• Tidak ada hasil yang ditemukan

Code-Switching and the Misings

2.4.1 Conclusion

8. As a result of the age-old socio-cultural contact with the Assamese-speaking societies, a number of Assamese words have entered the Mising vocabulary.

Some of them have been conveniently misingised according to the Mising tongue. For example, some Assamese words ending with “a” have been misingised by adding “ng” to them, such as, “bengena” (brinjal) has become

“bengenang”, and “dingora” (drum-shaped implement for catching fish) has been misingised as “dingorang”. Due to the absence of aspirates in the Mising language, words like “hisab” (calculation) and “ghatoi” (one who mans the river harbour) have become “isab” and “gatoi” in Mising.

References and Works Cited

Acharya, N. N. 1965. “Chaopha Suhungmung, the Assamese Napoleon.” Prof. B. K. Barua Commemoration Volume. Guwahati : Gauhati University Press.

Alvarez-Caccamo, Celso. 1998. “From Switching Code to Code-Switching :Towards a Reconceptualisation of communicative codes.” Code-switching in Conversation : Language Interaction and Identity. Peter Auer, ed. London : Routledge. 30.

Atlas of the World. 1997. Map of China and Far East. (7th ed.). London : George Phillip Ltd.

Auer, Peter. 1984. Bilingual Conversation. Amsterdam : John Benjamins.

Bell, Charles. 1968. Tibet: Past and Present. London : Oxford University Press. 107.

Bentahila, A., and E. D. Davies. 1983. “The syntax of Arabic-French code-switching.”

Lingua, 59, 301-330.

Berthold, M., F. Mangubhai, and K. Batorowicz. 1997. Bilingualism and Multiculturalism (Study Book). Distance Education Centre, University of Southern Queensland.

Toowoomba : QLD.

Bhuyan, Dr. S. K. 1974. Anglo-Assamese Relation (2nd ed.). Guwahati. 43, 466.

Boztepe, Erman. Issues in Code-Switching: Competing Theories and Models. Teachers College, Columbia University, Working Papers in TESOL and Applied Linguistics.

http://journals.tc-library.org/index.php/tesol/article/viewFile/32/37 (Accessed December 17, 2006).

Casim, Mohammed. A Description of Asam. Alamgir Namah. Translated from Persian by Henry Vansittart, 1799. Rpt. in Asiatic Researches, II. London : Vernor & Hood. 171.

Census of India. 1971. Government of India.

Chatterjee, Dr. Suniti Kumar. 1952. Kirata-Jana-Kriti. Calcutta.

Cook, V. 1991. Second Language Learning and Language Teaching. Melbourne : Edward Arnold/Hodder Headline Group.

Corder, S. P. 1981. Error analysis and interlanguage. London : Oxford University Press.

Coulmas, Florian. 1997. The Handbook of Sociolinguistics. Oxford & Massachusetts : Blackwell Publishers. 2.

Crystal, D. 1987. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.

Currie, H. 1971. “A Projection of Sociolinguistics : The Relationship of Speech to Social Status.” A Various Language : Perspectives on American Dialects. J. V. Williamson and V. M. Burke, eds. New York : Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

Dalton, Lt. E. J. T. 1845. A visit to the Hills in the neighbourhood of Soobanshiri River.

J.A.S.B.

Dani, Dr. A. H. 1970. Pre-History and Proto-History of Eastern India. Calcutta. 44.

Doley, Dr. Dimbeswar. 1998. “History of origin of the Tanis or Amis.” The Mishings : their History and Culture, ed. Dr. J. J. Kuli. Guwahati : Ayir Publication. 23, 32.

Doley, Jitmal. 2004. The Pronouncing Mishing-English-Assamese Dictionary. Nalbari : Purba Bharati Publication.

Downes, William. 1998. Language and Society (2nd ed.). Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. 2, 80, 81.

Duran, Luisa. 1994. “Toward a Better Understanding of Code Switching and Inter-language in Bilinguality : Implications for Bilingual Instruction.” The Journal of Educational Issues of Languag Minority Students, 14, (69-88).

http://www.ncela.gwu.edu/pubs/jeilms/vol14/duran.htm (accessed April 5, 2006).

Eastman, C. M. 1992. “Codeswitching as an urban language contact phenomenon.”Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 13, 1-17.

