List of Abbreviations
Chapter 7: Chapter 7: Findings on the Association of BSC with Organisational Commitment and Public Service Motivation
7.3 Individual constructs
7.4.2 Means and standard deviations of OC and PSM across offices
Table 7.3 shows that employees in the offices of Tanjung Priok, Batam, Soetta and Cikarang demonstrated lower OC relative to employees in other offices. As discussed in the previous chapter, Tanjung Priok, Batam and Soetta are classified as large organisations, and the remaining nine organisations are considered small.
The mean comparison illustrates that large organisations (Tanjung Priok, Batam and Soetta) are more likely to have lower OC than small organisations. Overall, OC in Purwakarta was the highest with 6.19, while Tanjung Priok and Cikarang show the lowest mean value of 5.84. However, the results regarding employees’ PSM are more varied; Marunda’s was the highest (6.17), followed by Bekasi (6.08) and Purwakarta (6.06). Bandung and Cikarang both display the lowest mean value of 5.85. Table 7.3 provides information about OC and PSM across the twelve customs and excise organisations.
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Table 7.3 Means and standard deviations of OC and PSM across organisations
Organisation OC PSM
Mean Std.
Dev N Mean Std. Dev N
MSO of Tg. Priok 5.84 0.54 299 5.89 0.52 301
MSO of Batam 5.88 0.68 166 5.95 0.57 167
MSO of Soetta 5.78 0.6 230 5.90 0.55 231
CEO of Marunda 6.12 0.57 118 6.17 0.51 117
CEO of Jakarta 6.11 0.61 81 6.02 0.56 81
CEO of Tangerang 6.11 0.45 143 5.98 0.56 140
CEO of Merak 5.98 0.64 76 5.97 0.63 77
CEO of Bogor 6.10 0.44 113 5.96 0.53 113
CEO of Bekasi 6.15 0.55 157 6.08 0.55 152
CEO of Cikarang 5.84 0.63 92 5.85 0.61 90
CEO of Purwakarta 6.19 0.56 88 6.06 0.53 92
CEO of Bandung 5.93 0.57 94 5.85 0.55 94
Total 5.97 0.58 1,657 5.96 0.55 1,655
Note: N = observations; Std. Dev. = standard deviation
7.4.2.1 Means and standard deviations of OC and PSM across employee roles Table 7.4 shows that OC and PSM means increase as job level increases. For OC, the lowest mean is at the staff level (OC of 5.86), followed by functional officers (5.94), then Echelon 5 employees (6.20) and Echelon 4 employees (6.21). The highest mean is shown among the Echelon 3 employees (6.23). For the latent PSM variable, the pattern is similar; the higher employees’ job levels, the better their PSM results. Again, employees at the staff level had the lowest mean outcome (5.91), followed by functional officers (5.98), Echelon 5 employees (6.06), and Echelon 4 employees (6.09); the highest mean is shown by the Echelon 3 employees (6.16). Hence, it appears that employees’ roles are positively correlated with both OC and PSM.
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Table 7.4 Means and standard deviations of OC and PSM across employees’ roles Job level
OC PSM
Mean Std. Dev. N Mean Std. Dev. N
Staff level 5.86 0.59 1051 5.91 0.56 1051
Functional officer 5.94 0.52 95 5.98 0.58 96
Echelon 5 6.20 0.50 321 6.06 0.54 318
Echelon 4 6.21 0.51 165 6.09 0.50 164
Echelon 3 6.23 0.46 23 6.16 0.53 23
Total 5.97 0.58 1655 5.96 0.55 1652
Note: N = observations; Std. Dev. = standard deviation
7.4.2.2 Means and standard deviations of OC and PSM working ranks
Considered in terms of working rank, the mean OC fluctuates. There is an increase (5.83 to 6.12) in OC from Rank II to Rank III officers, but this figure then decreases to 6.09 among employees at Rank IV. However, PSM increases as working rank increases. The lowest PSM level was observed among Rank II employees, with a mean of 5.93; the means increased to 5.99 among Rank III employees and 6.09 among Rank IV employees. The details of OC and PSM distribution across working ranks are provided in Table 7.5.
