THE USE OF REMOTE SENSING IMAGERY FOR SUPPORTING SYSTMATIC LAND CADASTRE
HADI ARNOWO
Ministry of Agrarian Affairs and Spatial Planning/ National Land Agency, Indonesia
ABSTRACT
Effort to accelerate land registration throughout Indonesia is through the activities of Complete Systematic Land Registration (PTSL). The implementation of the PTSL requires a base map with a wide coverage area. To meet the base map is required remote sensing technology in the form of high resolution satellite imagery, aerial photographs or drone photos. Satellite images, aerial photographs or drone photographs shall cover the territory of the PTSL activities and the limits of data retrieval not exceeding 3 years. In addition, the three mapping materials have been geometrically corrected and have a TM3 coordinate system. Spatial data derived from satellite imagery, aerial photographs or drone photographs are used as a base map and a working map for plotting the cadastral measurement plots. The basic map of satellite imagery or aerial photographs is the basis for making land parcels and land registration maps. While a satellite image or aerial photography map can be used for drawing measure.. Satellite image data storage, aerial photographs or drone photos in an integrated computer system known as Geo- KKP. Future challenges are the provision of satellite imagery, aerial photographs or drone photographs for the areas to be used for the activities of the PTSL.
Keywords: Complete Systematic Land Registry, base map, work map
1. Introduction
Indonesia has a land area of 1,922,570 Km2 with 126 million parcels of land. The number of parcels of land that have been registered up to 2018 is 47 million parcels, so that there are still as many as 79 million unregistered parcels of land. The remaining land parcels that have not been registered are targeted by the Government to be completed until 2025. In 2018 the target of land acquisition of 7 million parcels has been successfully achieved.
Furthermore, in 2019 land registration activities are targeted to reach 9 million land parcels. To achieve this high target, a special strategy is needed, namely Complete Systematic Land Registration (CSLR).
Complete Systematic Land Registration Program (CSLR) is the first time land registration activity carried out simultaneously for all objects of land registration in one village / kelurahan area. The legal basis for PTSL activities is the Regulation of the Minister of Agrarian Affairs and Spatial Planning /Head of National Land Agency No. 6 of 2018 concerning the Acceleration of Complete Systematic Land Registration and Presidential Instruction No. 2 of 2018 concerning the Acceleration of Complete Systematic Land Registration in the Entire Territory of the Republic of Indonesia. Based on these regulations, PTSL activities become the government's mainstay program to realize land registration in Indonesia.. It is hoped that through the PTS program, the target of completing 79 million land parcels will be completed by 2025 (Bureau of Law and Public Relations, Ministry of Agrarian Affairs and Spatial Planning / National Land Agency, 2018).
The CSLR outline covers the stages of counseling, data collection, measurement, committee meeting, announcement and endorsement, and certificate issuance. The ATR / BPN Ministry also ensures that all processes are carried out easily, transparently, and efficiently. Data collection in the context of CSLR consists of collecting juridical data and physical data. Physical data collection includes activities related to measurement and mapping to produce maps and documents of measurement results.
Measurement and mapping activities of land parcels are carried out using survey and mapping technology consisting of terrestrial methods, photogrammetric methods, satellite methods, or a combination of the three methods.
Product activities in the context of taking physical data are
- Land registration map: a map that contains the parcels of land with land registration data
- Land parcel map: a map that contains the parcels of land with a certain scale, the boundaries of which have been determined by an authorized official and used for the announcement of physical data
- Measuring sketch: a sketch document contains a picture of a plot of land or more and the surrounding situation as well as data on the results of measurements of land parcels in the form of distance, angle, azimuth or angle of direction and coordinates either in electronic or non-electronic form
- Measuring letter: a document contains physical data of a parcel of land in the form of maps and descriptions
One of the developments in remote sensing technology is the ability to display high resolution so that it can be used for land-based mapping. The use of remote sensing technology for the benefit of land registration is very important as an orientation of measurement activities and as a basis for plotting parcels of measurement results. Therefore, geometric accuracy in satellite imagery is very important so that the measured parcels of land can be accurately plotted.
Utilization of satellite imagery in the activities of a Complete Systematic Land Registration (CSLR) is very important namely:
- As a basis for making work maps that will be used as orientation of measurement activities in the field
- As initial information for physical data collection
- As a basis for plotting maps of land registrations, maps of plots of land and measuring drawings
The technical requirements of the remote sensing imagery that can be used for Complete Systematic Land Registration (CSLR) activities are as follows:
- Image availability in the desired area (area of interest)
- Image capture should be in the most recent time - Satellite resolution supports making maps of
plots of land with a scale of 1: 2,500 or more detailed
- Correction of geometry according to technical provisions
- Image clarity level sufficient for identification of parcels
Considering that CSLR activities are always held every year, the availability of satellite imagery must be available with the latest shooting time.
