Health and Well-Being for Families in the 21st Century, Second Edition, Wallace/Green/Jaros Impact of Birth Practices on Breastfeeding: Protecting the Mother-Infant Continuum. No part of the materials protected by this copyright may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the owner of copyright.
Midwifery
The Profession and History of Midwifery in the United States 3 Definitions and Practice 3
Preface to the Third Edition xxxii Preface to the Second Edition xxxv Preface to the First Edition xxxviii.
Basics of Management of Care 29 Primary Care and Scope of Practice 29
Primary Care of Women
- Cultural Competence in Midwifery Practice 49 Jo-Anna L. Rorie
- International Midwifery and Safe Motherhood 59 Margaret A. Marshall
- Preconception Care 85
- Nutrition in Women’s Health 99 Jenifer O. Fahey
- Women and Exercise 187 Ann Cowlin
- Health Care of Midlife and Aging Women 335 Mary Ellen Rousseau
Application of the Cultural Competence Continuum 53 Conclusion 56. Chapter 4 International Midwifery and Safe Motherhood 59 Margaret A. The Situation Worldwide 60 The Newborn 64. Women and Substance Abuse 313 Attraction of Substance Abuse 315 Assessment of Drug Use 316 General Treatment 317.
Reproductive Health Care
Infections of the Genital Tract 439
Family Planning and Contraception 461 History and Concepts of Family Planning 461
Natural Methods of Family Planning 471 Carmela Cavero
Nonhormonal Contraceptive Methods 481 Spermicidal Preparations 481
Intrauterine Contraceptive Devices 499
Hormonal Contraception 513 Combination Pills 513
Antepartal Care
Management Plan for Normal Pregnancy 571 Philosophy and Scope 571
Screening for and Collaborative Management of Antepartal Complications 661 First Trimester Bleeding 662
Complications of Gestational Age Assessment and the Postdate Pregnancy 715 Carol L. Wood
Intrapartal Care
- The Normal First Stage of Labor 737
- Fetal Assessment During Labor 793 Introduction and History 793
- The Normal Second Stage of Labor 821 Database for the Second Stage of Labor 821
- Management of Selected Obstetric Complications and Deviations from Normal 883 Management of Shoulder Dystocia 883
- The Normal Third Stage of Labor 905 Database for the Third Stage of Labor 905
- Third Stage Complications and Management 913 Retained Placenta 913
- The Normal Fourth Stage of Labor 917 Database for the Fourth Stage of Labor 917
- Management of Immediate Postpartum Hemorrhage 925 Causes of Immediate Postpartum Hemorrhage 925
- Birth in the Home and in the Birth Center 929 Alice J. Bailes
Management plan for the fourth stage of labor 919 Establishing family relationships with the newborn 921 References 923. The preparation of the family for birth and postpartum 943 The experience of birth at home or in the birth center 945 The early postpartum period and follow-up 947.
Newborn Care
- Physiological Transition to Extrauterine Life 961 Mary Kathleen McHugh
- Immediate Care and Assessment of the Healthy Newborn 973 Mary Kathleen McHugh
- Resuscitation at Birth 983 Mary Kathleen McHugh
- Examination of the Newborn 999 Mary Kathleen McHugh
- Primary Care of the Newborn: The First Six Weeks 1011 Mary Kathleen McHugh
- Recognition and Immediate Care of Sick Newborns 1029 Mary Kathleen McHugh
Characteristics of Birth Center and Home Birth 933 Birth Center and Home Birth Practice Models 936 Midwife/Client Relationship 938. Assessment at the Moment of Birth 973 Care During the First Hours After Birth 974 Care Plan for the First Few Days of Life 977 Discharge Planning 979.
