Nutrient requirements in North America are based on the recommendations of the National Research Council, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC. The recommendations cover pigs, poultry, dairy cattle, horses, laboratory animals, etc., and are published as a series of books. The recommendations for each species are updated about every 10 years, the current Nutrient Requirements of Swinebeing the 1998, 10th revised edition (NRC, 1998). A specially appointed committee of experts meets to review published research findings and to derive estimates of requirements. These are then published as recommendations. The information is used widely by the feed industry in North America and in many other regions.
No comparable recommendations exist in other countries. UK nutrient requirement standards were prepared in the past by national committees, e.g.
the Agricultural Research Council (ARC, 1981) and the Agricultural and Food Research Council (AFRC, 1990, 1991), but they have not been updated recently for all classes of pig. Reviews on energy and protein requirements of breeding and growing pigs have been published recently (Whittemoreet al., 2001a,b,c) and it has been suggested that similar reviews on vitamin and mineral requirements are needed. The Netherlands uses official standards published by the Dutch Centraal Veevoeder Bureau (CVB, 2000) covering mainly feed composition tables for energy, AA (with availabilities) and major minerals. Use is also made in The Netherlands of ARC (1981) and NRC (1998) especially for mineral and vitamin requirements. Denmark has a National Standard for the nutrient requirements of pigs covering all nutrients to be provided to all the various classes of pig. The standard is reviewed and revised regularly. The Danish information base may be of limited use else- where because of the way in which energy and protein requirements are expressed and differences in feed evaluation methodology. The most recent French publication on requirements is that of the Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) in 1984, which covers pigs, poultry and rabbits. There are no national standards for the nutrient requirements of pigs in Spain. The official standard most widely accepted there is NRC (1998).
Australian nutritional standards are now out of date, with ARC (1981) and those of the Standing Committee on Agriculture (SCA, 1987) being used in the past. As a result there is no national set of recommendations and no good up-to-date information specifically developed and available for Australia.
One of the limitations of published estimates of requirements is their applicability generally. For instance, a main issue influencing nutrient requirements for energy and AA in the growing pig is the capacity for the genotype in question to lay down fat as the animal grows to maturity.
Responses to higher dietary concentrations of AA will be positive only in animals with a genetic potential to deposit lean tissue rather than fat. As a
result, it is not possible to establish nutritional standards for AA that can be applied generally. For this reason, the feed industry in Europe, Australia and to some extent North America now uses nutrient requirement models based on requirement data but tailored to specific genotypes of pig.
There is currently no set of nutritional standards designed specifically for organic pigs. These standards will have to be derived from existing standards for commercial pigs.
One of the criticisms of the NRC publications is that some of the data are old and out-of-date because the research in question was carried out some time ago. Also, that the time lag in the derivation of new research findings, its peer-review and publication in scientific journals, and its incorporation into the NRC recommendations, makes the information less applicable to superior genotypes of pigs. However, this criticism is of less importance to organic producers. Most organic producers use traditional breeds of pig that have not been subjected to the selection pressure imposed on leading genotypes used in conventional production. Consequently they should find the NRC publica- tions a useful guide to nutrient requirements. Furthermore it could be argued that, of the various requirement estimates available, the ARC (1981) and SCA (1987) estimates are the most applicable to organic production because of the genotypes used in deriving them. The data are however incomplete. It is debatable whether requirement tables such as those produced by NRC, ARC and SCA are applicable in developing countries. For instance, Preston and Leng (1987) have argued that in developing countries the objective should be to optimize the use of available resources and minimize the use of imported ingredients. Under these conditions it is very difficult to achieve NRC, ARC or SCA requirements economically and optimal production is, as a result, less than maximal.
The present publication takes the view that the NRC recommendations are of primary interest to organic pig producers worldwide. The Australian (SCA, 1987) feeding standards, which are based on the ARC (1981) recom- mendations but are more complete, are also of interest. In addition, pig producers in Australia use genotypes based on traditional European breeds that are being used in many countries for organic production. One valuable aspect of the Australian standards is that the requirements have been extrapolated using modelling methods into a series of tables setting out nutrient needs in a range of pigs varying in weight and genotype. Producers can then select which model best fits their situation. This modelling approach is now the one adopted by authorities engaged in establishing standards, the NRC (1998) publication setting out the appropriate methodology.