Renewal of the image is strived for no more than 5 years. That is because the conditions on the ground are rapidly changing, especially around urban areas.
This paper aims to:
1. know the right type of satellite imagery for land registration activities
2. know the use of satellite imageries for Complete Systematic Land Registration (CSLR) activities 2. METHODS
The study employed descriptive analysis regarding the use of imageries for Complete Systematic Land Registration activities. The method used in this study is descriptive analysis which starts from a general description of the mapping for land registration activities and studies on how satellite imagery are used for various geographical areas in Indonesia.
The reference used in the analysis is based on the Regulation of the Minister of Agrarian Affairs and Spatial Planning / Head of the National Land Agency No. 6 of 2018 concerning Complete Systematic Land Registration.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Complete Systematic Land Registration activities aim to realize the provision of legal certainty and legal protection of community land rights. One of the activities carried out in CSLR is the collection of physical data. Physical data collection is carried out by a physical task force. The Physical Task Force consists of elements of the Ministry of Civil Servants, Non-Permanent Employees/ Non Government Servants of the Ministry, Licensed Cadastral Surveyors, Licensed Cadastral Surveyors chaired by the Deputy Chairperson of the CSLR Adjudication Committee.
Task force physical activities include:
a. Cadastral measurement of land boundaries as outlined in the measuring sketch, on the appointment of the land owner or his attorney b. Carry out mapping of plots of land on the
registration map
c. Perform procedures and enter data and information related to physical data on land parcels in the integrated computer system
d. Sign the measuring sketch and related documents e. In the case of carrying out the measurement and
mapping of land parcels by a third party, the Licensed Cadastral Surveyor signs the land parcel map for its construction
f. Submit land parcel maps to the Chair of the CSLR Adjudication Committee
Retrieval of physical data in the form, shape and position of the parcels is performed using the terrestrial method, the photogrammetric method, the satellite method, or the combination method of the three methods. The physical data collection method used is the terrestrial method and the satellite method as well as a combination of the two methods. The photogrammetric method is not used alone, but is combined with the terrestrial method and the satellite method. The boundary of parcel ownership should be approved between the owner and the adjoining neighbors. After the agreement settled then the officer proceed parcel measurement and mapping.
The latest satellite imagery technology for mapping purposes includes the ability to:
1. High spatial resolution
2. The number of channels that make it possible to produce detailed earth information
3. The use of active sensors to overcome visual obstruction
The capabilities of remote sensing satellites suitable for measurement and mapping of land parcel are as follows:
1. Spatial resolution: very influential on visualizing boundaries of parcels
2. Spectral resolution: does not have a major effect because it does not require information about the spectral differences from reflections or electromagnetic rays
3. Radiometric resolution: does not have a major effect because it does not require information about spectral radians
4. Temporal resolution: very influential because of the need for area coverage that must be available at a certain time
Spatial resolution which is one of the benchmarks of satellite capability is the ability of sensors to record the smallest size of an object on the surface of the earth. Spatial resolution that can record objects in detail is called high or fine resolution. Whereas those that only display objects that are rather large or large so lacking in detail are called rough or low to medium resolution.
The size of the interval of spatial resolution, according to Suwargana (2013) is generally divided into:
1. High spatial resolution, range: 0.6-4 m 2. Medium spatial resolution, range: 4-30 m 3. Low spatial resolution, range: 30 -> 1000 m
To determine the ability to produce a map scale from the spatial resolution of the image is to use the formulation of Tobler, as follows:
- Suitability of map scale with spatial resolution.
The map scale denominator is divided by 1000
and then divided by two. For example, to produce a map of 1: 25,000 scale, the required image resolution is minimal (50,000 / 1,000): 2 produces the number 25. Thus the satellite resolution is as low as 25 m
- Suitability of spatial resolution to the map scale.
Spatial resolution (in meters) * 2 * 1,000. For example a 25 m satellite resolution is suitable for making maps of 1: 50,000 scale
(Gandharum, 2014)
The scale of the map used for land registration purposes adjusts to the area size. The smaller the plot of land, the larger map scale is needed. The use of the map scale is used for land registration maps and land parcel maps. Whereas in the measuring sketches and measuring letters only include pictures of parcels along with data on the measurement results. The commonly used map scale sizes are 1: 2,500, 1:
1,000, 1: 500 and 1: 250. The use of 1: 2,500 scale is used for agricultural land and a scale of 1: 1,000 or greater for residential land. This arrangement is based on Article 13 Paragraph 1 Regulation of the State Minister for Agrarian Affairs/ Head of National Land Agency No. 3 of 1997 concerning Provisions for the Implementation of PP No. 24 of 1997 concerning Land Registration.
