs', Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development Entrepreneurial Scientists and Entrepreneurial Universities in American Academic Science', Minerva, 21, Fall, 198–233.
Frank Lasch, Frédéric Le Roy and Saïd Yami
Consequently, the main aim of this chapter is to provide a holistic view of the French ICT sector. The fourth section presents recent research results of the authors on individual and organizational factors affecting sustainability of new firms.
THE DELIMITATION OF THE ICT SECTOR
