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5/16/2020 Journal of Natural Sciences Research

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Home > Vol 10, No 8 (2020)

Journal of Natural Sciences Research

Journal of Natural Sciences Research is a peer reviewed journal published by IISTE. The journal publishes original papers at the forefront of natural sciences research (life sciences, environemental and energy sciences, healthcare, animal and agriculture, etc). The journal is published in both printed and online versions. The online version is free access and download.

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The DOI of the journal is: https://doi.org/10.7176/JNSR

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Prof. Dr. Abdul Hadi Al Khalili

Baghdad University, Iraq (President of "TOFIQ": Education and Research NGO) Prof/Dean Haider Kamil Ziadan Al-Saadi

College of Science, Babylon University,Iraq Dr. Eng. Rares Halbac-Cotoara-Zamfir

"Politehnica" University of Timisoara Romania Dr. Kodjo Donkor Taale,

Department of Physics & Science Education, University of Education, Winneba, Ghana Dr.Ibrahim Hassan

Alexabdria University, Egypt Dr/Prof Ali Hmood Al-Saadi

College of Science, Babylon University,Iraq Dr. Sanjay Kumar

Dept. of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology, India Dr. Wichian Sittiprapaporn

Mahasarakham University, Thailand Dr. Arda Yildirim

Gaziosmanpasa University, Turkey Prof.Ibrahim Ramadhan Agool

Department of physics, College of science, Al- Mustansiriyah University, Iraq A/P Dr. Hasan Fauzi

Indonesian Center for Social and Environmental Accounting Research, Indonesia Prof. Dr. P. Satheeshkumar

Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, India Dr.Ahmed Hashim Mohaisen Al-Yasari

University of Babylon, Iraq Prof. Dr. Carlos K B Ferrari

Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT), Brazil Prof. Dr. H. A. Ibrahim,

Suez Canal university, Egypt Pro. Dr. YL. Wang

Zhejiang University, China Prof. Dr. Venus S. Solar

Manila Central University, Philippines Prof. Dr. Y.F. Liu

Nanjing University, China Prof. Dr.Jagruthi Joshi Novartis Healthcare, India Mona Najah Hassan Al-Turiahe Babylon University, Iraq Prof. Dr. H. K. Sharma

Maharishi Markendeshwar University, India.

Prof. Ali H. Al-Mowali, University of Basrah, Iraq Prof. Dr. KD Verma

Department of Physics, S.V. (P.G.) College, Aligarh, India Dr. Zulkifli Rangkuti

State Islamic University, Indonesia Dr.Nexhbedin Beadini

Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Tetova, Macedonia Dr.Sheqibe Beadini

Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Tetova, Macedonia Dr.Abdul-Kareem J.Al-Bermany,

Babylon University, Iraq Dr. Taghreed Hashim Al-Noor, University of Baghdad, Iraq

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5/16/2020 Editorial Board

https://www.iiste.org/Journals/index.php/JNSR/pages/view/EditorialBoard 2/2

Dr. Hadeel Fadhil Farhood Al Joborae.

College of medicine, Babylon university, Iraq Dr.Moshtak abdulatheem jwad Wtwt, College of medicine, Babylon university, Iraq Dr. Neeran Obied Jasim,

AL-Qadisiyia university, Iraq Dr.Sunday A. Dialoke

Federal University of Technology Owerri, Nigeria.

Assistant Professor, Dr. Nihad Abdulateef Ali Kadhim,

College of Agriculture / University of AL-Qasim Green - Department of Animal Production, Iraq

Paper submission email: [email protected]

ISSN (Paper)2224-3186 ISSN (Online)2225-0921

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This journal follows ISO 9001 management standard and licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.

