View of Balinese sentences

Suweta, I. M. (2021). Balinese sentences: special study on single sentences and compound sentences. Linguistics and Culture Review, 5(S4), 509-521.

https://doi.org/10.21744/lingcure.v5nS4.1652

Linguistics and Culture Review © 2021.

Corresponding author: Suweta, I. M.; Email: madesuwetabali62@gmail.com

Manuscript submitted: 09 June 2021, Manuscript revised: 18 Sept 2021, Accepted for publication: 27 Oct 2021 509

Balinese Sentences: Special Study on Single Sentences and Compound Sentences

I Made Suweta

STAHN Mpu Kuturan Singaraja, Bali, Indonesia

Abstract---The syntactic subsystem discusses the arrangement and arrangement of words into larger units, which are called syntactic units, namely words, phrases, clauses, sentences, and discourses.

This study talks about Balinese sentences, especially about single sentences and compound sentences in Balinese. A single sentence is a sentence that has only one pattern (clause), which consists of a subject and a predicate. A compound sentence is a combination of two or more single sentences so that the new sentence contains two or more clauses.

Keywords---Balinese, compound sentences, single sentences.

Introduction

Language is a part of human life that plays a very important role. In simple terms, language can be defined as a sound sign system that is agreed to be used by members of certain community groups in working together, communicating, and identifying themselves (De Saussure & Hidayat, 1988; Kridalaksana, 2005). Apart from being a means of communication, language also has a social function because through language humans can interact socially with each other. This also applies to all languages in the world, including languages in Indonesia (John, 1995; Searle & Searle, 1969).

In Indonesia, there are many languages used by speakers as a means of communication. All these languages play different roles in relation to society and national interests. In the book Politics of the National Language (1981), these languages, both Indonesian, regional languages, and foreign languages each have an important position and function for the Indonesian nation. What is meant by the function of language is the value of using language which is formulated as the task of using the language in the position given to it. The position of language is the relative status in language as a symbol of cultural values, formulated on the basis of social values associated with the language in question (Halim, 1976;

Palmer, 1996).

Balinese language is one of the many regional languages that are still alive and exist in the State of Indonesia which are well maintained by the speaking community, namely the Balinese ethnicity. Balinese language as the mother tongue or first language for most Balinese people has an important role, namely as a symbol of pride, a symbol of identity, and is widely used as a means of communication in various activities within the household and outside the household which includes various activities of community social life. Bali.

Therefore, the Balinese language is a supporter of Balinese culture that continues to live and develop in Bali. Based on this position and function, its guidance and development needs special and serious attention for its sustainability (Smith &

Bernal, 2021; Demirezen, 2012).

Language is a phenomenon that connects the world of meaning and the world of sound. Then, as a liaison between the two worlds, language is built by three components, namely the lexicon component, grammatical component, and phonological component (Ullmann, 1977). The grammatical system is usually divided into a morphological subsystem and a syntactic subsystem. The syntactic subsystem discusses the arrangement and arrangement of words into larger units, which are called syntactic units, namely words, phrases, clauses, sentences, and discourse.

In terms of its form, a sentence can be formulated as a syntactic construction consisting of two or more words. The structural relationship between words and words, or groups of words with other groups of words is different. Between sentences and words there are two intermediate syntactic units, namely clauses and phrases. A clause is a syntactic unit consisting of two or more words, which contains an element of predication. While the phrase is a syntactic unit consisting of two words, or more, which does not contain elements of predication. Based on the description, it can be said that the clause is located as part of a sentence, and therefore the clause cannot be separated from the sentence (Strawson &

Martinich, 1996).

For the purposes of good and correct daily language, both in spoken and written language, the ability to make good and correct sentence constructions is required.

So knowledge of the types of clauses and their structure becomes very important, because a sentence is a syntactic unit consisting of one or more clauses. Based on the above background, the problems studied in this study can be formulated in the form of questions as follows: (1) what is the form of a single sentence in Balinese? and (2) what is the form of Balinese compound sentences? Related to the formulation of the problem to be discussed, the objectives of writing include:

(1) to find out the form of single sentences in Balinese and (2) to find out the forms of compound sentences in Balinese (Berndt et al., 1996; Aryawibawa et al., 2018).