Accordingly, the nutrient requirements set out in Tables 3.6 to 3.9 below (from NRC, 1998) are suggested as the basis for the establishment of nutritional standards applicable in average herds of organic pigs, the animals being genotypes drawn from traditional breeds. On the other hand, organic producers using modern hybrids may find the requirement values recommended by the breeding company for that particular genotype to be more useful than the values suggested here.
Bred gilts, sows Lactating gilts, sows Boars
1979 1988 1998a 1979 1988 1998a 1979 1988 1998
Digestible energy (kcal/kg) 3400 3340 3400 3395 3340 3400 3400 3340 3400
Digestible energy (MJ/kg) 14.23 13.97 14.23 14.2 13.97 14.23 14.23 13.97 14.23
Metabolizable energy (kcal/kg) 3200 3210 3265 3195 3210 3265 3200 3210 3265
Metabolizable energy (MJ/kg) 13.39 13.43 13.66 13.37 13.43 13.66 13.39 13.43 13.66
Crude protein (g/kg) 120 120 128 130 130 185 120 120 130
Amino acids (g/kg)
Arginine NA NA 0.3 4.0 4.0 4.9 NA NA NA
Histidine 1.5 1.5 1.8 2.5 2.5 3.8 1.5 1.5 1.9
Isoleucine 3.7 3.0 3.2 3.9 3.9 5.4 3.7 3.0 3.5
Leucine 4.2 3.0 4.9 7.0 4.8 10.5 4.2 3.0 5.1
Lysine 4.3 4.3 5.7 5.8 6.0 9.7 4.3 4.3 6.0
Available lysine NA NA 4.9 NA NA 8.5 NA NA NA
Methionine + cystine 2.3 2.3 3.8 3.6 3.6 4.7 2.3 2.3 4.2
Phenyalanine + tyrosine 5.2 4.5 5.4 8.5 7.0 10.8 5.2 4.5 5.7
Threonine 3.4 3.0 4.5 4.3 4.3 6.3 3.4 3.0 5.0
Tryptophan 0.9 0.9 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.8 0.9 0.9 1.2
Valine 4.6 3.2 3.8 5.5 6.0 8.3 4.6 3.2 4.0
Minerals (g/kg)
Calcium 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5
Phosphorus (total) 6.0 6.0 6.0 5.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0
Phosphorus (available) NA 3.5 3.5 NA 3.5 3.5 NA 3.5 3.5
Chloride 2.5 1.2 1.2 3.0 1.6 1.6 2.5 1.2 1.2
Magnesium 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4
Potassium 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0
Sodium 1.5 1.5 1.5 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.5 1.5 1.5
Trace minerals (mg/kg)
Copper 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0
Iodine 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.14
Iron 80.0 80.0 80.0 80.0 80.0 80.0 80.0 80.0 80.0
Manganese 10.0 10.0 20.0 10.0 10.0 20.0 10.0 10.0 20.0
Chapter3
Zinc 50.0 50.0 50.0 50.0 50.0 50.0 50.0 50.0 50.0 Vitamins (IU/kg)
Vitamin A 4000 4000 4000 2000 2000 2000 4000 4000 4000
Vitamin D 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200
Vitamin E 10.0 22.0 44.0 10.0 22.0 44.0 10.0 22.0 44.0
Vitamins (mg/kg)
Biotin 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2
Choline 1250 1250 1250 1250 1000 1000 1000 1250 1250
Folacin 0.6 0.3 1.3 0.6 0.3 1.3 0.6 0.3 1.3
Niacin 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0
Pantothenic acid 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0
Pyridoxine 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
Riboflavin 3.0 3.75 3.75 3.0 3.75 3.75 3.0 3.75 3.75
Thiamin 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
Vitamins (µg/kg)
Cobalamin (B12) 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0
Linoleic acid (g/kg) NA 1.0 1.0 NA 1.0 1.0 NA 1.0 1.0
NA, not available.