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5/16/2020 Vol 6, No 14 (2016)

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Journal of Natural Sciences Research Journal of Natural Sciences Research

Home > Archives > Vol 6, No 14 (2016)

Vol 6, No 14 (2016)

Table of Contents

Articles

Journal Cover Page PDF

Journal Editor

Geochemical Impacts of the Physical Parameters and Heavy Metals Risk of the Drinking Bottled Water Produced and Marketed in Baghdad City, Iraq

PDF

Ena'am Juma'a Abdullah, Sa'ad Zeki A.Kader Al-Mashaikie 1-8

Bioactive Cytotoxic Agents and Chemokine Production Inhibitors in LPS-Induced Raw264.7 Macrophage Cell Line from Flowers of Crepis Senecioides

PDF

Omar M. M. Sabry, Marwa Ismail, Abeer M. El Sayed 9-21

Biosorption of Selected Heavy Metals Using Green Algae, Spirogyra Species PDF

Francis Ongachi Olal 22-34

Corona Discharge Plasma Technology to Accelerate the Growth of Black Soybean Plants PDF Nelumbo Nucifera, Muhammad Al Jabbar Kanie, Sulistiyani Hayu Pratiwi, Rulita Pratiwi,

Sapto Purnomo Putro, Muhammad Nur

35-40

In Vivo Histological Evaluation of the Effect of Pomegranate and Aloe Vera and a Combination of Both on Wound Healing of Buccal Mucosa.

PDF

Zainab Mohammed Ali, Ban A. Ghani Jamil 41-55

Indigenous Knowledge, Uses and Conservation of Prunus africana (Hook. F.) Kalkman in Nandi Forests

PDF

Hillary Koros, Itambo Malombe, Kaleb Mwendwa, Pascaline Jeruto, Humphrey Agevi, Martha Konje

56-62

Removal of Lead Ions and Turbidity from Waste Water by Adsorbent Materials Derived from Cactus Leaves

PDF

Moses M. Mbugua, Margaret M. Nga’ng’a, Benson Wachira, Harun M. Mbuvi 63-72

The Impact of Alternative Livestock Market Choice, Constraints and Opportunities: A Case of Smallholder Farmers in the Southern Communal Area of Namibia

PDF

David, I. Uchezuba, Salomo Mbai, Kobus Laubscher 73-86

Smallholder Pig Marketing Systems in the Southern Highlands of Tanzania PDF

Eliakunda Casmir Kimbi, James Mlangwa, Stig Thamsborg, Helena Mejer, Faustin Paul Lekule

87-98

Matrix Growth Models for a Natural Forest in Shasha Forest Reserve Nigeria PDF

Chenge, I.B., Osho, J.S.A. 99-106

In vitro Inhibitory Studies and Effect of Selected Plant Extracts and Cations on Elastase (EC 3.4.21.11) Activity produced by Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus

PDF

S.A. James, R. Auta, Efe M. Omwirhiren, N. Maxwell 107-114

Microwave Assisted Rapid Synthesis, Spectroscopic Characterization, and Antimicrobial Significance of New Derivative of 1,4 Dihydropyridines

PDF

Aoras Kadhime, Taghreed Musa, Ahmed Fekri, Rania Zaky 115-123

Paper submission email: [email protected]

ISSN (Paper)2224-3186 ISSN (Online)2225-0921

Please add our address "[email protected]" into your email contact list.

This journal follows ISO 9001 management standard and licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.

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Journal of Natural Sciences Research www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-3186 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0921 (Online)

Vol.6, No.14, 2016

63

Removal of Lead Ions and Turbidity from Waste Water by Adsorbent Materials Derived from Cactus Leaves

Moses M. Mbugua Margaret M. Nga’ng’a Benson Wachira Harun M. Mbuvi*

Department of Chemistry, Kenyatta University, P.O. Box 43844-00100, Nairobi, Kenya

Abstract

The current work explores simple ways of developing cheap adsorbents materials from Cactus, a plant easily found in dry and semi-arid regions for use in water purification. The adsorption capacity and efficacy of its biomass, charcoal, ash and ash residue in removal of lead ions and turbidity from contaminated water is reported.

