Design For Rural India: Opportunity Mapping for Industrial Design Interventions of PIPV Products, Design and Development of PIPV
4.5 Mapping PIPV products for Need Identification
In this section 2, the research study addresses the elaborative level of design research. It first explores interventions in current offerings of PIPV products commercially available in the market and analyses them to identify the specific user needs they satisfy.
This is followed by examining product examples of grass-root innovations identified from various government portals like the National Innovation Foundation and GYTI Techpedia that were developed to meet specific needs in rural environments. Furthermore, it shortlisted a select set of PIPV based products designed by professional industrial designers to position these designed PIPV products in the context of the user needs.
All the identified products under these three categories are subsequently mapped against the five classifications of human needs following Maslow's model of the hierarchy of human needs. The distribution pattern of this mapping led to identifying the opportunity areas for design intervention to meet aspired and unmet needs of targeted rural user groups.
These findings of this study addressed Research Questions 1 and 2 of this research.
4.5.1 PIPV Product Identification and categorization
As a part of this study, 100 PIPV products are identified from various online platforms and retail outlets currently available in India (Refer to Appendix II). These are categorized under the heads: Lighting, Mobile chargers/Power banks, Decorative items and New applications. These group categories are analyzed for different product parameters to gain a holistic perspective that helps draw insights into product segmentation, Product application, Product typology, price segmentation etc. The following is summarized after analysis.
Please refer to Appendix II for the complete list of products reviewed for this study, as product images reviewed in the distribution graphs below are only indicative.
a) Product category - Product Application
As per the above classification, it is observed that 54% of the selected products fall under lighting application; 14 % are chargers, 9% are decorative items, and 23 % comprise new applications. New applications include products like a solar fountain, Agricultural sprayer, PV shavers and trimmers, Caps and bags, PV tiles, signalling systems and number plates.
Figure 4.19 shows the distribution of products in five different categories.
Figure 4.19 Categorization of PIPV products based on applications
b) Product category – Power source
Further, the classification is done based on the use of batteries as power storage in the system against other systems without batteries. It is observed that nearly 90% of products run on batteries, and barely 10% work without batteries. This classification becomes important because batteries are the component contributing majorly to the overall cost of PIPV products (Apostolou & Reinders, 2014). Products without batteries directly draw power from the sun and perform the intended function. However, such products become idle under no/low sunlight conditions like cloudy weather and during the night. In the case of PIPV products for lighting, it is impossible to eliminate the system's battery. Still, in the case of products for activities like the agricultural process that need to be performed mainly
during the daytime, the PIPV systems can be designed and developed without batteries.
Figure 4.20 shows the distribution of products in two categories; systems with batteries and without batteries.
Figure 4.20 Categorization of PIPV products based on battery inclusive and battery-less PIPV systems
c) Product category – Price segment
Cost is a determining factor in the purchase choices of products. PIPV products are categorized and distributed in various price bands varying between INR 100 to > INR 5000.
Figure 4.21 shows the distribution of identified PIPV products as per various price levels.
Figure 4.21 Distribution of PIPV products at various price levels.
It is observed that nearly 37% of the products lie in the price band of INR 500 - 1500, followed by 21% in the price band of INR 2500 - 5000. Very few products in the new applications category are priced at more than INR 5000. The rest, 16% of total products, are in the price group of INR 100 - 500. This categorization visualizes the PIPV product scenario from the perspective of economic aspects.
d) PIPV categorization based on Rural Activity Segmentation – Requirement capture - Product matrix
All the identified products are analyzed based on the intervention areas they address. This is done by marking the intervention area on the opportunity matrix (Ref. figure 4.18, chapter 4). The respective fields addressed by product intervention are highlighted. Figure 4.22 shows the opportunity matrix with highlighted fields by PIPV products available in the market.
Figure 4.22 Opportunity matrix with highlighted fields addressed by identified PIPV products
PIPV products available in the market are categorized under agriculture, education, healthcare and household activities. However, under such categorization, it is evident that there are gaps in the different activities in each head that are yet to be addressed through product interventions. These could be considered opportunities for intervention with suitable PIPV products to meet these functional activities. For instance, if we consider agriculture, the activities related to agriculture, such as land preparation, plucking tools, crop protection, and movement needs, are yet to be addressed through PIPV product interventions. It defines the scope for the product intervention to address those needs.
In the study to follow, we examine the selected PIPV products by mapping their functions against Maslow’s model of classification of the hierarchy of human needs.