The Number of Nouns are two: The Singular, which speaks of one thing; as, a stone: The Plural, which speaks of more than one; as, stones. The Plural Number of Nouns is formed by adding s to the Singular; as, a book, books. Pronouns have also three Persons: I, we, are of the First Person; thou, you, of the Second; and all the rest of the Third.
A Participle is a sort of word that has Numbers, Genders, and Cases like a Noun, and Tenses like a Verb. The Passive Voice is only the Auxiliary Verb “To Be,” conjugated throughout with the Passive Participle. A Verb must always be of the same Number and Person with the Noun or Pronoun going before it; as, “I love you.” “Christians love one another.”.
AN Adverb is a sort of word which is added to a Verb to perfect, explain, or enlarge its sense. A Preposition is a sort of word which is commonly set before another, or compounded with it; as, “I go to London.”.
A SHORT FRENCH GRAMMAR
PRINTED IN THE YEAR 1751.]
Nouns ending in ion, in e mute, or derived from the Latin, are generally of the Feminine Gender. The three compound Tenses are a repetition of the three first simple Tenses, with eu subjoined to each Person. The four compound Tenses are a repetition of these sirnple Tenses, and of the Future of the Indicative, with eu subjoined to each Person.
The compound Tenses are a repetition of the thrce first simple Tenses of avoir, with ete sub.joined to each Person. The compound Tenses are a repetition of these simple Tenses, and of the Future of the Indicative of avoir, with ete subjoined. The Compound Tenses, in all Conjugations, are formed alike of the Simple Tenses, with the Passive Participle subjoined.
Passive Verbs generally govern a Genitive Case; as, Etre aime de Dieu;. particularly when they express a motion or passion of the mind. When they express an action of the body, par is used; as, Il est pris par l’ennemi.
A SHORT LATIN GRAMMAR
Names of gods, angels, and men, are of the Masculine Gender; as, Jupiter, Michael, Georgius. Names of winds and months are of the Masculine Gender; as, Auster, the south wind; Aprilis, April. Names of rivers and mountains are of the Masculine Gender; as, Tibris, the Tiber; Parnassus, the mountain so called.
The Vocative Case is the same with the Nominative; but us of the Second Declension is made e. The Comparative Degree is formed by adding or to the first Case of the Positive ending in i; as, altus, high, alti, altior, higher. Regular Verbs of the First Conjugation forrn the Infinitive in are, the Perfect in avi, the First Supine in atum.
Regular Verbs of the Second Conjugation form the Infinitive in ere, the Perfect in ui, the First Supine in itum. Regular Verbs of the Third Conjugation form the Infinitive in ere, and the Perfect and Supines variously.
ACTIVE VOICE
But the syllable which is doubled in the Perfect of the Simple Verbs, is not doubled in their Compounds; as, cado, cecidi; occido, occidi. Except in the Compounds of disco nnd posco; also, de, ex, prae, pro, -curro, which have curri and cucurri. The word thing is frequently understood, the Adjective being put in the Neuter Gender; as magnum, a great thing.
The word which asks, and that which answers, a question must be in the same Case; and so must Substantives signifying the same thing; as, urbs Roma, the city Rome. Nouns expressing measure, or the distance from a place, are put in the Ablative Case, though sometimes in the Genitive or Accusative; as, domus quadragomta pedibus (or pedes) alta, a house forty feet high. If quam is omitted after a Comparative, the following Noun must be in the Ablative case; as, melior est patre, he is better than his father.
A Substantive joined with a Participle is often put in the Ablative Case absolute; as, Deo juvante, God helping; nuntio accepto, news being. A Noun of time, answering to the question, When, is usually put in the Ablative Case; How long, in theAccusative; as, venidie Jovis, I came on Thursday; mansit paucos dies, he stayed a few days. A final declined is short; as, musa; but a is long in indeclinable words, (as, frustra; except puta, ita, quia, eja, postea,) in the Ablative Case, (as, fama,) in the Vocative of Greek Nouns, (as, Aenea,) and in the Imperative Mood; as ama.
E final is short; as, mare; except in Monosyllables, in the First and Fifth Declension, (as, ode, die,) in Imperatives of the Second Conjugation, (as, doce,) and in Adverbs from Adjectives of three Terminations; as, docte; except bene, male. I final is long; except in necubi, nisi, quasi, sicubi, sicuti, and in the Dative and Vocative of Greek Nouns. Es final is long; but es having itis, and es in the Nominative Plural of Greek Nouns of the Third Declension, increasing in the Genitive Case, are short; as, daemones.