The types of satellites, the ability of resolution and the ability to produce maps can be seen in the
table below
Table 1. Type of Remote Sensing Satellite Type of Satellite
Resolution
Revisit Interval
Map Scale Compliance
Minimum Area Object **)
Conformity for CSLR Multispectr
al
Panchromat ic
Landsat 7 30 m 15 m 16 day 1 : 30.000 2,25 Ha Not Good
Landsat 8 30 m 15 m 16 day 1 : 30.000 2,25 Ha Not Good
SPOT 5 10 m 2,5 m 2-3 day 1 : 5.000 625 m2 Not Good
SPOT 6 6 m 1,5 m 1 day 1 : 3.000 225 m2 Not Good
SPOT 7 6 m 1,5 m 1 day 1 : 30.000 2,25 Ha Not Good
Quickbird 2,44 m 0,61 m 2-6 day 1 : 1.500 56,25 m2 Good
Ikonos 3,2 m 0,82 m 3 day 1 : 1.700 72,25 m2 Good
GeoEye-1 1,65 m 0,41 m 1 day 1 : 800 16 m2 Good
GeoEye-2 (WorldView-4*)
1,36 m 0,34 m 1 day 1 : 600 9 m2 Good
Worldview-1 - 0,5 m 2-6 day 1 : 1.000 25 m2 Good
Worldview-2 1,8 m 0,5 m 1-4 day 1 : 1.000 25 m2 Good
Worldview-3 : Visible Light SWIR CAVIS
1,24 m 3,7 m 30 m
0,31 m - -
1-4 day 1-4 day 1-4 day
1 : 600 1 : 7.400 1 : 60.000
9 m2 1.370 m2
4,50 Ha
Good Good Not Good
ASTER 15 m - 16 day 1 : 30.000 2,25 Ha Not Good
ALOS 10 m 2,5 m 4-6 day 1 : 5.000 625 m2 Not Good
IRS-Cartosat-1 - 2,5 m 15 day 1 : 5.000 625 m2 Not Good
IRS-Cartosat-2 - 1 m 4 day 1 : 2.000 100 m2 Good
Formosat 2 8 m 2 m 1 day 1 : 4.000 400 m2 Not Good
Orbiview-3 4 m 1 m 3 day 1 : 2.000 100 m2 Good
Pleiades 1A 2 m 0,5 m 1 day 1 : 1.000 25 m2 Good
Pleiades 1B 2 m 0,5 m 1 day 1 : 1.000 25 m2 Good
KOMPSAT-3 2,8 m 0,7 m 2-5 day 1 : 1.400 49 m2 Good
KOMPSAT-3A 2,2 m 0,55 m 2-5 day 1 : 1.100 30,25 m2 Good
*) Name change after company merger of GeoEye and DigitalGlobe
**) Theoretically the size of objects that can be seen based on calculations of ½ cm x ½ cm map scale
Based on the data above, the types of satellites that can be used for CSLR activities are satellites that have sensors to produce a resolution level of 1 m or below. Satellite imagery with this level of resolution can produce a map scale below 1: 2,500 so it is suitable for the needs of making maps of plots. The larger the scale of the map the more detailed objects that can be mapped. For urban areas with relatively small land parcels, the ideal use of satellite imagery is one with a spatial resolution of 1 m or below.
In addition to high-resolution satellite imagery, another visual means for the purpose of mapping plots of land is aerial photography. Aerial photographs can be obtained using various rides such as airplanes, unmanned airplanes, drones, helicopters and blimps. With a lower height, the spatial resolution obtained is quite detailed. Even so to produce detailed aerial photographs still needed the criteria of the camera with certain technical specifications.
The map scale produced from aerial photographs is by calculation, namely scale = f / H.
Where f is the focal length and H is the distance from the center of the lens to the surface of the earth.
Another determining factor is spatial resolution expressed as the number of line pairs that can be detected at 1 mm intervals. More and more line pairs means that the spatial resolution is higher and the
object will be seen in more detail. The combination of scale factors and spatial resolution factors affect the image quality stated in Ground Resolving Distance (GRD). As with spatial resolution in satellite imagery, the smaller the GRD value of an aerial photograph, the more detailed objects that can be displayed (Danoedoro, 2012).