Postpartal Care
The Normal Puerperium 1041 Database for the Puerperium 1041
Skills
- Universal Precautions 1107 References 1108
- Finger Puncture 1109 Bibliography 1111
- Inserting an Intravenous Catheter 1121 Bibliography 1124
- Giving Intravenous Medications 1125 Chapter 50 Spin-Down Hematocrit 1127
- Removal of Norplant 1131 References 1133
- Breast Examination 1135 Relevant History 1135
- Obstetric Abdominal Examination 1147
- Checking for Costovertebral Angle Tenderness 1161 Anatomy 1161
- Obtaining a Specimen for Papanicolaou (Pap) Diagnostic Evaluation 1195 Reference 1197
- Obtaining a Specimen for Gonococcal (GC) and Chlamydia Diagnostic Testing 1199 Chapter 59 Making a Wet Smear Slide of Vaginal Secretions 1201
- Using a Microscope 1203
- Breast Massage, Manual Expression, and Nipple Rolling 1217 Procedure for Breast Massage 1217
- Inserting an Intrauterine Pressure Catheter; Amnioinfusion 1223 References 1225
- Attaching a Fetal Scalp Electrode 1227 References 1229
- Perineal Prep (Cleaning) 1231
- Second Stage Pushing 1233 Breath Control 1233
- Local Infiltration 1239
- Hand Maneuvers for Birth with the Mother in Dorsal Position 1249
- Hand Maneuvers for Birth with the Mother in the Hands and Knees Position 1253 Saraswathi Vedam
- Inspection of the Placenta, Membranes, and Cord 1261 Database 1261
- Postbirth Inspection of the Cervix and Upper Vaginal Vault 1267 Procedure for Cervical Inspection 1267
- Fourth Stage Intrauterine Exploration 1271 Chapter 78 Bimanual Compression 1273
- Cutting an Episiotomy and Repairing Episiotomies and Lacerations 1275 Relevant Anatomy 1275
- Physical Examination of the Newborn 1295
- Circumcision 1313 Vivian H. Lowenstein
Repair of first and second degree lacerations and sulcus tears 1290 Repair of third degree lacerations 1290. Cowlin, MA, CSM, CCE Dance and Movement Specialist, Yale University Athletic Department Assistant Clinical Professor, Yale University School of Nursing.
Fourth Edition
This change and expansion is reflected in the title and the size of the book. A common view is that nurse-midwifery is health care management only for normal, or essentially normal, women.
Midwifery
Midwives are mentioned in Genesis; these Hebrew midwives are the first midwives found in literature.
Definitions and Practice
The Profession and History of Midwifery in the United States
Certified nurse-midwives and certified midwives practice in accordance with the standards for the practice of nurse-midwives, as defined by the American College of Nurse-Midwives. The ACNM defines a certified nurse-midwife (CNM) as "an individual trained in the two disciplines of nursing and midwifery, who possesses evidence of certification according to the requirements of the American College of Nurse-Midwives" [6] and a certified midwife (CM) as "an individual trained in the discipline of midwifery, who possesses evidence of certification according to the requirements of the American College of Nurse-Midwives" [7].
Beliefs Characterizing Midwifery
Midwives are partners with women in providing health care, engaging in a dynamic reassessment of each woman's unique health needs. These beliefs have had practical application throughout the history of nurse midwifery in the United States.
Early History
The essence of midwifery care for women and newborns lies more in the nature of this care than in its specific components. The practice of midwifery has a solid foundation in critical thinking and is focused on disease prevention and health promotion, drawing the best from the disciplines of midwifery, nursing, public health and medicine to provide safe, holistic care.
Factors Leading to Disrepute
In European society in the late eighteenth century, it was fashionable to have male midwives (doctors) to lie down. Their African-American counterparts in the rural South were also unable to gain access to the health care system and were poorly educated due to racism.
The Early Twentieth Century
Great Britain was the source of British nurse-midwives who worked in the Frontier Nursing Service and the provider of midwifery education for the United States. Frontier Nursing Service did not have the first nurse-midwife training program in the United States. of the country.