Concept

Single sentence

A single sentence is a sentence that only consists of two core elements and can be expanded with one or more additional elements, provided that the additional elements do not form a new pattern. Single sentences are identical to core sentences, broad sentences, verbal sentences, nominal sentences, and incomplete sentences.

Compound sentences

In addition to single sentences, there are also known compound sentences. A compound sentence is a combination of two or more single sentences, so that the new sentence contains two or more clauses. The relationship between the clauses is indicated by a conjunction (conjunction). Compound sentences can be divided into 3, namely: (1) Equivalent compound sentences, namely the combination of two single sentences and each of its elements has an equal position; (2) multilevel compound sentences, namely compound sentences that show various types of semantic relationships between the clauses that make up them; (3) A mixed compound sentence is a sentence in which the relationship between the sentence patterns is equal and some is stratified (Stevens-Long et al., 1976; Potter &

Lombardi, 1998).

Study Method Literature review

Through the Literature Study method, data are obtained that can support this study. The data sought is data contained in several books of Balinese literature, especially in the sample of the Balinese novel entitled "Buah Sumagane Kuning- Kuning" by Jayendra. In terms of its form, a sentence can be formulated as a syntactic construction consisting of two or more words. The structural relationship between words and words, or groups of words with other groups of words is different. Between sentences and words there are two intermediate syntactic units, namely clauses and phrases (Froese & Straw, 1981). A clause is a syntactic unit consisting of two or more words, which contains an element of predication. While the phrase is a syntactic unit consisting of two words, or more, which does not contain elements of predication. Based on the description, it can be said that the clause is located as part of a sentence, and therefore the clause cannot be separated from the sentence.

For the purposes of good and correct daily language, both in spoken and written language, the ability to make good and correct sentence constructions is required.

So knowledge of the types of clauses and their structure becomes very important, because a sentence is a syntactic unit consisting of one or more clauses. So a clause is a predicative syntactic unit. That is, in the unit or construction there is a predicate, if in that unit there is no predicate, then the unit is not a clause. A clause is a grammatical unit consisting of a subject and a predicate, whether accompanied by objects, complements, and descriptions or not (Ramlan, 2018).

Meanwhile, Cook through Tarigan (1984), provides a limitation that a clause is a group of words that only contains one predicate. In short, the clause is Subject+Predicate+(Object)+(Complementary)+(Description). The brackets indicate that what is in the brackets is arbitrary, meaning that there may or may not be.

Qualitative

The qualitative study method is a method to examine objects that cannot be measured by numbers or other measurements that are exact (data in the form of words). A qualitative study can also be interpreted as a descriptive study and tends to use an inductive approach to analysis. Qualitative studies are much more subjective than quantitative studies. With a qualitative study method, it can be studied the classification of Balinese sentences based on the number of clauses from several Balinese literary works, especially the sample taken in the Balinese novel entitled "Buah Sumagane Kuning-Kuning" by Jayendra, told when Made Susanta was seriously ill, he not wanting to be taken to the hospital by his wife Ni Putu Suasti, he prefers traditional Balinese medicines, namely herbs made from star fruit leaves filled with a little salt or lime stuffed with turmeric and salt.

However, Made Susanta's wife actually did not agree with her husband's opinion, who when he was sick he only relied on traditional medicines. After seven days her husband recovered and was able to get up again. When Ni Putu Suasti went to the market, there she heard rumors about her husband. Made Susanta is said to be a destroyer of the earth, because he dared to make wells in the plantations and caused many people to have fever, colds, and coughs. They dared to accuse Made Susanta of such a thing, because according to the custom there it was forbidden to make wells in the plantations because it would cause disaster. After his wife told Made Susanta, it was there that she spoke to the local community. He explained what he meant by making the well. Made Susanta made the well not wanting to violate the rules there but for the welfare and fertility of the plants, because plants need water to grow. Water can also make the soil fertile (Gede Budasi & Wayan Suryasa, 2021; Kamil, 1972).

Descriptive

Based on the story in the literary work "Buah Sumagane Kuning-Kuning" by Jayendra, it can be explained descriptively, namely the writing of the story is descriptive in which the words are described in detail. Which tells the life of a person who owns an orange orchard, even though he is an orange orchard worker, he remains patient and firm in facing his life (Wall, 1996; Samadhi, 2004;

Vamat & Madarulzaman, 2020). Many people in the village criticized him for making wells, which according to the people in the area, wells were strictly prohibited, but he remained patient, so that over time he became the first pioneer to build wells. The story is described in great detail, so that both writers and readers can take lessons from the story and can take it as a very positive daily activity.

