DEVELOPMENT OF MARSHY LAND
maximum rice equivalent yield (REY) was recorded with frenchbean followed by groundnut, while maize remained inferior in terms of REY. During winter season, pea, toria, lentil, and linseed were grown which revealed that at 40 cm raised bed height maximum production could be obtained. Raised bed height of 20 cm remained very poor yielder during the course of experimentations
Performance of toria in different ecologies
Toria based cropping sequences were evaluated on raised beds in marshy land as well as on upland dry terraces ecosystem. The treatments were tested in split plot design with three replications. Amongst the two environments, maximum toria yield (1.13 t/ha) was recorded in marshy land area which was 50.13 % higher than that of dry terraces. Amongst the kharif crop, highest toria equivalent yield (TEY) was recorded with frenchbean (4.82 t/ha) followed by groundnut (2.45 TEY /ha). The yield of toria was was highest (1.12 t/ha) when grown after groundnut followed by frenchbean. The total system productivity of 5.85 t/ha was estimated with frenchbean-toria while lowest (2.48 t/ha) with maize - toria (Table 4). The lowland area registered maximum system productivity of 3.76 t/ha, which was 9.90 % higher than that of
upland terraced area indicated suitably of permanent raised bed for obtaining higher yield of toria as compared to upland dry terraces.
Development of cole crop based cropping system The interspaces of wide spaced cole crops was utilized by growing suitable intercrops. The crops like pea, methi, coriander, radish and carrot was grown in between two lines of cauliflower and broccoli. All the crops were also grown as sole crop for comparison.
The data revealed that all the inter crops significantly reduced the yield of main crop of cauliflower.
Maximum and minimum yield reduction of 109.921 and 18.54 % was observed with radish and pea, respectively. The total system productivity in terms of cauliflower equivalent yield (CEY) was maximum with cauliflower + pea (31.31 t/ha) followed by the lowest CEY with cauliflower + radish (15.09 t/ha) which was 53.30 % lower than even cauliflower sole crop indicating that radish yield could not compensate the cauliflower yield reduction. In broccoli, lentil and mustard were grown as intercrop and tested with pea, methi, radish and carrot. It was observed that broccoli yield decreased markedly in intercropping system.
Maximum yield reduction was noticed with radish and mustard while minimum was observed with methi, Table 3 Effect of height of raised bed from moisture levels on yield (t/ha) of crops
Crop Raised bed width REY
20 cm 30 cm 40 cm 50 cm Mean
Maize 1.52 2.57 3.13 3.56 2.69 3.23
Rice 3.43 3.63 3.27 3.02 3.34 3.33
Groundnut 0.55 1.48 2.23 2.86 1.78 3.56
Frenchbean 2.54 6.55 11.52 14.53 8.78 6.15
Table 4 Performance of toria based cropping system in two environments
Treatment Kharif crop Kharif crop productivity Toria yield Total system yield (t/ha) (t/ha) as toria equivalent (t/ha) productivity
yield (TEY) (t/ha)
Environment
Upland 5.75 2.69 0.75 3.44
Lowland 7.69 2.63 1.13 3.76
CD (P=0.05) - NS 0.11 0.13
Cropping system
Rice – toria 3.69 1.64 0.86 2.50
Maize – toria 3.17 1.73 0.75 2.48
Groundnut – toria 2.45 2.45 1.12 3.57
Frenchbean – toria 13.77 4.82 1.027 5.85
Rice – fellow - 0.15 0.102 0.09
lentil and pea. Maximum total system productivity of 14.66 t/ha was recorded with broccoli + methi which was almost similar to broccoli + pea (14.61 t/ha) (Table 5).
Development of technology of pre-kharif rice Agronomical evaluation of rice variety suitable for pre-kharif, kharif and late kharif was carried out by planting of Krishna Hamsha, IR-64, VL Dhan 82, VL Dhan 61 and Shahsarang 1 at 15th March, 1st July and 14th August. Data presented in Table 6 revealed that Krishna Hamsha and IR-64 were the highest yielder during pre-kharif season, while Shahsarang1 registered maximum yield (5.48 t/ha) during kharif season.
However, under late transplanting VL Dhan 61 and Vivek Dhan 82 registered highest yield. In another experiment, maximum total system productivity of 8.15 t/ha was recorded with Vivek Dhan 82- Shahsarang-1 , followed by IR-64 – Shahsarang –1 (7.94 t/ha). The production efficiency was maximum with Krishna Hamsha – IR-64 (27.39 kg/ha/day) followed by VL Dhan 61 - Shahsarang 1 (27.00 kg/ha/
day).
Determination of seedling age for pre-kharif rice The experiment was continued for the third conservative years with four seedling age i.e. 30, 45, 60 and 75 days old of seedlings of varieties viz., Krishna Hamsha, IR-64, VL Dhan - 61 and Vivek Dhan -82. It is found that seedling age of 45 days registered maximum rice yield, which was followed by the yield recorded with 60 days old seedling. Lowest seed yield was recorded with 30 and 75 days old seeding.
Transplanting of seedling on 30th March registered highest yield (3.17 t/ha) followed by 15th March (2.99 t/ha). The interaction effect indicated that transplanting of 45 days old seedlings on 30th March registered highest seed yield (4.04 t/ha), which was 70.68 % higher over the seed yield recorded with 30 days old
seedlings on the same date of planting. The seedlings age with respect to varieties were evaluated in split plot design with three replications. It was observed that 45 days old seedlings registered highest seed yield followed by 60 days old seedlings. Amongst the varieties, IR-64 and Krishna Hamsha recorded maximum yield of 2.92 and 2.66 t/ha respectively).
Development of rice + fish system for sunken bed Rice + fish system was standardized keeping five rice + fish system while rice and fish were also was kept alone for comparison. It was observed that rice yield significantly improved with rice + fish system.
Maximum rice yield (5.22 t/ha) was recorded with rice + fish + azolla followed by rice + fish + food system.
The yield further improved when rice + fish + azolla was integrated with fish feed (5.44 t/ha).
Amongst the fish species, the growth of both species were on per. Depending upon the fingerlings density common carp yield was more. The total yields of both species of 40.35 q/ha was recorded with rice + fish + azolla + food system which was 37.10 and 50.72 percent higher than rice + fish + food and rice + fish + azolla respectively. However highest of 77.55 t/ha were observed with fish alone during the course of expenditure.
Table 5 Effect of broccoli based intercropping system on system productivity on raised bed
Cropping system Broccoli yield Intercrop yield Broccoli equivalent Total system
(t/ha) (t/ha) yield (BEY t/ha) productivity (t/ha)
Broccoli + Pea 11.04 3.57 3.57 14.61
Broccoli + Methi 11.58 1.76 3.08 14.66
Broccoli + Radish 3.53 8.57 1.71 5.24
Broccoli + Mustard 7.56 1.43 1.44 9.00
Broccoli + Lentil 11.14 1.54 2.67 13.84
Broccoli + Carrot 10.56 7.59 3.80 14.35
Broccoli + Sole 12.56 - - 12.56
CD (P=0.05) 0.97 - - 1.04
Table 6 Response of rice (t/ha) varieties to date of transplanting
Date of transplanting Mean 15th 1st 15th
March July August Krishna Hamsa 4.17 3.32 2.66 3.39
IR-64 4.03 3.75 2.95 3.57
VL Dhan 82 3.27 3.46 3.46 3.40
VL Dhan 61 3.18 3.66 3.56 3.46
Sahasarang 1 1.87 5.48 2.26 3.20