SECTION I.
OF LETTERS
1.
T
HE Letters in Greek are Twenty-four: —Their Figure. Their Name. Their Power.
A a Alpha a
B b Beta b
G g Gamma g
D d Delta d
E e Epsilon e short
Z z Zeta z
H h Eta e long
Q q Theta th
I i Iota I
K k Kappa k
L l Lambda l
M m Mu m
N n Nu n
X x Xi x
O o Omicron o short
P p Pi p
R r Rho r
S s or v final Sigma s
T t Tau t
U u Upsilon u
F f Phi ph
C c Chi ch
Y y Psi ps
W w Omega o long
2. Seven of these are vowels, a, e, h, i, o, u, w; of which h, w, are long; e, o, short; a, i, u, are doubtful.
3. There are nine dipthongs; of which, ai, au, ei, eu, oi, ou, are proper;
hu, ui, wu, improper. The dipthongs, ai, au, oi, are changeable; ei, eu, ou, are not.
4. Seven of the consonants are called semi-vowels; of which z, x, y, are double consonants; l, m, n, r, liquids.
5. The rest are mutes; of which p, k, t, are termed lenes; b, g, d, middles;
f, c, q, aspirates.
6. P, b, f, are analogous to each other; so are k, g, c; and t, d, q.
7. A lene consonant, when its vowel is cut off, before an aspirate, is changed into an aspirate; as ejf’ w|
8. Two lenes are so changed before an aspirate; as nu>cq’ o[lhn, for nu>kta o[lhn.
9. Oujk before an aspirate becomes oujc.
10. Ou[tw, a]cri, and me>cri, have v added, if a vowel follows.
11. An aspirate is scarce ever changed.
12. The letter g, before g, k, x, or c, sounds ng; as a]ggelov.
13. The letter n is changed into g, before g, k, x, or c.
14. The letter n is changed into m, before b, m, p, f, y.
15. The letter n is changed into l, r, s, before two consonants.
16. Every initial vowel has a spirit prefixed.
17. This is either lene, as o]rov; or aspirate, as o[rov.
18. An initial u, or r, is always aspirated; as u[lh, rji>v.
19. If two rhos meet in the middle of a word, the first has a lene spirit, the second an aspirate; as po>rjrJw.
20. A semicolon is marked thus (?).
21. A note of interrogation thus (;).
22. A letter is called pure, which has a vowel before it; impure, which has a consonant.
SECTION II
OF ACCENTS
1.
T
HERE are three accents; an acute(‘), a grave (`), a circumflex (ˆ).2. The last, last but one, or last but two syllables, whether long or short, may have an acute accent; the last, or last but one, if long, may have a circumflex.
3. A grave is never placed but upon the last.
4. If a word has an acute on the last syllable but two, it is termed an ante-penacute; as, a]ggelov. If on the last but one, a penacute; as ko>smov.
If it has either an acute or a grave on the last, it is termed acute-toned; as, baru>v.
5. If the last syllable but one is circumflected, it is termed an ante-circumflected; if the last, a circumflex word.
6. A word that has no accenton the last syllable is termed a grave-toned; as li>qov. For a grave is understood over every syllable which has no accent.
7. An acute cannot be on the third, nor a circumflex on the second syllable, if the last is long; so ajgge>lwn, su>kou.
8. If a long syllable, that precedes a final short one, has any accent, it is a circumflex; as, mou~sa.
9. A final ai or oi is accounted short; as a]nqrwpoi unless contracted, or in the Optative Mood.
10. An accent is on the same syllable in other Cases as in the Nominative;
so fronti<v, fronti>dov.
11. Nouns of the First Declension circumflect their Genitive Plural; as, mousw~n.
12. But the Genative Plural Femine of Adjectives of three endings in ov pure are accented like their Masculines; as, G. aJgi>wn aJgi>wn aJgi>wn. So is the Genative Plural of clou>nhv, ejth>siov, crh>shv as, clou>nwn, etc.
13. Acute-toned words of the First and Second Declension circumflex all their Genitives and Datives.
14. Imparisyllabical monosyllables circumflect their Genitives in the Dual and Plural Numbers; as, ceiroi~n, ceirw~n.
15. The Vocative Case circumflects eu~ and oi~, and throws back the accent when it ends in er as, path<r, pa>ter.
16. Monosyllables, unless contracted, are acuted: But, if they are contracted or cut off by Aphaeresis, they are circumflected; as, fw~v of fa>ov, h+n for fh~n or e]fhn and so are u=v, su~v, mu~v, dru~v, and some others.
