570 Jurnal Teknik Informatika dan Sistem Informasi ISSN 2407-4322 Vol. 10, No. 2, Juni 2023, Hal. 570-578 E-ISSN 2503-2933
Design Of Vibration Measurement System For Steel Frame Bridge Structure
Yoga Alif Kurnia Utama*1
1Universitas Widya Kartika; Jl. Sutorejo Prima Utara II/1, Kota Surabaya, Jawa Timur
1Jurusan Teknik Elektro, Fakultas Teknik Universitas Widya Kartika, Surabaya e-mail: *1[email protected]
Abstrak
Transportasi yang tidak didukung dengan akses jalan dan jembatan yang memadai akan menyebabkan terhambatnya bantuan kepada korban bencana. Apalagi jembatan yang ambruk akibat bencana alam akan melumpuhkan perekonomian daerah. Pentingnya akses jembatan ini membutuhkan suatu alat yang dapat menggambarkan ketahanan dan kekuatan jembatan. Sehingga jika kekuatan jembatan berkurang, maka tindakan korektif bisa segera dilakukan. Pada penelitian ini akan dibuat suatu sistem yang dapat mengukur kekuatan jembatan dari beban getaran yang diterima jembatan. Sistem ini dibuat menggunakan sensor getaran yaitu accelerometer ADXL335. Sensor ini mengukur getaran pada sebuah jembatan mini dimana getaran tersebut dibuat menggunakan motor DC yang diberi pemberat pada salah satu sisi rotor. Sensor ini akan dibaca oleh mikrokontroler tipe Arduino. Pengukuran ini akan dibandingkan dengan pengukur getaran tipe Benetech GM63A. Hasil pengukuran menunjukkan bahwa pengukuran sistem ini menghasilkan kesalahan pengukuran sebesar 2,97%. Dari sini dapat diketahui bahwa sistem ini baik sebagai alat pengukur getaran pada jembatan rangka baja nyata.
Kata kunci: Arduino, Getaran, Jembatan Rangka Baja, Mikrokontroler
Abstract
Transportation that is not supported by adequate road and bridge access will result in hampered aid to victims of natural disasters. Moreover, bridges that collapse due to natural disasters will cripple the region's economy. The importance of this bridge access requires a tool that can describe a bridge's resilience and strength. So if the strength of the bridge decrease, then corrective action will be taken immediately. In this research, a system will be created that can measure the bridge's strength from the vibration load received by the bridge. This system will be made using a vibration sensor, the ADXL335 accelerometer. This sensor will measure the vibration on a miniature bridge where the vibration is created using a DC motor which is weighted on one side of the rotor. This sensor will be read by a microcontroller with an Arduino type. This measurement will be compared with the Benetech GM63A type vibration meter. The results show that the measurement of this system produces a measurement error of 2.97%.
From this, it can be known that the system is good as a vibration measurement tool on a real steel truss bridge.
Keywords: Arduino, Vibration, Steel Frame Bridge, Microcontroller
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Vol. 10, No. 2, Juni 2023, Hal. 570-578 E- ISSN 2503-2933 571
1. INTRODUCTIONDue to its location along the Pacific Ring of Fire, Indonesia is one of the regions vulnerable to earthquakes. This is because the Pacific Ring of Fire passes directly through Indonesia [1]. Rows of active volcanoes and tectonic plates that are constantly moving and coming into contact with one another can be found everywhere over the Pacific Ring of Fire.
This results in the region having a propensity to experience faults and faults. If this active fault moves, an earthquake will take place in the region.
The National Disaster Management Agency (BNPB) has reported that the number of earthquakes has been on the rise [2]. According to these data, 2,359 earthquakes in 2013 resulted in 2,617 deaths and people going missing. In 2018, there were 11,417 earthquakes, which resulted in 4,047 deaths and persons going missing.
As a result of this, it is clear that throughout the past five years, there has been a rise in the number of earthquakes of 9,058 times, which is equivalent to a rise of 383%. This is accompanied by a rise in the number of victims who have died or disappeared. It is estimated to be as high as 1,430 people, representing an increase of 55%.
Most of those who lost their lives are because of debris from public buildings and infrastructure collapse [3]. In addition to destroying buildings, earthquakes are capable of destroying infrastructure and community-utilized public facilities, such as bridges.
It is anticipated that the feasibility life of the bridge, which serves as an access connecting two sides of the road, would be remarkably long. The bridge is one of the essential components of infrastructure. The bridge requires attention not only during the planning and implementation stages but also during the maintenance period during its design life [4].