aBased on weight at breeding of 150 kg, gestation weight gain of 45 kg, 12 pigs in litter, post-farrowing weight of 175 kg, 10 kg weight loss during lactation, and average piglet weight gain of 200 g/day.
ofPigNutrition51
Bred gilts, sows Lactating gilts, sows Boars
1979 1988 1998a 1979b 1988 1998a 1979 1988 1998
Digestible energy (kcal/day) 6,120 6,300 6,265 16,130 17,700 17,850 6,120 6,300 6,800
Digestible energy (MJ/day) 25.61 26.36 26.21 67.49 74.06 74.68 25.61 26.36 28.45
Metabolizable energy (kcal/day) 5,760 6,100 6,015 15,180 17,000 17,135 5,760 6,100 6,530
Metabolizable energy (MJ/day) 24.10 25.52 25.17 63.51 71.13 71.69 24.10 25.52 27.32
Crude protein (g/day) 216 228 236 618 689 853 216 228 260
Amino acids (g/day)
Arginine NA NA 0.5 19.0 21.2 22.4 NA NA NA
Histidine 2.7 2.8 3.4 11.9 13.2 17.5 2.7 2.8 3.8
Isoleucine 6.7 5.7 6.0 18.5 20.7 25.0 6.7 5.7 7.0
Leucine 7.6 5.7 9.0 33.3 25.4 48.6 7.6 5.7 10.2
Lysine 7.7 8.2 10.6 27.6 31.8 44.9 7.7 8.2 12.0
Available lysine NA NA 9.0 NA NA 39.4 NA NA NA
Methionine + cystine 4.1 4.4 7.0 17.1 19.1 21.7 4.1 4.4 8.4
Phenyalanine + tyrosine 9.4 8.6 9.9 40.4 37.1 49.8 9.4 8.6 11.4
Threonine 6.1 5.7 8.3 20.4 22.8 28.8 6.1 5.7 10.0
Tryptophan 1.6 1.7 2.0 5.7 6.4 8.2 1.6 1.7 2.4
Valine 8.3 6.1 7.0 26.1 31.8 38.4 8.3 6.1 8.0
Minerals (g/day)
Calcium 13.5 14.2 13.9 35.6 39.8 39.4 13.5 14.2 15.0
Phosphorus (total) 10.8 11.4 11.1 23.8 31.8 31.5 10.8 11.4 12.0
Phosphorus (available) NA 6.6 6.5 NA 18.6 18.4 NA 6.6 7.0
Chloride 4.5 2.3 2.2 14.2 8.5 8.4 4.5 2.3 2.4
Magnesium 0.7 0.8 0.7 1.9 2.1 2.1 0.7 0.8 0.8
Potassium 3.6 3.8 3.7 9.5 10.6 10.5 3.6 3.8 4.0
Sodium 2.7 2.8 2.8 9.5 10.6 10.5 2.7 2.8 3.0
Trace minerals (mg/day)
Copper 9.0 9.5 9.3 24.0 26.5 26.3 9.0 9.5 10.0
Iodine 0.25 0.3 0.3 0.66 0.7 0.7 0.25 0.3 0.28
Chapter3
Manganese 18.0 19.0 37.0 48.0 53.0 105.0 18.0 19.0 40.0
Selenium 0.27 0.3 0.3 0.48 0.8 0.8 0.27 0.3 0.3
Zinc 90 95 93 238 265 263 90 95 100
Vitamins (IU/day)
Vitamin A 7,200 7,600 7,400 9,500 10,600 10,500 7,200 7,600 8,000
Vitamin D 360 380 370 950 1,060 1,050 360 380 400
Vitamin E 18.0 42.0 81.0 47.5 117.0 231.0 18.0 42.0 88.0
Vitamins (mg/day)
Biotin 0.18 0.4 0.4 0.48 1.1 1.1 0.18 0.4 0.4
Choline 2,250 2,400 2,300 5,940 5,300 5,300 2,250 2,400 2,500
Folacin 1.08 0.6 2.4 2.8 1.6 6.8 1.08 0.6 2.6
Niacin 18.0 19.0 19.0 47.5 53.0 53.0 18.0 19.0 20.0
Pantothenic acid 21.6 22.8 22.0 57.0 63.6 63.0 21.6 22.8 24.0
Pyridoxine 1.8 1.9 1.9 4.8 5.3 5.3 1.8 1.9 2.0
Riboflavin 5.4 7.1 6.9 14.2 19.9 19.7 5.4 7.1 7.5
Thiamin 1.8 1.9 1.9 4.8 5.3 5.3 1.8 1.9 2.0
Vitamins (µg/day)
Cobalamin (B12) 27.0 28.5 28.0 71.2 79.5 79.0 27.0 28.5 30.0
Linoleic acid (g/day) NA 1.9 1.9 NA 5.3 5.3 NA 1.9 2.0
NA, not available.