The biomass was obtained by drying and grinding dry leaves to powder. Ash was obtained by heating the dry leaves in a furnace while the residue was obtained by dissolving and removing the soluble fraction. The charcoal was prepared by heating dry cactus leaves in a furnace in limited air. Batch experiments were carried out to determine the effect of initial concentration, PH, contact time, temperature and adsorbent dose on percentage removal of Pb²⁺ and turbidity. The data for Pb²⁺adsorption on ash residue was found to best fit in the Langmuir isotherm model while biomass, charcoal and ash data best fitted in the Freundlich model. Adsorption capacities for lead ions on ash residue, ash, charcoal and biomass were 1000.0000, 173.6201, 13.3352 and 3.1696mg/g respectively. The findings showed that the adsorbents are effective in removal of turbidity and lead (II) ions from contaminated water.

Keywords: "lead", "Adsorption", "isotherms", "cactus", "green adsorbents"

Introduction

Water scarcity remains a major concern worldwide and more so in developing countries like Kenya where it is projected that per capita available water will likely drop to 359m³/year by 2020 as a result of population growth[¹]. Further, the rapid and continuous expansion and increase of urban centers has resulted to increased pollution of the water sources. Consequently, provision of safe water to the people is an urgent development priority.

Sources of safe drinking water, especially in developing and underdeveloped countries are facing serious threat from contamination emanating from industrial, agricultural and natural activities. Contamination of the water resources by heavy metals is increasingly a matter of great concern to developing African countries[²]. Indeed, recent studies in Kenya have reported substantial levels of mobile and bioavailable heavy metal in soil and water at proximities of open-air mechanical workshops[3,4]. There are several ways that dissolved heavy metals can be removed from water that include ion exchange, reverse osmosis, precipitation, ultrafiltration, electrodialysis and adsorption[5]. Most of them require high energy and advanced operations that are out of reach to many low income earners found in arid and semiarid rural areas which suffer from acute water shortages.

Opuntia. vulgaris commonly called cactus, nopal (Mexico), or prickly pear grows readily in Mexico, Texas and other arid and semi-arid regions[⁶]. In Kenya it grows naturally in Nakuru, Lower Eastern and in most arid and semi-arid regions of the Country. There is little information in literature regarding evaluation of Opuntia spp. as a water clarifier; however, its mucilage has been used to kill bacteria, remove heavy metals as a low cost adsorbent and turbidity removal from wastewater[⁷].

Provision of clean and safe drinking water to low income earners requires continuous exploration into

[¹]Dessu, S. B.; Melesse A. M.; Bhat M. G.; McClain M. E. Assessment of water resources availability and demand in the Mara River Basin. Catena, 2014, 115, 104-114

[²]Kpan, J.;Opoku, B.; Gloria, A. Heavy Metal Pollution in Soil and Water in Some Selected Towns in Dunkwa-on-Off in District in the Central Region of Ghana as a Result of Small Scale Gold Mining.Journal of Agricultural Chemistry and Environment.2014, 3, 40-47.

[³] Chengo K.; Murungi J.; Mbuvi H.M. Speciation of Zinc and Copper in Open-Air Automobile Mechanic Workshop Soils in Ngara Area-Nairobi Kenya.Resources and Environment,2013,3, 145-154.

[⁴] Chengo K.;Murungi J.; Mbuvi H.M. Speciation of Chromium and Nickel in Open-Air Automobile Mechanic Workshop Soils in Ngara Area-Nairobi Kenya.World Environment, 2013, 3, 143-154.

[⁵] Burton, F.;Tchobanoglous, G. wastewater engineering treatment, disposal and reuse (Metcalf and Eddy, Inc,), 1991, McGraw-Hill, NewYork.

[6]Barbera, G.;Inglese, A.;Pimienta-Barrios, E. Agro-ecology, cultivation and uses of cactus pear. Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations: Rome,1995,p219.

[7] Miller, M.S., Fugate, J.E., Oyanedel, V., Smith, J.A., and Zimmerman, J.B. Efficacy and Mechanism of Opuntia spp.As a Natural Coagulant for potential Application in Water Treatment.Environmental Science and Technology, 2008,42, 4274- 4279.

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Vol.6, No.14, 2016

99

Matrix Growth Models for a Natural Forest in Shasha Forest Reserve Nigeria

Chenge, I.B.^{1, 2*} Osho, J.S.A.¹

1. Department of Forest Resources Management, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.

2. Department of Forest Production and Products, Federal University of Agriculture Makurdi, P.M.B.

2373, Makurdi, Nigeria.