17. In dissyllables, and others, when the last but one is long, and the last short, (or long by position,) the last but one, if it has an accent, is circumflected; as, sw~ma, ejkei~nov, au+lax.
18. Otherwise, in dissyllables the last but one, if it has any accent, must be acuted, be the last long or short; as, lo>gov, me>ne, lo>gou, h]rwv.
19. In polysyllables, if the last short, the last but two is acuted; as, a]nqrwpov.
20. But (1.) Participles of the Preterperfect Passive, Verbals in te>ov, Compounds of Nouns, and the Preterperfect of the Middle Voice, are excepted; as, tetumme>nov, lekte>ov, ajndrofo>nov.
21. So (2.) are Diminutives ending in iskov, and i>lov as, neani>skov, nauti>lov: And a few other Nouns; as, parqe>nov, ojli>gov, ejnanti>ov, ajqro>ov, and some others: Also, Adverbs of Place in qen, qi, and se, from
Nouns which have the accent on the last; as, oujrano>qen, oujrano>qi, oujrano>se, from oujrano>v.
22. But if the last is long, the last but one is acuted; as, ajnqrw>pou.
23. But the Attic and Ionic Dialects are expected; as, Mene>lewv, po>lewv, Aijnei>ew for Aijnei>ou.
24. In Contractions, an acute and a grave make a circumflex; as, basile>av, basilei~v poie>w, poiw~ boae>te, boa~te.
25. But a grave and an acute make an acute; as, eJsa>wv, eJsw>v boae>tw, boa>tw.
26. An Enclitic is word that throws its accent on another word.
27. Enclitics quite lose their accent,
(1.) When a monosyllable Enclitic follows a word acuted on the last but one; as, a]ndrasou:
(2.) When any Enclitic follows a word with its last syllable circumflected or acuted; as, oJrw~ tinav, ajuh>r tiv.
Examples of all Enclitics.
Monosyllables. Dissyllables.
Ku>rio>v sou Ku>rio>v ejsi Ku>rio>v sou> ejsi Dou~lo>v sou dou~lo>v ejsi tu>ptousi me> tinev
Lo>gov sou lo>gov ejsi e[neka sou~
Qew~| sou Qew~| ejsi e]si po>lov
Qeo>v mou Qeo>v ejsi ajll’ e]si, tou~t’ e>si.
28. Monosyllables of the Third Declension have their accent on the last syllable of their Genitives and Datives, but on the first of their
Nominatives, Accusatives, and Vocatives; as, cei<r, ceiro<v, ceiri<, cei~ra cei~re, ceiroi~n cei~rev, ceirw~n, cersi<, cei~rav.
29. So have such words as are declined by a syncope; as, ajn<hr, ajndro<v and also gunh<, gunaiko<v.
30. But Participles are excepted; as, qei<v, qe>ntov w}n, o]ntov to which add these Genitives Plural, da>|dwn, dmw>wn, kra>twn, la>wn, pai>dwn, trw>wn, fw>twn, w]twn, pa>ntwn, and pa~si.
31. The accents of Verbs and Participles remain on the same syllable, in all their Tenses, as in their Roots; tu>ptw, tima>w, i[shmi unless some general rule obstructs.
32. These Fourteen Monosyllables have no accent; oJ, hJ, oiJ, aiJ, ouj, oujk, oujc, eij, wJv, ejn, eijv or ejv, ejk or ejx.
33. But ouj, ejk, and w>v, have an acute when they end a sentence; as, oJ de<
e]fh, o]u.
SECTION III.
OF ABBREVIATIONS, PARTS OF SPEECH, AND ARTICLES.
1.
G
REEK words are not always writ at length but subject to abbreviation.[The early additions included a series of abbreviations written in a shorthand practiced in the author’s era. Being out of use today and being both difficult to decipher from the original volume and more or less incomprehensible to the modern reader, they are not included in this edition. — Edit.]
2. There are eight sorts of words, five of which are declinable; Article, Noun, Pronoun, Verb, Participle: Three indeclinable; Adverb, Conjunction, Preposition.