aBased on weight at breeding of 150 kg, gestation weight gain of 45 kg, 12 pigs in litter, post-farrowing weight of 175 kg, 10 kg weight loss during lactation, and average piglet weight gain of 200 g/day.
bAssuming feed intake of 4.75 kg/day.
ofPigNutrition53
Live weight (kg)
10–20 20–50 50–100
1979 1988 1998 1979a 1988 1998 1979b 1988 1998
Digestible energy (kcal/kg) 3370 3400 3400 3390 3400 3400 3395 3400 3400
Digestible energy (MJ/kg) 14.10 14.23 14.23 14.12 14.23 14.23 14.20 14.23 14.23
Metabolizable energy (kcal/kg) 3160 3250 3265 3190 3260 3265 3195 3275 3265
Metabolizable energy (MJ/kg) 13.22 13.60 13.65 13.35 13.61 13.65 13.37 13.70 13.65
Crude protein (g/kg) 180 180 209 140 150 180 130 130 155
Amino acids (g/kg)
Arginine 2.3 4.0 4.6 1.8 2.5 3.7 1.6 1.0 2.7
Histidine 2.0 2.5 3.6 1.6 2.2 3.0 1.5 1.8 2.4
Isoleucine 5.6 5.3 6.3 4.4 4.6 5.1 4.1 3.8 4.2
Leucine 6.8 7.0 11.2 5.2 6.0 9.0 4.8 5.0 7.1
Lysine 7.9 9.5 11.5 6.1 7.5 9.5 5.7 6.0 7.5
Available lysine NA NA 10.1 NA NA 8.3 NA NA 6.6
Methionine + cystine 5.1 4.8 6.5 4.0 4.1 5.4 3.0 3.4 4.4
Phenylalanine + tyrosine 7.9 7.7 10.6 6.1 6.6 8.7 5.7 5.5 7.0
Threonine 5.1 5.6 7.4 3.9 4.8 6.1 3.7 4.0 5.1
Tryptophan 1.3 1.4 2.1 1.1 1.2 1.7 1.0 1.0 1.4
Valine 5.6 5.6 7.9 4.4 4.8 6.4 4.1 4.0 5.2
Minerals (g/kg)
Calcium 6.5 7.0 7.0 5.5 6.0 6.0 5.0 5.0 5.0
Phosphorus (total) 5.5 6.0 6.0 4.5 5.0 5.0 4.0 4.0 4.5
Phosphorus (available) NA 3.2 3.2 NA 2.3 2.3 NA 1.5 1.9
Chloride 1.3 0.8 1.5 1.3 0.8 0.8 1.3 0.8 0.8
Magnesium 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4
Potassium 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.0 2.3 2.3 1.7 1.7 1.9
Sodium 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
Chapter3
Copper 5.0 5.0 5.0 3.0 4.0 4.0 3.0 3.0 3.5
Iodine 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.14
Iron 80.0 80.0 80.0 50.0 60.0 60.0 40.0 40.0 50.0
Manganese 3.0 3.0 3.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0
Selenium 0.15 0.25 0.25 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.10 0.10 0.15
Zinc 80.0 80.0 80.0 50.0 60.0 60.0 50.0 50.0 50.0
Vitamins (IU/kg)
Vitamin A 1750 1750 1750 1300 1300 1300 1300 1300 1300
Vitamin D 200 200 200 150 150 150 125 150 150
Vitamin E 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0
Vitamins (mg/kg)
Biotin 0.1 0.05 0.05 0.1 0.05 0.05 0.1 0.05 0.05
Choline 900 400 400 550 300 300 400 300 300
Folacin 0.6 0.3 0.3 0.6 0.3 0.3 0.6 0.3 0.3
Niacin 18.0 12.5 12.5 12.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 7.0 7.0
Pantothenic acid 11.0 9.0 9.0 11.0 8.0 8.0 11.0 7.0 7.0
Pyridoxine 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.0
Riboflavin 3.0 3.0 3.0 2.2 2.5 2.5 2.2 2.0 2.0
Thiamin 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.0
Vitamins (µg/kg)
Cobalamin (B12) 15.0 15.0 15.0 11.0 10.0 10.0 11.0 5.0 5.0
Linoleic acid (g/kg) NA 1.0 1.0 NA 1.0 1.0 NA 1.0 1.0
NA, not available.