Discussion

Balinese single sentence Single sentence description

Here are some definitions from experts regarding the meaning of Single Sentences. A single sentence is a sentence consisting of one independent clause without a bound clause (Putrayasa & Atif, 2009). Joos (1971), reveals that a single sentence with two cores is the main type of sentence structure. It can also be said that a single sentence is a sentence that only consists of two core elements and may be expanded with one or more additional elements, as long as the additional elements do not form a new pattern. A single sentence is a sentence that consists of one clause or one constituent subject+predicate (Putrayasa & Atif, 2009). So, the core elements of a single sentence are the subject and the predicate. In a single sentence, of course, there are all the required elements that are required. In addition, it is not impossible for arbitrary elements such as descriptions of place, time, and so on. Thus, single sentences are not always short, but can also be long.

Some examples of single sentences in Balinese are as follows:

 Liu buin patakon panakne'a lot of questions his son'.

 Kaduegane ento anggona nguluk-nguluk anak belog' His intelligence is used to deceive stupid people '.

 Mare edengin papineh abesik dogen suba cocok'just shown one thought is enough'.

 Kedis cilalongane makeber 'the cilalongan bird flies'.

 Yen ka rumah sakit perlu mesuang pipis'if you go to the hospital you need to spend money'.

 Yen sing ulian putu ne jani nagih pikenehan beli’if not because putu is now asking brother for help’.

 Putu enggal lantas ka paon nelokin jejakananne'then putu quickly went to the kitchen to see the cooking'.

Single sentence classification

Based on the presence of the predicate, single sentences can be classified into several types, namely: (1) Nominal Single Sentences, (2) Verbal Single Sentences, (3) Adjective Single Sentences, (4) Numeral Single Sentences, and (5) Prepositional Single Sentences.

Nominal single sentence

Nominal Single Sentence is a sentence whose predicate is a noun, for example:

 Meli loloh di warung daja' buy herbs at the shop to the north'

 Ngae jaja ajaka liu gati'make cakes with many people'.

 Ngalap sumaga di abiane ajaka meme bapane'picking oranges in the garden with his father and mother'.

 Ngaba bubu dadua dogen laut kutanga di jalane'carries only two traps, even though they are left on the road'.

 Malaib siape paslambeh ka umah timpale'The chicken ran in disarray to a friend's house'.

 Kadena bapane ngelah montore ento laut pisagane ane ngangkenin' thought that his father, who owned a motorbike, was even recognized by his neighbors'.

 Ngingsanang pianake di jumah memene ngedas lemahe'entrusting the child at his mother's house in the early hours of the morning'.

Verbal single sentence

Verbal Single Sentence is a sentence whose predicate is a verb. Verbal sentences can be further classified into four kinds, namely:

 Intransitive Sentence, this sentence only has a Subject+Predicate pattern, without being followed by an object or complement element, but explanations can be added, for example:

 Ia gelem'he's sick'

 Ia maubad' he's getting treatment'

 Made sedek negak'made is sitting'.

 Ia malaiban'he's running'.

 Gede mamancing’big fishing’.

 I Bapa ngarit'father slashes'.

 Bukune bacana'the book is read'.

 Ekatransitive Sentence, this sentence has the pattern Subject+Predicate+Object, without being followed by a complement, but can be added with an explanation, for example:

 Made Susanta mula tusing nyak nganggon ubad-ubadan modern ane teka uling luar negeri 'made Susanta really didn't want to use modern medicine since he came from abroad'.

 Putu Suasti suba ka paon ngaba aba-abaan ane uli di peken'Putu Suarti has gone to the kitchen with her groceries from the market'.

 I Luh malajah uli dadongne pulah-palih madagang di warungne'i luh learned from his grandmother about the provisions of selling in her shop'.

 Sujatine I Made kimud kenehne ngidih dogen uling pidan'actually i'm so embarrassed i just asked from the first'.

 Pamragatne kemo dogen plaibne uli maluan'In the end, he just wanted to go there from the start'.