3. There are three Numbers; the Singular, Dual, and Plural.
4. The Singular speaketh but of one; as, mou~sa, a song: The Dual speaketh properly of two; as, mou>sa, two songs. The Plural speaketh of many; as, mou~sai, songs.
5. The Article prefixed to most Substantives is declined thus: —
Singular. Dual. Plural.
N. G. D. Ac. N. & A. G. & D. N. G. D. Ac.
M. oJ tou~ tw~| to<n tw< toi~n oiJ tw~n toi~v tou<v F. hJ th~v th~| th<n ta< tai~n ai — tai~v ta<v N. to< tou~ tw~| to< tw< toi~n ta< — toi~v ta<
6. There is no Ablative Case in Greek.
SECTION IV.
OF SUBSTANTIVE NOUNS.
1.
T
HERE are five Declensions; three of Simple, and two of contracted Nouns.2. The FIRST Declension has four terminations; av, hv, Masculine; a, h, Feminine.
3. It forms the Genitive Case in ou or hv, the Dative a| or h|.
Examples of the First Declension.
Singular.
Nom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Voc.
tami>-av ou a| an a
‘Agcis-hv ou h| hn h
mou~s-a hv h| an a
wj|d-h< h~v h~| h<n h<
Dual.
Nom. Ac. Voc. tami>a.Gen. & Dat. tami>ain.
Plural
.
N. tami>-ai, G. w~n, D. aiv, Ac. wv, V. ai. And so the rest.
4. Nouns ending in da, qa, ra, and a pure, retain a in the Genitive and Dative; as, hJ hJme>r-a, av, a|.
5. Some Nouns in av form the Genitive in a, and the Accusative in an especially proper names, whose last syllable is circumflected; as, N.
Qwma~v, G. Qwma~, Ac. Qwma~n.
6. Nouns ending in phv or thv, Gentile Nouns, and those compounded of metre>w, pole>w, tribw, form the Vocative in a as, kle>pthv, kle>pta.
7. The SECOND has two terminations; ov, Masculine or Femine; on, Neuter.
8. It forms the Genitive in ou, the dative in w|.
Examples of the Second Declension.
Singular.
Nom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Voc.
ku>ri-ov ou w| on e
skh~ptr-on ou w| on on
Dual.
Nom. Acc. Voc. Gen. Dat.
w oin
Plural.
Nom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Voc.
ku>ri-oi wn oiv ouv oi
skh~ptr-a wn oiv a a
9. Iota is suscribed to all Datives in a|, h|, w|.
10. The THIRD has many terminations, all which are contained in the following verses: —
Masculea an, hn, un, wn, hr, wr, av, hv, wv
Eiv, ouv, x, y. Feminea eir, in, thv, is, us, hdwn,
Sic av, adov Sunt Neutra av, atov Vocalis, ar aut or.
11. It forms the Genitive in ov, the Dative in I.
Examples of the Third Declension.
Singular.
Nom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Voc.
Tita<n tita~n-ov i a tita<n
sw~ma sw>ma-tov ti sw>ma sw~ma
Dual.
Nom. Acc. Voc. Gen. Dat.
tita~ne tita>noin
sw>mate swma>toin
Plural.
Nom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Voc.
tita~nev tita>nwn tita~si tita>nav tita~nev
sw>mata swma>twn sw>ma-si ta ta
12. Nouns ending in a form the Genitive in atov I makes itov or iov u, uov or eov w, oov n and r, ov and tov s, ov, tov, dov, qov, nov, or ntov x, gov, cov, or ktov y, ov, pov or fov. But use is the best master.
13. Sometimes w in the Nominative is changed into o in Genitive, and h into e as, oJ pri>wn, pri>onov oJ aijqh<r, aijqe>rov.
14. Some Nouns ending in hr lose e in the Genitive and Dative Singular;
path<r, mh>thr, gavh>r G. patro<v, D. patri<, A. pate>ra.
15. But Dhmh>thr and quga>thr lose e in all the oblique cases.
16. ’Anh<r takes d for e cut off; as, G. ajndro<v, D. ajndri>.