a35–60 kg live weight.
b60–100 kg live weight.
ofPigNutrition55
Live weight (kg)
10–20 20–50 50–100
1979 1988 1998 1979a 1988 1998 1979b 1988 1998
Digestible energy (kcal/day) 3,370 3,230 3,400 6,740 6,460 6,305 10,110 10,570 8,760
Digestible energy (MJ/day) 14.10 13.51 14.23 28.20 27.03 26.38 42.30 44.22 36.65
Metabolizable energy (kcal/day) 3,160 3,090 3,265 6,320 6,200 6,050 9,480 10,185 8,410
Metabolizable energy (MJ/day) 13.22 12.93 13.66 26.44 25.94 25.31 39.66 42.61 35.20
Crude protein (g/day) 180 171 209 280 285 334 390 404 399
Amino acids (g/day)
Arginine 2.3 3.8 4.6 3.6 4.8 6.8 4.8 3.1 7.1
Histidine 2.0 2.4 3.6 3.2 4.2 5.6 4.5 5.6 6.3
Isoleucine 5.6 5.0 6.3 8.8 8.7 9.5 12.3 11.8 10.7
Leucine 6.8 6.6 11.2 10.4 11.4 16.8 14.4 15.6 18.4
Lysine 7.9 9.0 11.5 12.2 14.3 17.5 17.1 18.7 19.7
Available lysine NA NA 10.1 NA NA 15.3 NA NA 17.1
Methionine + cystine 5.1 4.6 6.5 8.0 7.8 9.9 9.0 10.6 11.3
Phenylalanine + tyrosine 7.9 7.3 10.6 12.2 12.5 16.1 17.1 17.1 18.0
Threonine 5.1 5.3 7.4 7.8 9.1 11.3 11.1 12.4 13.0
Tryptophan 1.3 1.3 2.1 2.2 2.3 3.2 3.0 3.1 3.6
Valine 5.6 5.3 7.9 8.8 9.1 11.9 12.3 12.4 13.3
Minerals (g/day)
Calcium 6.5 6.6 7.0 11.0 11.4 11.13 15.0 15.6 12.88
Phosphorus (total) 5.5 5.7 6.00 9.0 9.5 9.28 12.0 12.4 11.59
Phosphorus (available) NA 3.0 3.2 NA 4.4 4.27 NA 4.7 4.89
Chloride 1.3 0.8 1.50 2.6 1.5 1.48 3.9 2.5 2.06
Magnesium 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.8 0.8 0.74 1.2 1.2 1.03
Potassium 2.6 2.5 2.6 4.0 4.4 4.27 5.1 5.3 4.89
Sodium 1.0 1.0 1.50 2.0 1.9 1.86 3.0 3.1 2.58
Chapter3
Copper 5.0 4.75 5.0 6.0 7.6 7.4 9.0 9.3 9.0
Iodine 0.14 0.13 0.14 0.28 0.27 0.26 0.42 0.44 0.36
Iron 80.0 76.0 80.0 100 114 111 120 124 130
Manganese 3.0 2.85 3.0 4.0 3.8 3.71 6.0 6.22 5.15
Selenium 0.15 0.24 0.25 0.3 0.28 0.28 0.3 0.31 0.39
Zinc 80.0 76.0 80.0 100 114 111 150 155 130
Vitamins (IU/day)
Vitamin A 1,750 1,662 1,750 2,600 2,470 2,412 3,900 4,043 3,348
Vitamin D 200 190 200 300 285 278 375 466 386
Vitamin E 11.0 10.0 11.0 22.0 21.0 20.0 33.0 34.0 28.0
Vitamins (mg/day)
Biotin 0.1 0.05 0.05 0.2 0.1 0.09 0.3 0.16 0.13
Choline 900 380 400 1,100 570 560 1,200 930 770
Folacin 0.6 0.28 0.3 1.2 0.57 0.56 1.8 0.93 0.77
Niacin 18.0 11.88 12.5 24.0 19.0 18.55 30.0 21.77 18.03
Pantothenic acid 11.0 8.55 9.0 22.0 15.2 14.84 33.0 21.77 18.03
Pyridoxine 1.5 1.42 1.50 2.2 1.9 1.86 3.3 3.11 2.58
Riboflavin 3.0 2.85 3.0 4.4 4.75 4.64 7.0 6.22 5.15
Thiamin 1.1 0.95 1.0 2.2 1.9 1.86 3.3 3.11 2.58
Vitamins (µg/day)
Cobalamin (B12) 15.0 14.25 15.0 22.0 19.0 18.55 33.0 15.55 12.88
Linoleic acid (g/day) NA 1.0 1.0 NA 1.9 1.86 NA 3.1 2.58
NA, not available.
a35–60 kg live weight.
b60–100 kg live weight.