Abstract

Matrix growth models were developed for a natural forest stand in Shasha forest reserve Nigeria. Data were collected from permanent sample plots in the forest in 2006 and 2012 by complete enumeration of trees with a minimum diameter of 5cm at breast height. All observed trees were classified into three species groups; top, middle, and under storey species. Within each species group, trees were classified into diameter classes with a width of 5cm. Linear regressions were used to estimate the ingrowth, mortality and upgrowth transition probabilities for a six year growth period. The models were developed, calibrated and validated with data from the permanent sample plots. Simulations suggested a recovery in the tree population of the forest stand given minimal disturbances. Validation of the models gave reliable predictions of stand population and diameter distributions for the forest. The x² statistics for the species groups revealed no significant differences between the predicted and observed number of trees at 0.05 significance level. The models provided some vital information which can be employed for sustainable management of the natural forest.

Keywords: Matrix models, Transition probabilities, Diameter distribution, Forest dynamics, Forest management

1. Introduction

Forests are continuously changing thus projecting the changes that occur during forest growth over time is necessary in order to obtain relevant information for sustainable management. Forest research has developed rapidly in Nigeria during recent years. However, only a few local models have been developed for projecting forest growth. Meanwhile, population growth and human activities such as settlements, agriculture and construction are threatening forests. The natural forest in Shasha forest reserve has been abused through illegal timber exploitation. This ecosystem is an important ecological resource providing many functions and values such as wildlife habitat, water quality protection, biodiversity conservation, timber production and carbon sequestration. Sustainable management which would restore the forest has become imperative.

Matrix growth models are a type of empirical models that are often preferred by researchers and resource managers because of their ability to make detailed and accurate predictions of tree and stand dynamics, particularly of species and stem size distribution that aggregate accurately to the stand level (Monserud 2003).

Matrix models of forest dynamics allow the projection of tree stem density in size classes, thus assessment of the changes that occur in a forest stand and the time required to recover lost or exploited stock. Many studies have been carried out to develop fixed-parameter matrices, and variable-parameter matrices that take into consideration density dependence and even environmental factors for various forest types (Buongiorno & Michie 1980; Osho 1991; Lin and Buongiorno 1997; Boltz and Carter 2006; Zhou & Buongiorno 2006; Tahvonen 2009;

Liang 2010; Picard et al. 2010; Liang et al. 2011; Escalante et al. 2011). The models are easy to build and require only the diameter structure of the population(s) under investigation as input variables. Matrix models are particularly advantageous in that they can be used to simulate a range of conditions based upon minimal data requirements (Gourlet-Fleury et al. 2005).

This study develops matrix models for a natural forest in Shasha forest reserve which will facilitate the sustainable management of the forest.

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Vol.6, No.14, 2016

1

Geochemical Impacts of the Physical Parameters and Heavy Metals Risk of the Drinking Bottled Water Produced and

Marketed in Baghdad City, Iraq

Ena'am Juma'a Abdullah¹ Sa'ad Zeki A.Kader Al-Mashaikie²

Department of Earth Sciences, College of Sciences, University of Baghdad, Al-Jadryiah, Baghdad, Iraq, PO box 47066

Abstract

Physico-chemical parameters of fourteen bottled water brand produced and marketed in Baghdad Capital City with two tap water samples were environmentally assessed. The results are compared with corresponding guidelines of Iraqi Standards and the World Health Organization.The mean values of physical and aggregate properties of the tested waters are; pH, 6.5 and 6.9, EC,192 and 555 µS/cm at 25◦C, TDS, 92 and 275 mg/L, Total hardness as CaCO3, 36.97 and 143 mg/L and alkalinity as HCO3-1, 44.85 and 66 mg/L. The mean concentration of major ionic composition of the tested waters are; Cl^-1, 34.8 and 40.55 mg/L, SO4^-2 35.58 and 126.5 mg/L, Ca⁺² 7.67 and 10 mg/L, Mg⁺² 4.3 and 10 mg/L, K⁺¹ 0.639 and 1.35 mg/L and Na⁺¹ 9.4 10 mg/L.