 Bapane anak mula melah kenehne mapianak teken I Jiwa'his father is indeed good, meaning he has a son I Jiwa'.

 Kemo dogen pajalan anake idih-idih ento sabilang wai' just go there the direction of the beggars every day'.

 Dwitransitive Sentence, This sentence has the pattern Subject+Predicate+Object+Complementary, but can be added Description, Example:

 I Made ento kapongor Salahang Widhi'i made that I have sinned against God'.

 I Made Susanta kenyem ningalin buah sumagane ane kuning-kuning’I Made Susanta smiled at the yellow-yellow citrus fruit’.

 I Meme kabilbil baan lek kenehne mambulan ibi sanja'i meme embarrassed for being cranky yesterday afternoon'.

 Gede sebet bayune tusing payu beliang baju di reditene'Gede very resentful because he didn't buy clothes last Sunday'.

 Pantiganga dewekne ngalih gae tusing ngelah apa-apaan'he works hard but has nothing'.

 Jeg prajani melah kenehne mara lakar ajaka masliahan'immediately happy in his mind because he will be invited to take a vacation'.

 Uling pidan Bapa ngajakin transmigrasi tusing taen kapineh bana'My father asked for transmigration, but I haven't thought of it’.

 Semitransitive sentence, this sentence has the pattern of Subject+Complementary+Complementary, without object, explanation may be added, Example:

 Beli nak kemula cara Arjuna'brother is like Arjuna'.

 Putu Suasti Gedeg Basangne'Putu Suasti is very annoyed’.

 Ketut nyunyur manis semune'ketut has a sweet smile on his face'.

 Muridne jemet malajah selid sanja'The students are very diligent in studying day and night.

 Sakit kenehne madingehan buka keto'it hurts to hear something like that'.

 Malajah dogen gaene tusing ngarunguang apa'His job is just studying, he doesn't care about other jobs'.

 Luas lonto gagaene selid sanja'just travel day and night'.

Adjective single sentence

An adjective sentence is a single sentence whose predicate is an adjective, for example:

 Ia gelem kebus misi pilek teken mekokohan'he has a fever as well as a cold and coughs'.

 Bapa kaden nu sakit’I think he is still sick’.

 Bokne putih gading'her hair is white blonde'.

 Ia anak mula jegeg'he's already beautiful'.

 Sebengne pangus'face is friendly'.

 Awakne ngetor ngebus dingin'his body is shaking hot and cold'.

 Pajalane alon banban'walk slowly and carefully'.

Numerical single sentence

Numeral sentence is a single sentence whose predicate is a number word, for example:

 Nu ngae limanne buin abesik'still making one more hand'

 Ia lakar tuah dadua ngelah panak’he has only two children’.

 Kenehne naduanin uling pidan'his mind has been ambiguous since the first'.

 Ngelah umah dadua'has two houses'.

 Ngalih dewasa salikur galungan'looking for a good day twenty-one days before the galungan holiday'.

 Ngaraos padaduanan dogen'talk alone'.

 Ia makatelun kesah uli jumahne'he has been away from his house for three days'.

Prepositional single sentence

A prepositional sentence is a single sentence whose predicate is a preposition, for example:

 Putu Suasti suba ka paon'putu suasti has gone to the kitchen'.

 Punyan sumagane ane dangin kubune‘the orange tree that is east of the house’.

 Umah ane di sampingne‘the house next door’.

 Bareng ajaka ke umahne'together to his house'.

 Umahne numbak ka rurunge'her house is next to the road'.

 Pajalane dadab lan alon'walk slowly be careful'.

 Bapane ka carike ngarit'his father to the fields of grass gnawing'.

Balinese compound sentences

Compound sentences are sentences that have two or more sentence patterns.

Each compound sentence has a different conjunction, so that the type of sentence can be known by looking at the connecting words it uses (Samadhi, 2001; Bawa, 1981; Sudipa et al., 2021). Compound sentences in Balinese are divided into 4, namely: (1) equivalent compound sentences, (2) dense compound sentences, (3) multilevel compound sentences, and (4) multiple compound sentences. The four types of compound sentences will be described below.

Equivalent compound sentences

Equivalent Compound Sentences are compound sentences consisting of several sentences of equivalent or equal position, each of which can stand alone, with the following characteristics:

 The position of sentence patterns, the same degree.