ofPigNutrition57
Derivation of standards
Standards can be derived from the above data for application by producers and by the feed industry. Application of the standards is aimed at providing a balanced diet, the features of which can be outlined as follows:
• The DE (or ME) level is correct for the class of pig in question.
• The CP is at the correct level in relation to DE (or ME).
• The EAA requirements on a bioavailable basis have been met and the balance of AA is appropriate.
• Sufficient minerals have been added to meet the requirements for
− macro minerals
− trace minerals.
• Sufficient vitamins have been added to meet requirements.
• The diet contains no dangerous excesses of nutrients or deleterious compounds.
In addition it is desirable to ensure that suitable ingredients have been selected and that they have been mixed to produce a uniform diet. This aspect is outlined in Chapter 5.
Fig. 3.2.Nature’s best food (courtesy David Fraser).
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4 Approved Ingredients for Organic Diets
New Zealand is one of the few countries to include a list of approved feed ingredients in the organic regulations (Table 4.1). This is a very useful feature of their regulations. In addition, the regulations stipulate that the feeds must meet the ACVM Act and regulations, the HSNO Act, or are exempt, thus providing additional assurance to the consumer. This list appears to be based on the EU list, possibly because of export requirements.
The EU has a somewhat similar list (Table 4.1), but one detailing non-organic feedstuffs that can be used in limited quantities in organic feeds for pigs. It may be inferred from the EU list that organic sources of the named ingredients are acceptable.
Most countries follow the EU system and do not publish an approved list, stating that all feedstuffs used must meet organic guidelines. An example is the USA, where the regulations also state that all feed, feed additives and feed supplements must comply with FDA regulations.
The Canadian provinces Quebec and British Columbia allow pure AA, a distinction being made between those of fermented origin (approved) and those of synthetic origin (prohibited).
Based on the information above, which is drawn from both the northern and southern hemispheres, the present chapter suggests potential feedstuffs available for organic pig production in many countries. Not all of the feed ingredients in the above table are suitable for inclusion in pig diets, since the lists include those more suited for ruminant feeding. In addition, some of the ingredients are not usually available in sufficient quantity.