17. Add these, ajrh<n, ajrno>v and ku>wn, kuno>v.
18. The
F
OURTH Declension, which is the First of the Contracts, has three terminations; uv, (which in a grave-toned word is Masculine, as, bo>truv in an acute-toned word Feminine, as, ijlu<v); and w and wv, always Feminine.19. It forms the Genitive in uov, oov, ouv the Dative, ui`, oi`, oi~.
Examples of the Fourth Declension.
Singular.
Nom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Voc.
bo>tr-uv, uov ui` un u
Dual.
Nom. Acc. Voc. Gen. & Dat.
bo>true botru>oin
Plural.
Nom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Voc.
bo>truev, truv botru>wn bo>tru-si uav, uv uev, uv Singular.
lec-w< oov, ou~v oi`, oi` oa, w~ oi
aijd-w<v
Dual.
Nom. Acc. Voc. Gen. & Dat.
lec-w< oi~n
Plural.
Nom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Voc.
lec-oi< w~n oi~v ou<v oi<
20. The
F
IFTH Declension, which is the Second of the Contracts, has seven terminations: hv, euv, uv, Masculine; iv, Feminine; ov, i, u, Neuter.21. It forms the Genitive in eov, ouv, or i`ov the Dative in ei`, ei, or ii`, i.
Examples of the Fifth Declension.
Singular.
Nom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Voc.
Swkra>t-hv, eov, ouv ei`, ei ea, h ev
tei~c-ov eov, ouv ei`, ei ov ov
basil-eu<v e>ov ei`, ei~ e>a eu~
pre>sb-uv eov ei`, ei un u
o]f-iv iov ii`, i i i
si>nhp-i iov ii`, i i i
a]s-u eov ei`, i u u
Dual.
Nom. Acc. Voc. Gen. Dat.
Swkra>te-e h e>oin oi~n
tei>ce-a h loin oi~n
The rest are regular.
Plural.
Nom. Voc. Gen. Dat. Acc.
Swkra>t-eev, eiv e>wn, w~n esi eav, eiv
tei>c-ea, h ea, h
basil-e>ev, ei~v e>wn eo~si eav, ei~v
pre>sb-eev, eiv
o]f-iev, iv i>wn isi iav, iv
sinh>p-ia, i i>wn isi ia, i
22. In all the Imparisyllabical Declensions, the Accusative of grave-toned Nouns impurely declined is formed in a or n as, e]riv, e]rida, or e]rin: Of Nouns purely declined, in n only; as, te>ryiv, te>ryin.
23. The Vocative is generally like the Nominative.
24. But Nouns ending in hv eov, wr orov, wn onov, hr hrov, and
Adjectives in hn enov, shorten the long vowel; as, Swkra>thv, Sw>kratev:
Also, swth<r, sw>ter.
25. Nouns forming the Genitive in ntov drop tov as le>wn, le>ontov, leo>n.
Eiv entov drop s and tov as, plako>eiv plako>entov, plako>ei and plako>en.
26. Av anov forms the Vocative in an so me>lav me>lanov, me>lan.
27. Grave-toned Nouns in iv or uv, and even acuted Adjectives drop s so te>ryiv te>ryi, ojxu<v ojxu>.
28. So does a dipthong; as, basileu<v basileu~. Except pou~v, ojdou<v, ktei>v.
29. Sometimes x is dropped; as, a]nax a]na.
30. The Dative Plural is formed of the Dative Singular, by inserting s before i, dropping d, q, n, and t as sw>mati sw>masi.
31. It is formed from the Nominative Singular, by adding i to Nouns ending in x, y, s, after a dipthong; as, ko>rax ko>raxi.
32. But ktei<v makes ktesi> pou~v, posi> ou+v, wjsi>: The Compounds of eiv, esi as, mhdei<v mhde>si.
33. Enti becomes eisi onti, ousi so, tufqe>nti, tufqei~si le>onti, le>ousi.
34. R becomes rasi in Nouns that have a Syncope; as, patri< patra>si only gavh>r gavh~rsi.
35. I becomes poetically esi or essi as, e]pei` ejpe>essi.
36. I in the Dative Plural takes n before a vowel; as, cersi<n ajni>ptoiv. So does ei]kosi in all Cases.
37.
H
ETEROCLITE Nouns, which differ from the common way of declining, are either Defective, Varient, or Redundant.38. Nouns are defective either in Number or in Case.