The First Nurse-Midwifery Education Programs
The Association for the Promotion and Standardization of Midwifery was founded in early 1931 by three members of the medical board of the Maternity Center Association and its director general, Hazel Corbin, R.N. The Center Association and the Lobenstine Midwifery Clinic were consolidated under the name and auspices of the Maternity Center Association, which also assumed administrative and financial responsibility for the Association's School for the Promotion and Standardization of Midwifery.
The 1940s and 1950s
1932 School of the Association for the Promotion and Standardization of Midwifery (became the Maternity Center Association School of Nurse-Midwifery in 1934; affiliated with Downstate Medical Center, State University of New York and Kings County Hospital, Brooklyn, New York, in 1958; also includes an early affiliation of MCA and Kings County Hospital with Johns Hopkins University during the Frontier Graduate School of Midwifery of the Births took place in the home or at La Casita, the first birthing center for nurses and midwives.
The 1960s
This leads to the irrational conclusion that nurse midwives are an uneducated menace who represent a backward step in illiteracy in the provision of mother-child health care. Misconception: Nurse-midwives try to be "little doctors." In general, doctors think that nurse-midwives do not know "their place".
The 1970s
At the same time, other professionals came to believe in and support the development of nurse-midwifery. Two-thirds of nursing and midwifery education programs are offered at schools that grant a master's degree.
The 1980s
Lay midwives struggled with its early identity, as lay midwives disagreed sharply among themselves over the desirability of formal education, standards, credentialing, and regulation. Lay midwives were organized in 1982 with the creation of the Midwives Alliance of North America (MANA) to include midwives in Canada and Mexico as well as the United States.
The 1990s and Early 2000s
The first non-nurse midwifery education program pre-accredited by the ACNM DOA was established in 1996. The Department of Education renewed its recognition of the ACNM DOA for pre-accreditation and accreditation of nurse-midwife education programs and recognized the duplication of its activities to include pre-accreditation and accreditation of direct entry midwifery education for non-nurses.
The American College of Nurse-Midwives
Organization Bulletins of The Committee on Organization; and organized a meeting of nurse-midwives for December 1954. Beginning with a charter membership of 124, the FIGURE 1-3 The seal of the American College of Nurse- Midwives.
The rapid expansion of nurse-midwives and the addition of nurse-midwives placed stress on professional organization. The productivity of the American College of Nurse-Midwives since its founding in 1955 is inspiring and shows what a small group can do.
Bibliography
Legislation and practice of nurse-midwives in the US: Report on a survey conducted by the legislation committee of the American College of Nurse-Midwives. The role of the nurse-midwife in the health team as seen by the family.
Primary Care and Scope of Practice
Basics of Management of Care
In addition, the midwife focuses specifically on adolescents starting pelvic health care and undergoing their first pelvic exam, female psychological growth and development throughout the lifespan, drug abusing women, premenstrual syndrome, lesbian health care, female occupation. emotional health hazards and care, homeless women, gynecological and psychological trauma related to rape and abuse, infertility issues, physical changes and care of postmenopausal women, women (including pregnant women) with HIV/AIDS, women in prison, female sex workers, and the grieving process. Midwifery has always been associated with pregnancy, childbirth, the postpartum period and care of the newborn baby, but it also focuses particularly on family planning and gynecological health care and screening.
Independent and Collaborative Management of Care
Sometimes the referral takes the form of direct transfer of the woman to a specialist doctor. In this case, the midwife continues to manage the care of the pregnancy or enters into joint management of the woman's care.
The Management Process
The first step is the collection of a complete database for evaluation of the woman or newborn baby. The midwife evaluates each clinical situation to determine the most appropriate health care team member to manage the care of the woman or newborn.
Screening for Abnormality and Differential Diagnosis
The steps are modified to add relevant theoretical knowledge needed as background information for the clinical management of a woman or newborn. If the midwife discovers a medical abnormality, a discussion with the doctor is necessary for further evaluation and management of the complication.
Physical Assessment for a Database
3. Be tactful and respectful of a woman's right to privacy about her person and personal life at all times. Remember, it is the woman's body and she has the right to know everything about it.