Table 7.5 Means and standard deviations of OC and PSM across working ranks Working Rank
OC PSM
Mean Std. Dev. N Mean Std. Dev. N
Rank II 5.83 0.61 849 5.93 0.53 852
Rank III 6.12 0.51 723 5.99 0.57 718
Rank IV 6.09 0.67 84 6.02 0.63 83
Total 5.97 0.58 1656 5.96 0.56 1653
Note: N = observations; Std. Dev. = standard deviation
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7.4.2.3 Means and standard deviations of OC and PSM across employee ages OC increases gradually with employee age, with the exception of employees aged 55 or older. Meanwhile, for PSM, the distribution fluctuates somewhat, particularly among employees over age 50. The detailed distribution of OC and PSM results, along with standard deviations, are provided in Table 7.6.
Table 7.6 Means and standard deviations of OC and PSM across employee ages
Employee Age
OC PSM
Mean Std. Dev. N Mean Std. Dev. N
18 - 30 5.80 0.60 774 5.93 0.53 778
>30 - 45 6.01 0.54 512 6.00 0.51 507
>45 - 50 6.28 0.50 115 6.15 0.45 114
>50 - 55 6.31 0.42 154 5.88 0.74 151
>55 6.24 0.46 91 6.01 0.61 91
Total 5.97 0.58 1646 5.97 0.55 1641
Note: N =observations; Std. Dev. = standard deviation
7.4.2.4 Means and standard deviations of OC and PSM across educational levels
Table 7.7 provides information on OC and PSM results classified according to educational level. As can be seen, the contribution of employee educational level differed between OC and PSM. High school graduates show the highest mean of OC (6.25), and Diploma III graduates show the lowest mean of OC. For PSM, however, high school, Diploma I, Diploma III and bachelor’s graduates yielded relatively similar numbers (5.9); the highest level of PSM (6.06) was among employees with master’s degrees.
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Table 7.7 Means and standard deviations of OC and PSM across educational levels
Educational Level
OC PSM
Mean Std. Dev. N Mean Std. Dev N
High school 6.25 0.41 184 5.94 0.41 179
Diploma I 5.85 0.57 589 5.96 0.57 593
Diploma III 5.81 0.68 235 5.91 0.68 234
Bachelor’s degree 6.05 0.57 420 5.97 0.57 418 Master’s degree 6.06 0.55 212 6.05 0.55 211
Doctoral Degree 6.07 0 1 5.8 0 1
Total 5.97 1641 5.97 0.59
Note: N = observations; Std. Dev. = standard deviation
7.4.2.5 Means and standard deviations of OC and PSM across working tenures Table 7.8 shows that employees with more than 10 years at their organisations had the highest levels of OC. Those in the first two years of their tenure had a relatively high mean which then decreased among employees who had been at their organisations for three to five years. A similar trend appeared in PSM, with employees having worked for less than two years showing greater motivation.
Table 7.8 Means and standard deviations of OC and PSM across working tenures
Working Tenure
OC PSM
Mean Std. Dev. N Mean Std. Dev. N
<1 5.95 0.57 379 5.99 0.55 379
1 - <2 5.95 0.62 401 6.02 0.53 404
>2 - 5 5.89 0.59 458 5.94 0.51 457
>5 - 10 5.92 0.57 132 5.91 0.57 131
>10 6.20 0.50 275 5.93 0.65 269
Total 5.97 0.49 1645 5.97 0.55 1640
Note: N = observations; Std. Dev. = standard deviation
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7.4.2.6 Means and standard deviations of OC and PSM according to gender Table 7.9 shows the mean OC for a male (5.97) to be lower than for a female (6.00).
However, in terms of PSM, the results show a higher mean among males (5.98) than among their female counterparts (5.88). It therefore appears that women are more committed to their organisations than men, while men show higher levels of PSM.
Table 7.9 Means and standard deviations of OC and PSM according to gender Gender
OC PSM
Mean Std. Dev. N Mean F Std. Dev.
Male 5.97 0.59 1415 5.98 1424 0.53 Female 6.00 0.55 230 5.88 230 0.65 Total 5.97 0.59 1645 5.97 1654 0.55 Note: N = observations; Std. Dev. = standard deviation