39. All Proper Names, and those Nouns which are Singular only by signification, as the names of vices, metals, fruits of the earth, liquors, and the ages of men, want Dual and Plural; as, hJ filosofi>a, gh~rav, ga>la, cruso>v. Yet read, oiJ aje>rev, from ajh>r aiJ gai~, from gh~ ta< pura<, from pu’r.
40. These want the Singular and Dual, namely, the feasts of the gods; as, ta< Kro>nia: Some names of cities; as, ai ’Aqh~nai. So do ’Acaioi<, Eujmeni>dev, &Eforoi, ta< ejpiti>mia, ta< ojnei>rata, ta< kte>rea.
41. Nouns defective in Case are, —
(1.) Aptots: as the Names of Letters, a]lfa, bh~ta foreign Names as Dabid words expressing the natural voice of creatures, as the koa<x of frogs koi; of young pigs; Nouns cut off by Apocope, as dw~ for dw~ma, or increased by Paragoge, as, srato>fi for srato>v and Numbers, from four to an hundred. Add these Neuters; da>ov, de>mav, eje>ldwr, h+dov, h+tor, kwvav or kw~v, mh~cov or mh~car, nw~kar, sebav, ski>nar, te>kmar and te>kmwr, u[par, cre>wv or crei>wv, crew>n.
(2.) Monoptots: as, hJ dw<v, ai> kataklw~qev, w+ ta<n, and others.
(3.) Dipots: as, ajmfw<, ajmfoi~n oiJ fqoi~ev, tou<v fqoi~av.
(4.) Tripots: as, N. ma>rtuv, A. ma>rtun, D. ma>rtusi and G.
ajllh>lwn, D. ajllh>loiv, aiv, oiv, A. ajllh>louv, av, a.
42. Nouns vary either in Gender or in Case.
43. The following Nouns are Masculine in the Singular, and Masculine and Neuter in the Plural; as, Sing. N. oJ desmo;”, Plu. oiJ desmoi< and ta< desma>
di>frov, ku>klov, lu>cnov, saqmo<v, si~tov, tra>chlov, da>ktulov, mhro<v, moclo<v, and others. But Sing. hJ ke>leuqov, Plu. aiJ ke>leuqoi and ta<
ke>leuqa Sing. oJ kai> hJ ta>rtarov, Plu. ta< ta>rtara Sing. oJ zugo<v and to<
zugo<n, Plu. only ta< zuga>. So oJ nw~tov and to< nw~ton, Plu. ta< nw~ta and some others.
44. Neuters in ar make atov in the Genitive; as, a]leiar, a]leifar, de>lear, e]dar, h=par, ka>rhar, kte>ar, o]neiar, ou+qar, pei~rar, se>ar, fre>ar Gen. ajlei>atov, etc. Add to these, ga>la ga>laktov, o]nar
ojnei>ratov, ou+v wjto<v, skw<r skato<v, u[dwr u[datov, hJ gunh< gunaiko<v, Voc. gu>nai. Sing. Nom. oJ Zeu<v, Gen. Zhno<v or Dio<v, Dat. Zhni< or Dii`>, Acc. Zh~na or Di>a, Voc. w= Zeu~.
Go>nu and do>ru, in prose, make go>natov and do>ratov in the Genitive. But the Poets use gouno<v and douro>v.
Nau~v, in prose, is thus declined: Sing. Nom. hJ nau~v, Gen. new<v, Dat.nh<i, Acc. nau~n. Plur. Nom. nh~ev, Gen. new~n, Dat. nausi<, Acc. nau~v.
45. Redundants in the Nomative are, —
(1.) Several Masculines in hr and wr, as, klhth<r and klh>twr in hr and hv, as, plash<r, plash>v: Also, uiJo<v, uiJeu>v.
(2.) Many Feminines in a and h, as, a]cna, a]cnh in hv and ov and in iv and ia: Also, ajhdw<n and ajhdw>v.
(3.) Many Neuters in ov and on, as, to; de>ndrov, de>ndron in on and ion, as, a]eqlon ion.
(4.) These also are redundant in the Nominative; srato<v ia<, baqmov i<v, aujcmo<v mh<, aju`tmh<n mh<, delfi<v i<n, ajkti<v i<n, qi<v qi>n with many others.