Additional References
College of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Nurse-Midwife Training Program.
Primary Care of Women
A goal of midwifery care is to provide culturally competent care to all women throughout life. The data from the 1991 study entitled “Nurse-Midwifery Care to Vulnerable Populations in the United States” is a visit and practice analysis of 5.4 million annual patient visits performed by CNMs [6].
Cultural Competence in Midwifery Practice
The United States is a highly pluralistic society, as evidenced by the dramatic demographic changes revealed in the data collected for the 1990 census. Culturally competent practice is especially important for midwives in a country as diverse as the United States.
The Demographic Shift
In other words, no culture and no ethnic, linguistic or racial group is monolithic. To assume that people who share a common culture and language are the same is to make a dangerous mistake [11].
Women of Color Population Overview
Slightly more than 100 million or 71.6 percent of American women are Caucasian and not of Hispanic origin [8, 9, 10]. In 1999, Hispanic women of all races numbered 15.7 million, making up slightly more than 11 percent of the U.S. population.
Culturally Competent Care
Of the 281.4 million people in the United States in 2000, 4.1 million (1.5 percent) reported being American Indian or Alaska Native. The four leading causes of death among American Indian/Alaska Native women are heart disease, all cancers combined, unintentional injuries, and diabetes (see Table 3-1).
Application of the Cultural Competence Continuum
The health center responded to the community's needs by hiring two Vietnamese outreach workers. When she comes to the clinic, she is demanding and argumentative with the clinic staff.
Conclusion
Communities of color: Towards a language of inclusion. http://www.census.gov/main/www/cen2000.html.
Introduction
International Midwifery and Safe Motherhood
Data on women's health globally is used to set the stage for understanding the work of midwives around the world. The key role of the International Confederation of Midwives (ICM) and its work with midwives and women worldwide will be highlighted.
The Situation Worldwide
The advantage of using maternal mortality is that it compares maternal deaths to all women at risk in the population. Maternal mortality ratio The maternal mortality ratio is expressed as the number of women who die while pregnant or within the first 42 days of pregnancy, from any cause related to or aggravated by pregnancy per 100,000 live births in a given year [10].
The Newborn
Today, the racial gap has widened: the death rate for black women is 4.5 times that of white women and 1.6 times that of Hispanic women. However, the odds for Hispanic women were 10.3 times that of white women; for Asian/Pacific Islanders, they were 11.3 times; for American Indians/Alaska Natives, they were 12.2 times; and in black women they were 29.6 times higher than in white women (see Figure 4-3) [16].
Global Partners Promoting the Health of Women and Childbearing Families
Accurate reporting of maternal deaths is a problem in the United States as well as in the rest of the world. Concern for international health is also found in the official documents of the ACNM.
Frequently Asked Questions About International Midwifery
- What do I need to do in order to work as a mid- wife in another country? Midwives desiring to
- What do I need before applying for international consultation positions in midwifery? International
- Where can I find information on topics such as Safe Motherhood, violence against women, female
- What are the various educational pathways to midwifery practice throughout the world? There
- How can I become active in the International Confederation of Midwives? Any individual mid-
There are a number of educational pathways to become a professional midwife worldwide according to the ICM/WHO/FIGO International Definition of Midwifery. It is estimated that approximately half of the professional midwives in the world are also nurses, constituting a dual professional qualification.
Future Trends and Challenges in International Midwifery
Whatever the route to midwifery training, it is the competencies of the individual midwife that are most important. This local solution means that solutions are within the capabilities of the community and therefore have potential for sustainability.
Appendix A
Appendix B
During the 1980s and 1990s, there was a strong emphasis on preventing poor pregnancy outcomes with high-quality prenatal care. However, as prenatal care has been critically evaluated, it has become more apparent that the time to prevent pregnancy complications is often before a woman becomes pregnant.