© R. Blair 2007.Nutrition and Feeding of Organic Pigs(R. Blair) 61
Table 4.1. Comparison of approved organic feedstuffs in New Zealand (NZ) and approved non-organic feedstuffs in the European Union (EU).
NZ-approved list (only those named in each category) MAF Standard OP3, Appendix Two
EU-approved list of non-organic feedstuffs (up to defined limits) EC No. 1804/1999 and amendments 1. Feed materials
from plant origin
1.1. Cereals, grains, their products and by-products. Oats as grains, flakes, middlings, hulls and bran;
barley as grains, protein and
middlings; rice germ expeller; millet as grains; rye as grains and middlings;
sorghum as grains; wheat as grains, middlings, bran, gluten feed, gluten and germ; spelt as grains; triticale as grains; maize as grains, bran, middlings, germ expeller and gluten;
malt culms; brewer’s grains (rice as grain, rice broken, rice bran, rye feed, rye bran and tapioca were de-listed in 2004)
1.1. Cereals, grains, their products and by-products. Oats as grains, flakes, middlings, hulls and bran;
barley as grains, protein and
middlings; rice germ expeller; millet as grains; rye as grains and middlings;
sorghum as grains; wheat as grains, middlings, bran, gluten feed, gluten and germ; spelt as grains; triticale as grains; maize as grains, bran, middlings, germ expeller and gluten;
malt culms; brewer’s grains
1.2. Oilseeds, oil fruits, their products and by-products. Canola (rapeseed) as expeller and hulls; soybean as bean, toasted, expeller and hulls;
sunflower seed as seed and expeller;
cotton as seed and seed expeller;
linseed as seed and expeller; sesame seed as expeller; palm kernels as expeller; pumpkin seed as expeller;
olives, olive pulp; vegetable oils (from physical extraction) (turnip rapeseed expeller was de-listed in 2004)
1.2. Oilseeds, oil fruits, their products and by products. Canola (rapeseed) as expeller and hulls; soybean as bean, toasted, expeller and hulls;
sunflower seed as seed and expeller;
cotton as seed and seed expeller;
linseed as seed and expeller; sesame seed as expeller; palm kernels as expeller; pumpkin seed as expeller;
olives, olive pulp (from physical extraction of olives); vegetable oils (from physical extraction) 1.3. Legume seeds, their product and
by-products. Chick peas as seeds, middlings and bran; ervil as seeds, middlings and bran; chickling vetch as seeds submitted to heat treatment, middlings and bran; peas as seeds, middlings and bran; broad beans as seeds, middlings and bran; horse beans as seeds middlings and bran;
vetches as seeds, middlings and bran;
lupin as seeds, middlings and bran
1.3. Legume seeds, their product and by-products. Chick peas as seeds, middlings and bran; ervil as seeds, middlings and bran; chickling vetch as seeds submitted to an appropriate heat treatment, middlings and bran;
peas as seeds, middlings and bran;
broad beans as seeds, middlings and bran; horse beans as seeds, middlings and bran; vetches as seeds, middlings and bran; lupin as seeds, middlings and bran
1.4. Tuber roots, their products and by-products. Sugarbeet pulp, potato, sweet potato as tuber, potato pulp (by-product of the extraction of potato starch), potato starch, potato protein, manioc (cassava)
1.4. Tuber roots, their products and by-products. Sugarbeet pulp, potato, sweet potato as tuber, manioc as roots, potato pulp (by-product of the extraction of potato starch), potato starch, potato protein
1.5. Other seeds and fruits, their products and by-products. Carob, carob pods and meals thereof;
pumpkins, citrus pulp, apples, quinces, pears, peaches, figs, grapes and pulps thereof; chestnuts, walnut expeller, hazelnut expeller; cocoa husks and expeller; acorns
1.5. Other seeds and fruits, their products and by-products. Carob, carob pods and meals thereof, citrus pulp, pumpkins; apples, quinces, pears, peaches, figs, grapes and pulps thereof; chestnuts, walnut expeller, hazelnut expeller; cocoa husks and expeller, acorns