Palu's Yellow Bridge is an example of a bridge structure that collapsed due to an earthquake. This particular bridge was located in the city of Palu [5]. The collapse of the Widang Lamongan bridge in 2018 [6] and the Pematang Panggang Lampung bridge in 2019 [7]
are two additional examples of structural failure. Both bridges were overloaded, which led to their collapse.
The amount of deflection on each bridge frame and the vibrations that occur in the structure as a result of dead loads (the load of the bridge itself), live loads (the volume of the bridge itself), vehicles passing through the bridge, and other external loads need to be monitored by a bridge monitoring system in order to prevent casualties caused by the collapse of a bridge structure [8]. From this, it can be concluded that this research aims to create a bridge monitoring system based on the internet of things. The internet of things refers to a method of data transmission in which sensor data are sent to a website wirelessly so that the system can be monitored and controlled remotely.
In attempt to reduce the number of casualties brought on by all the breakdown of a steel structure, it is intended that this research will lead to the creation of an early detection mechanism for bridge structures, specifically for steel frame bridges.
2. METHODOLOGY
2.1 Literature Review
This research will use two main components in the system, namely the Arduino Nano component and the ADXl335 Accelerometer Sensor. These components are described as follows;
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2.1.1 Arduino NanoArduino NANO, a platform enabling physical computation which is one of open source, had just been introduced [9][10]. Since it combines some advanced hardware, a computer language, as well as an Integrated Development Environment (IDE), Arduino is not merely a development platform. A software tool called the IDE is essential for developing writing programs, converting them in to one of binary code, as well as transferring them to the microcontroller's memory.
Figure 1. Front Part of Arduino Nano
Figure 1. Back Part of Arduino Nano
A compact, full, and breadboard-compatible microcontroller development platform is called Arduino Nano. The microcontrollers included in Arduino Nano are the ATmega328 and ATmega168, respectively. Despite having roughly relatively similar capabilities as the Arduino Duemilanove, the Arduino Nano comes in a distinct packaging. The Mini-B USB connector of the Arduino Nano is mostly used to link up to a computer instead of the Barrel Jack style DC plug that is typically included. The Gravitech firm created and produced the Arduino Nano.
2.1.2 Accelerometer ADXL335 Sensor
The ADXL335 accelerometer is a 3-axis (x, y, and z-axis) made by Analog Devices [11][12]. The motion direction axis detected that is being measured is the x, y, and z motion direction axis. In the accelerometer, there are some arrows indicating that if we tilt this sensor in that direction, then the data corresponding to the pin will change in analog form. The image of the ADXL335 accelerometer module is in the Figure 3 below.
Figure 3. Accelerometer ADXL335 Module
Three-axis accelerometer in 1 IC chip with dimensions, 4 mm × 4 mm × 1.45 mm (LFCSP Packaging) and low power, 350µA (typical). Bandwidth can be adjusted with a
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Figure 4. ADXL335 Accelerometer Pin Configuration.
Examples of ADXL335 accelerometer applications are: For mobile devices (such as cellphones/smartphones), Gaming systems, Protecting disk drives, and Maintaining image stability on health and sports devices.
Figure 5. ADXL335 . Block Diagram
The working bandwidth of the accelerometer can be adjusted by using capacitors Cx, Cy, and Cz, which are connected in series with the Xout, Yout, and Zout pins. The bandwidth ranges from 0.5 Hz to 1600 Hz for the X and Y axes, while 0.5 Hz to 550 Hz for the Z axis. The bandwidth range can be selected according to the application of the built system.
2.2 Research Method
The system design in this study is divided into two parts, namely hardware and software planning. Hardware and software planning is intended to get the final result in accordance with the target. In designing hardware and software, measurements and calculations are carried out carefully and comprehensively.
574 Jatisi ISSN 2407-4322 Vol. 10, No. 2, Juni 2023, Hal. 570-578 E-ISSN 2503-2933
Figure 6. Research Method Flowchart
The research method used is divided into several stages, which are described in the flow chart as shown in Figure 6 above.
2.2.1 Hardware Design
The targets in this study are as shown in Figure 7 below.
Arduino Accelerometer
ADXL335
LCD 16x2 START
Literature Study
END
Hardware &
Software Design Hardware & Software
Implementation
Data Analysis Data Report
Success?
N
Y
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As seen in Figure 7 above, the Arduino microcontroller will read the ADXL335 type accelerometer sensor. The sensor value obtained from the accelerometer reading is the acceleration value. This value will also be translated into some kind of vibration value prior to getting read mostly by microcontroller. This vibration value will be displayed on a 16x2 LCD, where the measurement will take place every 2 seconds.The vibration data read by this system will then be compared with a vibration meter, namely the Benetech GM63A type vibration meter. As shown in Figure 8 below,
Figure 8. Benetech GM63A
Measurements will be made on a miniature bridge replica of the Sedayulawas Bridge on Jl. Tuban-Gresik, Brondong District, Lamongan Regency. This bridge is divided into two parts, namely the 50-meter-long Short Span Bridge (Bridge I) and the 100-meter-long Long-Span Bridge (Bridge II) where this bridge has a width of 12 meters, as shown in Figure 9.