Preconception Care
The personal, individualized care that midwives provide creates the perfect environment for preconception care. Sometimes the result of preconception care can be a decision not to have children - for example, if a woman discovers that her or her partner has a destructive genetic family tree.
Health and Risk Assessment
9. Need for mammography (for women over 40 or who have a family history indicating the need for early mammography). 11. Need for referral for further health assessment, social work assistance, mental health assessment/therapy.
Counseling Specific to Preconception Care
12. The need for a family planning method that is compatible with the woman's or the couple's childbearing plans. The initial history should have revealed any specific need for genetic screening/counseling based on race, ethnicity, and family history.
Medical Risk Factors
For women who have irregular periods, it can be difficult to predict the time of ovulation and therefore the dating of a pregnancy. For women who may be dealing with an eating disorder, psychological evaluation is advisable and the woman should be encouraged to delay pregnancy until she is in care and eating a healthy diet.
Environmental and Workplace Issues
Other risk factors that may recur in subsequent pregnancies include gestational diabetes, hypertensive disorders, placenta previa, dysfunctional labor, and low birth weight. Good hygiene practices such as hand washing Vaccination before pregnancy if no prior immunity.
Preconception Issues for Men
Other Considerations
Intervention
Providing preconception care is a natural bridge between good women's gynecological care, which is covered in women's primary care, and midwifery care during pregnancy. Preconception care and risk of congenital anomalies in offspring of women with diabetes: a meta-analysis.
Nutrition in Women’s Health
It is expected that overweight and obesity will soon replace smoking as the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in the United States [2]. It is essential that midwives include the promotion of healthy nutrition in their clinical and preventive health visits, as well as in their treatment plans for diseases involving nutritional factors.
Principles of Nutrition
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) is another type of cholesterol carrier molecule in the body. They are also the main fats found in seafood in the form of omega-3 fatty acids.
Weight and Body Fat Measurements and Overweight and Obesity
It should be noted that overall obesity is more closely associated with increased risk of morbidity and mortality than increased waist circumference or increased waist-to-hip ratio. It should be kept in mind that these recommendations are based on averages and are not the best indicator of individual calorie needs.
Cardiovascular Disease
It has been shown that lifestyle changes, including changes in diet, can significantly reduce the risk of developing coronary heart disease or its complications. The findings of the Nurses' Health Study also support previous research that a high intake of whole grains, especially soluble fiber, reduces blood lipids and the risk of heart disease [44].
Cancer
Studies also suggest that high total fat consumption, especially from animal fat, increases the risk of endometrial cancer, [60] while complex carbohydrates appear to reduce the risk [61, 62]. High fat and low fiber intake also appear to increase the risk of ovarian cancer [63].
Diabetes
Although the exact relationship between dietary fat and breast cancer risk remains unclear, it has been clearly demonstrated that diets high in fruits and vegetables are protective against breast cancer. Fruits and vegetables also contain fiber, which is believed to provide protection against breast cancer by binding estrogen in the gut and removing it from circulation [53].
Nutrition, the Menstrual Cycle, and Fertility
Adolescence
The midwife can also reassure the adolescent client that fat accumulation during adolescence is normal, especially in the thighs, hips and buttocks [69]. The midwife should then give teenagers concrete and realistic examples of how they can improve their diet.
Nutrition During Menopause and Beyond
Finally, midwives should make appropriate referrals for evaluation by a physician of adolescents suffering from nutritional disorders, including obesity, eating disorders, and profound nutritional deficiencies such as iron deficiency anemia. Until clearer information is available, concentrated phytoestrogens, such as those found in supplements, should be avoided by women with breast cancer, women at high risk for developing breast cancer, and women taking tamoxifen [83].
Eating Disorders
However, it is unclear whether these imbalances are the cause or the result of these eating disorders. The role of the midwife in the treatment of eating disorders is primarily to be able to recognize the signs and symptoms of these disorders (see Table 6-21) and to make appropriate consultations and referrals for medical management.