 The merging is accompanied by a change in intonation.

 Said task/liaison, distinguishing the nature of equality.

 The general pattern of word job descriptions: Subject+Predicate-- Subject+Predicate

Equivalent Compound Sentences are divided into several types, namely: (1) parallel compound sentences, (2) Opposite Compound Sentences, (3) Equivalent Compound Sentences which state cause and effect as described below.

Compound sentences equivalent parallel

Parallel equivalent compound sentences are equivalent compound sentences that consist of several single sentences with the same situation. The characteristics of equivalent compound sentences are as follows:

 Intonation is accompanied by an intermediate silence.

 Saying with conjunctions as connectors: lan'and', miwah'also', sakewanten'but', miwah sane lianan'and others'.

Example:

 Di desane ento liu bajang-bajange ane kuang setuju teken papinehne Made Susanta'in that village many young people did not agree with the thought of made Susanta'.

 Ia ajaka dadua mula kereng gati matungkas, kewala adung sadina-dina 'the two of them often contradict, but their daily life is always together'.

 Yadiastun ida masemeton, sakemanten seringan ten manut sakadi pangajah biang ajine'even though he is a brother, but often does not follow the directions of his mother's father’.

 Guru lan sisiane sareng-sareng nunasang mangda trepti jagat Baline' teacher and students together plead for safety in Bali'.

 Ipun sareng panyamanipune sarahina tuyuh ka carike, kemanten seringan ten mupu tetandurane'he and his brother cultivate their fields every day, but often fail to harvest'.

 Ida miwah rabin Idane sering ten wenten ring griya, duaning makueh pakaryane'he and his wife are often not at home, because there is a lot of work outside'.

 Biang, ajine, miwah sane lianan makasami lulus sarjana, kemanten nenten pisan jemet makarya's degree, Kemanten nenten really Jemet Makarya' father, mother and family all graduated, but were not working diligently’.

Compound sentences equivalent opposites

Compound equivalent sentences are equivalent compound sentences consisting of several single sentences whose contents state the opposite situation, with the following characteristics:

 There is an intermediate silence in intonation.

 Saying with opposite conjunctions: nanging 'but', kewala 'melainan', apa buin 'though', turing 'while', and so on.

Connecting words that can be used in compound sentences that are equivalent to opposites include: kewala 'medium', nanging 'but', kemanten 'melainan', yadiastun 'though', wantah 'only', yadiapin 'although', yadiastun ' even though', yening 'although', yeadiapin 'although', kewala 'but'. In Balinese sentences can be exemplified as follows:

 Dane sampun sue pensiun, kamaon kari seneng malancaran’he's been retired for a long time, but he still likes to have fun’.

 Ia manyama tugelan, kewala paminehne pada melenan‘he's siblings, but have opposite thoughts’.

 Liu gegelahanne, nanging pianakne tusing ada masekolah'he is a rich person, but none of his children go to school'.

 Ida Nak Lingsir makeh madue jinah, sakemanten Ida nenten Kayun matumbasan'young parents who have a lot of money, but don't like shopping'.

 Sadarana pisan pakantenan Idane, yadiastun makeh madue‘even though he is actually very rich’.

 Makasami anak alit iriki kual, wantah sane kapertama manten sane jemet 'all the children here are naughty, only the first child is good'.

 Nenten surud-surud malajah, sakadi sesenggakane, yadiapin ririh enu liu pepelajahan'don't stop learning, like the proverb even though he's smart, there's still a lot he doesn't know'.

Equivalent compound sentences that state cause and effect

Equivalent Compound Sentences that state cause and effect are equivalent compound sentences consisting of several single sentences in which one part states the cause and effect of the other part, with the following characteristics:

 There is an intermediate silence in intonation.

 With a conjunction: nika mawinan 'because of that'; karana 'because', nika karanane 'because of that'.

Explanation of examples of equivalent compound sentences stating cause and effect above; The sentence is an equivalent compound sentence that states cause and effect (Ginaya, 2018; Suharta et al., 2017). With a note that connecting words that can be used in equivalent compound sentences stating cause and effect include: karana 'cause', duaning 'because', nika mawinan 'because of that', ngantos 'so', mawinan 'then'. In Balinese sentences can be exemplified as follows:

 Suka pisan pikayunanne, nika mawinan dane setata jemet makarya'very happy thoughts, that's what causes her to always work hard’.