These properties show increasing in the tape water than those of bottled waters.Classification based on TDS suggests very low to little low mineral concentrations and total hardness suggests soft to moderately hard waters.

Piper diagram reveal bicarbonate-sulfate water type suggests originating from carbonate/gypsiferous sediments.Geochemical concentrations of heavy metals analysis in bottled waters are less than those in tap waters except B and Pb concentrations. Arsenic concentration shows value lies in between polluted and unpolluted level, which probably comes from damages of tap and waste waters networks. Three water samples show high concentration of sulfate ions, suggest originated in gypsiferous sediments.The physicochemical parameters of bottled and tap waters are coincide with guidelines of World Health Organization and Iraqi Standards, which indicates potability without risks.

Keywords: Bottled water, tap water, physico-chemical parameters, Piper diagrams, heavy metals, ICP-MS.

1. Introduction

Consumption of the Bottled waters is increasing steadily worldwide during the last three decades from 130,956 million liters in 2002 to 188,777 million liters in 2007. Thus, the average annual consumption rate is 28.8 L/capita, European Union consumption is 104.2 L/capita, and in USA are 110.9 L/capita (European Federation of Bottled Water 2006; Beverage Marketing Corporation 2008). In recent years, the production of bottled water was increases for over 5,000 brands in the worldwide (Güler 2007).

Drinking waters are packed in bottles or containers adding optionally safe and suitable antimicrobial agents. Fluoride may add within established quality standards (FDA 2008). However, despite its abundance, good quality drinking water is not readily available to human drinks (Onweluzo and Akuagbazie 2010). Safe and good quality drinking water is essential for human health and physiology for continuous lives (Petraccia et al.

2006; Karavoltsos et al. 2008; Alemdar et al. 2009; Krachler and Shotyk 2009). The human health needs 3 liters/average for weight of 53 kg - 63 kg, in the liquids and food daily (Wardlow et al. 2004).

Literature revealed that some constituents in bottled water may be in violation of action levels for various parameters (Karamanis et al. 2007). WHO /Food and Agriculture Organization regulates the bottled and mineral waters (CAC 2001). Other countries sited acceptable standards for bottled water (like Iraq), typically in harmonization with broader regulatory agencies such as WHO, USEPA and the Council of European Economic Community Directive.

The quality of drinking waters was deteriorated during recent years due to high levels of pollutions, which caused serious health hazard (Warburton 1993; Nkono and Asubiojo 1997; Ikem et al. 2002; Turk and Alp 2010). Concentrations of toxic chemicals and metals e.g. cadmium, mercury and lead, in drinking waters may cause defect particularly cardiovascular, kidney-related disorders, neurocognitive effects and cancer diseases (Al -Saleh and Al- Doush 1998; IKem et al. 2002).

The indiscriminate discharge of industrial effluents leached to the ground water aquifers, lead to chemical pollution of natural water bodies (Ikem et al. 2002). The rapid increases in the production of bottled water and prompts of market concern about the quality of bottled water produced in Iraq. Waste materials of wars and damages of tap and waste water networks in Baghdad City comprises big sources of pollution for the soil and underground waters through the leaching of rainfalls.

Therefore, quality assessment of the physico-chemical parameters impact was carried out for validity of the drinking bottled waters produced in Baghdad City for human consumption. This includes the analysis of the most important toxic heavy metals that make human health risk. Moreover, two samples of tap waters were

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Vol.6, No.14, 2016

9

Bioactive Cytotoxic Agents and Chemokine Production Inhibitors in LPS-Induced Raw264.7 Macrophage Cell Line from Flowers of

Crepis senecioides

Omar M. M. Sabry* Marwa Ismail Abeer M. El Sayed

Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Einy Street, 11562, Cairo, Egypt