So it is in Neuters of the Third Declension; as, cacoethes; and in the Second Person of the Verb sum and its compounds; as, potes, etc., and in penes. Ul, ur, us, ut, ux, increase short; as, consulis, corporis, femoris, capitis, ducis: Except us in udis, uris, utis, (as, paludis,) and in the Comparative Degree; as, melius, melioris. But sometimes it has more, sometimes fewer, feet; and frequently Spondees or other feet in the place of Iambics.
A SHORT GREEK GRAMMAR
If two rhos meet in the middle of a word, the first has a lene spirit, the second an aspirate; as po>rjrJw. A final ai or oi is accounted short; as a]nqrwpoi unless contracted, or in the Optative Mood. Ku>rio>v sou Ku>rio>v ejsi Ku>rio>v sou> ejsi Dou~lo>v sou dou~lo>v ejsi tu>ptousi me> tinev.
The accents of Verbs and Participles remain on the same syllable, in all their Tenses, as in their Roots; tu>ptw, tima>w, i[shmi unless some general rule obstructs. Sometimes w in the Nominative is changed into o in Genitive, and h into e as, oJ pri>wn, pri>onov oJ aijqh<r, aijqe>rov. The following Nouns are Masculine in the Singular, and Masculine and Neuter in the Plural; as, Sing.
Go>nu and do>ru, in prose, make go>natov and do>ratov in the Genitive. Several Nouns ending in ouv, wv, iv, and hv, are redundant in the Genitive; as, Nom. Ov, h{, o{, who, or which, is declined like o{v, his; only in the Nominative and Accusative Singular; Nom.
The Perfect Tense, and all those derived from it, have an Argument in the beginning. But if a changeable vowel or dipthong follow, the Augment is in the middle; as, eujorke>w, eujw>rkeon. But if the Preposition changes the signification, the Augment is generally in the middle; as, prosba>llw, prose>ballon.
Some few have an Augment both in the beginning and middle; as, ajnorqo>w, hjw>rqoon. The Augment goes no farther than the Indicative Mood, except in the Perfect and Paulo-post-Future Tenses. The Middle Voice is declined like the Active in the Perfect and Preterpluperfect Tenses; like the Passive in all other Tenses.
PASSIVE VOICE
MIDDLE VOICE
VERBS in a>w, e>w, o>w, contract all the Persons of the Present and Imperfect: In the other Tenses, they are conjugated as other Verbs. So likewise for the Second Person Singular of the Imperative is often used i[sa, ti>qei, didou. A Verb compounded with a Preposition retains the Augment of the simple verb; as, peripoie>w, peripepoi>hka.
THE First Future of the Active Voice casts away i from ai or ei in the last syllable but one of the Fourth Conjugation; as, fai>nw, fanw~ spei>rw, sperw~. The Second Future of the Active Voice turns the last syllable but one, e, h, w, ai, au, into a as, tre>pw, trapw~ lh>qw, laqw~ trw>gw, tragw~. The Preterperfect Tense of the Active Voice changes the last syllable but one, ei, ai, and sometimes e,as the Second Future; as, spei>rw, e]sparka ejgei>rw, h]gerka se>llw, e]salka fai>nw, pe>fagka.
Hka often throws away the first vowel of the Present; as, te>mnw, te>tmhka. The First Future and the First Indefinite of the Passive Voice change the last syllable ei, of the Fourth Conjugation, as the Second Future; as, sparqh>somai, ejspa>rqhn ejgerqh>somai, ejge>rqhn. In Verbs which take the first vowel of the Present from the Perfect in hka, they always take away the same vowel; as, tmhqh>somai,.
Sometimes Plural nouns of the Masculine and Feminine Genders have Singular Verbs; as, ajcei~tai ojmfai<, the woods resound. The Genitive Case of the Pronoun Primitive is put in the place of the Possessive; as, path>r mou, for path<r ejmo>v, my father. Verbs of the Infinitive Mood are used with the Verb me>llw for the Future of all Verbs; as, me>llei zhtei~n, he will seek: me>llei.
These are excepted; pa~n, all, (unless in its Compounds,) Nouns of the Masculine Gender ending in an, Adverbs, words in an of the First. Declension, and of the Second, if it hath an acute on the last syllable but one; as, fili>an. But it is long in u=, gru~, mu~, nu~ and in the Third Person Singular of the Imperfect and Second Indefinite of Verbs in mi of the Fourth Conjugation;.
The quantity in the last syllable of the Nominative generally remains the same in the other Cases; as, Tita~n, Tita~nov, Tita~ni. So also in words of the Masculine and Feminine Gender in av in Nouns in y, as, ]Aray, ]Arabov and most words ending in x.