Figure 9. Sedayulawas Bridge
The vibration source that will be applied to this miniature bridge will be generated by a system consisting of a dynamo or a small DC motor with an asymmetrical load on its axis. Each different dynamo speed will produce a different vibration value. So, this vibration will be read by the system made in this study.
2.2.2 Software Design
The software design that will be made is closely related to the method researchers will use to design this vibration measurement system. This system will be created using the Arduino IDE software, which is programmed using the serial communication method via USB. The Arduino IDE software pictures can be seen in Figure 10 below.
576 Jatisi ISSN 2407-4322 Vol. 10, No. 2, Juni 2023, Hal. 570-578 E-ISSN 2503-2933
Figure 10. Arduino IDE Initial Program Display
The program that has been created will make this system read the sensor and convert it into a vibration value every 2 seconds. This value will be used to compare the system that has been made with the actual vibration meter.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS .
3.1 Hardware Testing
As described earlier, this research will create a system that can measure a vibration caused by a load of a steel frame bridge. In calculating the performance results of the system that has been made, the reading of the vibration value in this system will be compared with the actual vibration meter. This value will be read and written in a table. The resulting measurement error can be calculated using the formula below.
%
. 100% (1) The tests that have been carried out in this study is in Table 1 below.
Table 1. Hardware Testing
No Nsensor(Hz) Nvibrameter(Hz) Error (%)
1 1.5 1.62 7.41
2 1.6 1.70 5.88
3 2.3 2.24 2.68
4 2.8 2.76 1.45
5 3.2 3.38 5.33
6 3.5 3.40 2.94
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9 4.7 4.86 3.29
10 5.3 5.17 2.51
11 5.9 6.09 3.12
12 6.8 6.99 2.72
13 7.4 7.21 2.64
14 7.9 8.11 2.59
15 8.5 8.69 2.19
16 9.2 9.43 2.44
17 10.4 10.62 2.07
18 11.6 11.76 1.36
19 12.8 12.98 1.39
20 13.1 13.39 2.17
21 13.7 14.00 2.14
22 14.8 14.61 1.30
23 15.4 15.19 1.38
24 16.9 16.71 1.14
25 17.3 17.02 1.65
Average 2.97
Data is collected for this examination 25 times. After that, the average measurement error is taken. Thus, the results above show us that the average error or measurement error that occurs is 2.97%. Therefore, this is good to be used as a measuring tool that is quite precise.
4. CONCLUSION
This research creates a system that can measure the vibrations that occur. Where the application of this tool will be used to measure the vibrations that occur on the steel frame bridge as an early warning for the failure of the bridge system. This system will compare the vibrations measured using the ADXL335 accelerometer sensor with the Benetech GM63A type vibration meter measuring instrument, where measurements will be made on a miniature bridge.
The results show that the measurement of this system produces a measurement error of 2.97%. From this, it can be seen that the system is quite good as a vibration measurement tool on a real steel truss bridge.
REFERENCES
[1] Hadi, H, Agustina, S., Subhani, A., 2019, Penguatan Kesiapsiagaan Stakeholder Dalam Pengurangan Risiko Bencana Gempa Bumi, Jurnal Geodika, Vol 3, No 1, Hal 30-40.
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[3] Maharani, N, Andika, I K. A., 2020, Tingkat Pengetahuan Siswa Tentang Kesiapsiagaan Bencana Gempa Bumi di SMPN 3 Kuta Selatan Badung Provinsi Bali, Journal of Science Education, Vol 4, No 3, Hal 32-38.
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[4] Sumargo, Hakiki, R., Raafidiani, R., 2020, Evaluasi dan Penanganan Jembatan di Pulau Nias Provinsi Sumatera Utara Dengan Metode Bridge Management System, Jurnal Potensi, Vol 22, No 2, Hal 156-168.[5] Ghulam, B. R., Desmaliana, E., Widyaningsih, E., 2021, Analisis Dinamik Jembatan Pelengkung (Studi Kasus: Jembatan Palu IV), Prosiding FTSP Series 1, Bandung, 8-9 Februari
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[8] Widyaningsih, E., 2020, Evaluasi Keandalan Jembatan Gantung Pejalan Kaki Dengan Variasi Letak dan Jenis Beban Lalu Lintas, Jurnal Teknologi Ramah Lingkungan, Vol 4, No 2, Hal 71-81.
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