E-CENSUS India. 2002. 11.

http://www.censusindia.net/1991data/language/language_data.html (accessed September 7, 2005).

Fishman, J. A. 1972. “The Sociology of Language : An Interdisciplinary Social Science Approach to Language in Society.” Rowley, MA : Newbury House. Rpt. in Current Trends in Linguistics, 12, 1629-1784 . Th. Sebeok, ed. The Hague : Mouton, 1974.

Fitzgerald, Prof. C. P. 1942. China: A Short Cultural History. London : The Cresset Press.

Gait, Sir Edward. A History of Assam (5th ed.) Rpt. 1992. 84.

Garnet, Prof. Jacque. 1968. Ancient China : From the beginning to the Empire. London : Faber and Faber. 48.

Gumperz, J. J. 1964 . “Hindi-Punjabi Code-Switching.” Proceedings of the Ninth International Congress of Linguistics. Mouton & Co.

Gumperz, J. J. 1992. “Contextualization and understanding.” Rethinking context, ed. A.

Duranti and C. Goodwin, 229 – 252. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Gumperz, John J. 1982. "Conversational Code-Switching". Discourse Strategies, ed. J. J.

Gumperz (59 – 99). Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.

Gysels, M. 1992. “French in Urban Lubumbashi Swahile: Code-switching, borrowing or both?.” Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 13, (41-55).

http://iteslj.org/Articles/Skiba-CodeSwitching.html (Accessed December 27, 2007)

Hudson, R.A. 1980. Sociolinguistics. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.

Institution for Culture and Rural Development (i-CARD). 2003. “About Population.” Anu Agom. http://www.mishing.com/history.htm (accessed August 08, 2005).

Jacobson, Roman, M. Fant, and Morris Halle. 1952. Preliminaries to Speech Analysis : The Distinctive Features and their Correlates. Cambridge/ Massachussettes : The MIT Press.

Rpt. in Selected Writings (of Roman Jacobson). Major Works 8. Berlin/New York/Amsterdam : Mouton de Gruyter, 1976–1980. 583–646.

Kachru, B. B. 1978. “Code-mixing as a communicative strategy in India.” Georgetown University Round Table on Languages and Linguistics, ed. J. E. Alatis, 107–124, Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.

Kachru, B. B. 1983. “On mixing.” The Indianization of English: The English language in India, ed. B. Kachru, 193-207. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.

Krishnaswami, N., S. K. Verma and M. Nagarajan. 1992. Modern Applied Linguistics.

Madras : Macmillan India Limited.

Kuli, Dr. J. J. 1998. “The Mising Language and Literature : A Glimpse.” The Misings : Their History and Culture. Guwahati : Ayir Publications. 155.

Medok, B. 1997. The Mishing Tribes and their Land in North East India. Jonai. 48-49.

Michell, Capt. John F. 1883. Report on the North East Frontier. 30.

Milroy, L., and P. Muysken. 1995. “Introduction: Code-switching and bilingualism research.” One speaker two languages: Cross-disciplinary perspectives on code-

switching, ed. L. Milroy and P. Muysken, 1-14. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Myers-Scotton, C. 1992. “Comparing codeswitching and borrowing.” Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 13, 19-39.

Myers-Scotton, C. 1993a. Duelling languages: Grammatical structure in codeswitching.

New York: Oxford University Press.

Myers-Scotton, C. 1993b. Social motivations for codeswitching : Evidence from Africa.

Oxford : Oxford University Press.

Myers-Scotton, Carol. 1997. “Code-switching.” The Handbook of Sociolinguistics. Florian Coulmas, ed. Oxford/Massachusetts : Blackwell.

Myers-Scotton, Carol. 2006. Multiple Voices : An Introduction to Bilingualism. Blackwell Publishers.

Myers-Scotton, Carol. 2007. Code-switching. To be published.

Nath, Dr Dambarudhar. 1998. “The Mishings in the History of Assam.” The Mishings : their History and Culture, ed. Dr. J. J. Kuli. Guwahati : Ayir Publications. 5, 6. (Quoted E. B.

Taylor, JASB Vol. 1, 1817. 32.)

Padun, Prof. Nahendra. 1989. “Mising Bhasha.” Misinng Sanskritir Alekhya, ed.

Bhrigumoni Kagyung. Guwahati : Lawers’ Book Stall. 432-440. (Quoted Linguistic Survey of India and Dr. Sunity Kr. Chattopadhyay).