 Ya suba makelo magae dadi petani, karena uli ramane mula gegaena buka keto'he has been working as a farmer for a long time, because his parents did that kind of work'.

 Made Susanta jemet gati di desane, peminehne becik, nika karane ya sai irianga tekan timpalne'Made Susanta is very diligent in working and always has good thoughts, that is also what causes many of her friends to envy her'.

Multilevel compound sentences

A multilevel compound sentence is a sentence whose pattern relationships are not equal, one of which is at a higher level than the other pattern. The higher part is called the main clause, the lower part is called the subordinate clause. A single

sentence whose parts are expanded, so that the expansion forms one or more new sentence patterns, in addition to the existing patterns (Hadi, 1981; Sudipa et al., 2021). The part of the sentence that is expanded to form a new sentence pattern is called a subordinate clause or clause. The part of the sentence that occupies a higher or permanent function is called the main sentence or the superior clause, with the following characteristics:

 There is a silence between intonation.

 The expansion of the part of a single sentence forms a new pattern.

 The new sentence pattern section becomes a subordinate clause.

 The part that remains the main sentence.

 The clause depends on the main clause (level).

 The name of the clause is in accordance with the expanded position section.

Some examples of multilevel compound sentences are as follows:

 Semengane ento mula luung kesir-kesiran anginne, raris kade upinan teken bikule ane makire nyegut batis' early in the morning, the wind was so cool, causing the mice to bite Kade's leg’.

 Sakti buine jemet magae, bakti ring reramane, perwira, bakti buin bani nindihin gumi'sakti and diligent work, respect for parents, brave, and dare to defend the homeland'.

 Yen rage suba tamat masekolah sing perlu apang dadi pegawe negeri dogen, ento adane majiwa wiraswastawan’If I finish school, I don't always have to be a civil servant, that's called being entrepreneurial’.

 Yen sing pelih baan beli mula ada anak ane madaya corah di desane ene, ane stata dot ngelah pengaruh gede, ulian brana tusing ulian papineh ane melah’if I'm not mistaken in this village there are people who are cunning, always ambitious to have influence, because there are many the money, not out of good thoughts'.

 Yen jumah atawa di masyarakat tusing melah dasar pendidikanne, dadine mula liu cerik-cerike jani ane nakal, dadi pengebut, demen ngisep ganja, demen memaling, demen memadat muah ane len-len ‘if in society or at home children do not have a good education, so many children today are naughty, like speeding, smoke marijuana, drunkenness, and others'.

 Apa ubunganne ajak pembangunan anake ane demen maubad aji blimbing buluh, juuk lengis, kunyit, loloh sembung muah ane buka keto‘what does this have to do with development, people who seek treatment only rely on drinking herbs from herbal ingredients and so on'.

 Madasar uli ento lantas Made Murka ngae-ngae alasan orahange Made Susanta sing ngijinin pemerintah, tusing nyak mebalih film, aahh megenep alasanne'Based on that then made angry looking for reasons to say made Susanta anti-government with various other reasons'.

 Papinehne Made Susanta lakar ngajahin panakne kebudayaan Bali malu, yen suba dasar kebudayaan Bali kuat mara lakar ajahina soroh gending- gending nasional'according to the thought made Susanta his children will be taught Balinese culture first as a basis before knowing national culture'.

 Di gumine ne anak makejang mapawakan jele melah, suka kalawan duka, rua bineda anak mula tuah isin gumi'in this life, everything can do good and bad, joy and sorrow, because that is human life'.

 Buah sumagane kuning -kuning, kenehne Made Susanta ajak Putu Suasti masih kuning baan legan kenehne:kaicen keselamatan ring Ida Sang Hyang Widi Wasa'the orange fruit is yellow, as thought Made Susanta and Putu Suasti are happy in their mind, grateful to be given health by God'.

Conclusion

A single sentence is a sentence that has only one pattern (clause), which consists of a subject and a predicate (a sentence that only consists of one clause). The single sentence is the simplest sentence. A compound sentence is a combination of two or more single sentences, so that the new sentence contains two or more clauses.

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