Nutrition and Vegetarianism
Nutrition and the Female Athlete
Alcohol and Nutrition
Nutritional Guidelines
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), energy and macronutrient intake of persons aged 2 months and older in the United States:. http://www.cd.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/ad/. Women's Health and Nutrition – Position of the ADA and Dietitians of Canada. Prospective study of diet and colorectal cancer in women: the New York University Women's Health Study.
Primary Care
The document was partly a response to the increasingly politicized nature of healthcare in the United States. At the time, direct insurers limited women's access to physicians and health insurance, even though there was ample evidence that many women preferred to use such physicians as their primary contact with the health care system.
Primary Care and Midwifery
In 1992, the American College of Nurse Midwives issued a position statement describing the role of certified nurse-midwives in primary care (Figure 7-1) [1]. Many midwives find themselves in the position of being the only person a woman sees regularly.
Position Statement
Certified Nurse-Midwives and Certified Midwives as Primary Care Providers/Case Managers
Pregnant women also have anemia, respiratory infections, or abdominal pain and pain while running. pregnancy, most clinicians credit the person managing the pregnancy as the most qualified to treat these and other conditions. This chapter is not intended to be a comprehensive overview of women's primary care; is an introduction to health problems that often arise in midwifery practice.
Hematologic Conditions
Pregnant women with these diseases should be cared for by a midwife only in close collaboration with a physician experienced in the management of sickle cell disease. When caring for a pregnant woman with G6PD deficiency, the midwife should notify the attending physician so that appropriate care can be provided in case an operative delivery is needed or the woman requires surgical sterilization after delivery.
The Cardiovascular System
Hypertension - arterial disease characterized by persistently high blood pressure - is more common among men, African Americans and the elderly. The Sixth Report of the Joint National Committee on the Prevention, Detection, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure.
Respiratory Diseases
If the diagnosis is unclear, pneumonia should be ruled out based on examination of the lungs and chest X-ray. Women with moderate to severe asthma and recent exacerbations should be referred to a physician for evaluation.
Gastrointestinal Disorders and Abdominal Pain
Stress, anxiety and depression can lead to changes in bowel habits, as can bowel abnormalities and functional problems such as irritable bowel syndrome. Persistent severe disease can cause complications such as damage to the epithelium of the esophagus (Barrett's esophagus) and stricture formation [49].
Assessing Abdominal Pain
Noninvasive testing methods such as serology and urea breath tests are best in symptomatic, healthy adults at low risk for gastric cancer. Peptic ulcers that remain unresolved should be evaluated to rule out cancerous lesions of the stomach [58].
Genitourinary Problems
Based on the severity and duration of her disease before diagnosis, adult women with delayed recognition of type II diabetes may already have hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and vascular damage. Many adults with type II diabetes can manage with diet, Criteria for the Diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus.
Thyroid Disease
By far the most common cause of hypothyroidism in the United States is the autoimmune disorder known as Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Fortunately, therapy for uncomplicated primary hypothyroidism is generally a simple matter of supplementing reduced gland function.
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Gynecologically, women with menorrhagia who do not have an obvious cause for their bleeding, such as submucosal fibroids, should have a TSH and free T4 done as part of their workup.
Headache
Due to the severity of migraine, underdiagnosis and undertreatment lead to significant loss of productivity and reduced quality of life. A combination of the two modalities reduced overall headache activity by 50 percent in approximately two-thirds of participants [84].
Depression
When tension headaches are episodic, women rarely present for treatment; Chronic tension headaches that last for hours and often recur are a more serious problem. Holroyd and colleagues reported that among people with chronic tension-type headache, most were able to continue working and carrying out their daily activities, but their function was impaired, their sleep was disturbed and emotional well-being was reduced [82].
![FIGURE 3-1 Cultural competence continuum. Source: Cross et al. [31].](https://thumb-ap.123doks.com/thumbv2/123dok/10526980.0/94.812.66.750.920.1046/figure-cultural-competence-continuum-source-cross-al-31.webp)