Abstract

Crepis senecioides is one of the endemic plant species found in Libya. The ethanol extract (E) of the flowers was partitioned on silica gel column with dichloromethane affording four compounds. Their structures were elucidated by the physicochemical and spectral data as germanicol acetate (1), 3`,3``butyl, 8`,8``carboxy) di- octyl phethalate (2), taraxasterol (3) and β-sitosterol (4). effect of the tested samples 1 and 2 on the viability of RAW macrophage 264.7 were studied. anti-cancer activity was tested on several human cell lines. Anti- inflammatory effect was also screened. Compound 1 had promising cellular cytotoxicity with IC50 60.26µg/mL on HepG2. Compound 2 had a talented cellular cytotoxicity with IC50 50.18 µg/mL on PC3. Both 1 and 2 exerted alike cytotoxicity with IC50 µg/mL 78.53, 78.14 on PC3 and MCF-7 carcinoma cell lines respectively. The treatment of LPS-stimulated macrophage with 2 led to a highly significant inhibition 45.05% in the nitrite concentration in LPS-stimulated macrophage. Compound 1 had a promising cellular cytotoxicity on HepG2, while 2 exhibited an inhibition on chemokine expression in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages and had talented cellular cytotoxicity on PC3.

Keywords: Crepis senecioide;, Asteraceae; Anti-inflammatory; cytotoxic effect; terpenoids; phethalate derivative.

1. Introduction

A continuous chemical and biological screening of unexplored flora is necessary for exploitation of natural local resources in national drug industry. Traditional African herbal medicine is among the most ancient natural therapies and perhaps the oldest folk medicine currently practiced (Sawandi, 2012; Brendler et al., 2010).

Plant derivatives have been used over the years to treat a wide variety of ailments, from microbial infections to various forms of neoplastic growth. The isolation and characterization of novel compounds that might serve as leads for the development of new and effective drugs from medicinal plants has now become an area of much interest worldwide (De Mesquita et al., 2011). Surely, in drug discovery or drug assessment using cell lines, researchers attempt to find compounds that lead to the triggering of apoptosis or programmed cell death in diseased cells such as cancer cells. A candidate drug is therefore introduced to the cells and its effects ascertained. The most ideal is a compound that is potent at low concentrations and discriminates between diseased and normal cells (Cochrane et al.,2008).

Cancer is a group of diseases that involve unregulated cell growth and death, tumor-promoting inflammation, induction of angiogenesis, evasion of the immune system, and activation of metastasis and invasion (Hanahan and Weinberg, 2011). Hepatocellular carcinoma and prostate cancer is a major health problem worldwide, including Egypt. In the recent past, it has become the second most prevalent cancer among men in Egypt (Soliman et al., 2010; Boyle et al., 2003; Muir et al.,1991). The pattern of cancer indicated the increased burden of liver cancer. Breast cancer occupied the second rank (Ibrahim et al., 2014).

Crepis is a genus of annual and perennial flowering plants of the family Asteraceae, encompasses around 200 species, including about 70 European representatives (Mabberley, 2008). It is distributed throughout the North hemisphere and Africa (Enke, and Gemeinholzer, 2008). The center of diversity of the genus Crepis is in the Mediterranean region. Crepis was commonly known in some parts of the world as hawks beard. The taxonomy and evolutionary relationships of Crepis were studied (Babcock, 1947; Jeffrey, 1979; Ali et al., 1967).

The genus name Crepis derives from the Greek krepis, meaning sandal, possibly in reference to the shape of the fruit (Flora of America). Al-Jabal Al-Akhder is floristically one of the richest of all the phytogeographical region of Libya. Crepis senecioides Delile one of the endemic species was found in wadi Tanezzuft (Mukassabi et al.,2012).

Crepis species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including the broad- barred white moth and the fly Tephritis Formosa (White, 1984). Seeds of Crepis species are an important food source for some bird species (Buckingham and Peach 2005). The leaves and tender stem of C. commutate and C.

vesicaria are eaten raw, boiled, steamed or browned in salads. The leaves of C. rueppelli Sch. Bip was used for diarrhea (Wabe et al.,2011).

The genus Crepis is a wealthy source of sesquiterpenes lactone-type guaianolides (Pant and Rastogi, 1979; Zidorn, 2008; Ghosh et al., 1985). Phenolics reported from the genus Crepis encompass isoluteolin