Temporal resolution shows the ability of satellites to re-record in the original area (revisit interval). Related to temporal resolution is the availability of satellite imagery that displays the latest existing conditions. According to the provisions in the Technical Guide for Measurement and Mapping Complete Systematic Land Parcels, the age of satellite imagery or aerial photographs for mapping is at most 2 years old before the implementation of CSLR.
In one area there may be several data collection paths at different times of data collection so that it is not possible to have uniformity of data.
Therefore, to cover the availability of images in one stretch, the officer should merge images from different satellites or from the same satellite but different collected time. The merger work or known as mosaicking for the purpose of mapping plots of land must meet technical requirements, especially geometry correction.
Fig. 1. Utilization of Satellite Imagery /Aerial Photos in CSLR Activities Satellite
imagery / aerial photography
Making the Work Map
land fiscal map, topographic smap, forest area map,etc
Retrieval of physical data
Data processing
Presentation of data Situation , Peta Bidang
Tanah dan Surat Ukur Process of Issuing Land
Certificates
Land Registration As a reference for plotting data Map
As a reference for plotting data
Image data that will be used in measurement and mapping activities is stored in the Land Office computer system. Further, image data and various basic spatial data are combined to produce a work map. The work map is then shared with the physical data collection team and used as plotting material for the measurement results. The resulting measurements are then processed and entered into a computer system. The data processed with the application in the Land Office computer system will be used as data the land certificates.
Complete Systematic Land Registration activities roll out every year to meet the targets for the realization of comprehensive land registration in the territory of the Republic of Indonesia. Technical preparations are made up of providing various facilities and materials for measurement and mapping activities in the form of equipment preparation, work materials and various forms. Satellite imagery / aerial photographs as work material must be planned before the implementation of measurement and mapping activities.
Planning for providing satellite imagery includes:
1. Delineation of area of interest which will be used as a boundary for the work area. In accordance with the provisions of the work area boundary is the village administrative area 2. Provision of satellite imagery/ aerial
photographs that meet technical requirements.
The technical provisions in the form of image resolution/ aerial photographs support for making maps based on land parcels should be in the TM3 coordinate system and geometrically contain no errors
3. Making a working map by combining the basic elements of the map
Satellite imagery/ aerial photographs used as work maps, also used as part of the Land Registration Map.
Satellite imagery data/ aerial photographs become the background of the Land Registration Map. Other uses are for making thematic maps based on plots of land as base maps or maps of thematic data / information plotting.
4. CONCLUSION
Satellite imagery technology has developed very rapidly which one is the high spatial resolution.
Those imageries result better object detail especially visualization of land parcel. The high res.olution satellite imagery/ aerial photography is suitable for measurement and mapping of Systematic Complete Land Registration (CSLR) because of clear land parcel visualization
The CSLR activity is the government's effort to carry out the registration of all land in the territory of Indonesia. The target of CSLR activities is very large so it requires a strategy to use satellite imagery / aerial photographs to support CSLR activities.
Utilization of satellite imagery/ aerial photographs in CSLR as material for work maps that will be taken to the field and as a visual background and plotting the measurement data. Satellite imagery/ aerial photographs to be used must meet the technical requirements in the form of resolution imagery/ aerial photographs support for making maps based on plots, in the TM3 coordinate system and geometrically contains no errors.
Planning for the provision of satellite imagery / aerial photographs must be carried out prior to the implementation of CSLR activities. This is due to satellite imagery / aerial photography as material for preparing work maps.
5. REFERENCES
Danoedoro, P. (2012). Introduction to Digital Remote Sensing. Andi Offset Publisher, Yogyakarta.
Director General of Agrarian Infrastructure, Ministry of Agrarian Affairs and Spatial Planning / National Land Agency. (2018). Technical Guide for Measurement and Mapping Complete Systematic Land Parcels. Jakarta
Gandharum, L. (2014). Map Scalability and Image Spatial Resolution, accessed on 28 Mei 2018 from
https://lajugandharum.wordpress.com/2011/01/
07/kesepadanan-skala-peta-dan-resolusi- spasial-citra/
Indarto. (2014). Theory and Practice of Remote Sensing. Andi Offset Publisher, Yogyakarta.
Soenarmo, S.H. (2009). Remote Sensing and Introduction of Geographic Information Systems for the Field of Earth Sciences , ITB Publisher, Bandung
Suwargana, N. (2013). Spatial, Temporal and Spectral Resolution of Satellite Imagery Landsat, SPOT and IKONOS (Vol. 1 Number 2, pp 167-74).
Jakarta: Scientific Journal WIDYA