Padun, Prof. Nahendra. 1974. “Mibu Ahbang.” Mishing Agom Mimang. Mishing Agom Kebang (Mising Literary Society).

Panyang, Sonaram. 1935. Miri Jatir Buranji.

Parker, Prof. Edward Harper. 1908. China and Religion. London : John Murray & Co. 27.

Patir, R.K. 1999. Dawn in the East : An Autobiography. New Delhi. 56- 57, 59-60.

Pegu, Dr. Nomal Chandra. 1956. The Miris or Mishings of the Brahmaputra Valley.

Dibrugarh. 11.

Pegu, Dr. Nomal Chandra. 1998. “The Mishings, a colourful tribe of the Brahmaputra Valley.” The Mishings : Their History and Culture. Dr. J. J. Kuli, ed. Guwahati : Ayir Publications. 34.

Pegu, Dr. Nomal Chandra. 2000. Mishing Sakalar Itibritta Aru Saskriti. Dibrugarh : Bharati Prakashan. 37-39.

Pegu, Peter. “Miri Sandikoi.” The Assam Tribune. July 16, 1995.

Pegu, Peter. 1993. “The Mahabharat Connection.” Souvenir of Assam Association Bombay.

Pegu, Peter. 1997. “The Gospel of the Creation According to Mibu Ahbangs.” Asinang Onam. Mumbai : Mishing Society of Mumbai.

Pegu, Peter. 1998. A History of the Mishing of Eastern India. Mumbai : Mishing Society of Mumbai. 16, 27.

Pegu, Peter. 2000. “Educational Status of Mishing Community.” Asinang Onam. Mumbai : Mishing Society of Mumbai. 45.

Pegu, Peter. 2003. A History of the Study of Mishing Language. Mumbai : Mishing Society of Mumbai.

Pfaff, C. 1979. “Constraints on language-mixing: Intrasentential code-switching and borrowing in Spanish/English.” Language, 55, 291-318.

Poplack, S. 1981. “Syntactic structure and social function of codeswitching.” Latino

language and communicative behavior, 169-184, ed. R. P. Duran. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.

Poplack, S., S. Wheeler, and A. Westwood. 1987. “Distinguishing language contact phenomena : Evidence from Finnish-English bilingualism.” The Nordic languages and modern linguistics, ed. P. Lilius and M. Saari ,6, 22-56. Helsinki: University of Helsinki Press.

Poplack, Shana. “Code-switching.” Department of Linguistics, University of Ottowa 401.

aix1.uottawa.ca/~sociolx/CS.p (accessed April 4, 2006).

Poplack, Shana. 1980. “Sometimes I'll start a sentence in Spanish y termino en Espanol : Toward a typology of code-switching.” Linguistics 18, 581–618.

Quintero, Elizabeth. 1992. “Code-Switching, Bilingualism, and Biliteracy : A Case Study.”

Bilingual Research Journal 16, (3&4). Summer/Fall : 69-90.

www.ncela.gwu.edu/pubs/nabe/brj/v16/16_34_huerta.pdf (accessed April 4, 2006).

Quorum, San Fransisco. 2007. “Code-Switching.” http://www.quorum-sf.org/projects.htm (Accessed December 20, 2007).

Robinson, William. 1841. A Descriptive Account of Assam. Gowhatti (Guwahati). 358.

Sankoff, D., and S. Poplack. 1981. “A formal grammar for code-switching.” Papers in Linguistics, 14, 3-45.

Sankoff, D., S. Poplack, and S. Vanniarajan. 1990. “The case of the nonce loan in Tamil.”

Language Variation and Change, 2, 71-101.

Singh, R. 1985. “Grammatical constraints on code-switching: Evidence from Hindi- English.” Canadian Journal of Linguistics, 30, 33-45.

Skiba, Richard. 1997. “Code Switching as a Countenance of Language Interference.” The Internet TESL Journal, III (10), October 1997.

Swain, Prof. James Edgar. 1980. A History of World Civilization (4th Indian Reprint). New Delhi. 215.

Taid, Prof. Tabu. 1995. A Dictionary of the Mising Language. Takam Mising Agom Poyirnc Kcbang (All Assam Mising Language Teachers’ Association). Jorhat : Dergaon.

CHAPTER III

Dalam dokumen Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati (Halaman 71-77)