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ABSTRACT

An i n v e s t i g a t i o n w a s c a r r i e d o u t o n t h e f u r r o w o p e n e r s o f c o m b i n e d s e e d a n d f e r t i l i z e r d r i l l in o r d e r t o i m p r o v e t h e i r d e s i g n f o r o b t a i n i n g m a x i m u m f e r t i l i z e r u s e e f f i c i e n c y i n c o a r s e t e x t u r e d s oi ls . T h e p r o j e c t w a s a l s o a i m e d a t r e d u c i n g t h e d r a f t r e q u i r e m e n t o f t h e f u r r o w o p e n e r s .

T h e t e s t s w e r e c o n d u c t e d in a n i n d o o r s o i l b i n in t w o d i f f e r e n t t y p e s o f soil, s a n d y l o a m a n d l o a m y s a nd. A s e e d - c u m - f e r t i l i z e r d r i l l i n g u n i t w a s d e v e l o p e d a n d f i x e d a t t h e t o o l t e s t t r o l l e y o f t h e s o i l b i n to m o u n t t h e d i f f e r e n t t e s t f u r r o w o p e n e r s . T w o s e r i a l l y c o n n e c t e d o c t a g o n a l r i n g t r a n s d u c e r s w e r e u s e d to m e a s u r e t h e h o r i z o n t a l a n d v e r t i c a l s o i l r e a c t i o n f o r c e s . A s h u t t e r t y p e s o i l s a m p l e r w a s d e v e l o p e d f o r d e t e r m i n i n g t h e s e e d - f e r t i l i z e r d i s t r i b u t i o n p a t t e r n o b t a i n e d w i t h d i f f e r e n t f u r r o w o p e n e r s t e s t e d i n t h e p r e s e n t i n v e s t i g a t i o n . A p e r f o r m a n c e i n d e x w a s a l s o d e v e l o p e d a n d u s e d to c o m p a r e th e o v e r a l l p e r f o r m a n c e o f t h e t e s t o p e n e r s .

I n i t i a l l y , t h e p e r f o r m a n c e o f a t w o - s e p a r a t e o p e n e r s y s t e m w a s a s s e s s e d a g a i n s t a s t a n d a r d c o m b i n e d o p e n e r . B a s e d o n t h e b e t t e r perforraace o f th e c o m b i n e d o p e n e r , s i x r a n d o m l y s e l e c t e d c o m b i n e d f u r r o w o p e n e r s e m p l o y i n g s h oe, s h o v e l a n d h o e d e s i g n s w e r e t h e n t e s t e d t o i d e n t i f y t h e m o s t s u i t a b l e d e s i g n f o r c o a r s e t e x t u r e d s o i l s . T h e p e r f o r m a n c e o f t h e s h o v e l t y p e o p e n e r w a s f o u n d b e t t e r t h a n t h a t o f t h e h o e a n d s h o e t y p e o p e n e r s .

In o r d e r t o f i n d the o p t i m u m d e s i g n o f t h e 3h o v e l t y p e

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IIT Kharagpur

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o p en e r, t h e t e s t s w e r e c o n d u c t e d a t fouz" b o o t w e d g e a n g l e s , f o u r r a k e a n g les , t h r e e i n t e r - t u b e s p a c i n g s , t w o c l e a r a n c e s b e t w e e n l o w e r t i p o f s e e d t u b e a n d l o w e s t b o o t p o i n t , t h r e e b o o t w a l l g e o m e t r i e s a n d f o u r o p e r a t i n g d e p t h s . T h e o p t i m u m c o m b i n a t i o n o f t h e s e p a r a m e t e r s to y i e l d m i n i m u m d r a f t a n d d e s i r e d s e e d - f e r t i l i s e r d i s t r i b u t i o n p a t t e r n w a s f o u n d w i t h 40° b o o t w e d g e a ngle, 4 0 ’ r a k e angle, 120 m m t u b e s p a c i n g a n d 15 ram c l e a r a n c e b e t w e e n l o w e r t i p of s e e d t u b e a n d l o w e s t b o o t p o i n t a t an o p e r a t i n g d e p t h o f 40 mm. A b o o t g e o m e t r y h a v i n g a c i r c u l a r c u t at m i d d l e of i t s w a l l t o w a r d s s e e d t u b e a n d a c i r c u l a r c u t a t r e a r o f its o p p o s i t e wall t o w a r d s f e r t i l i s e r t u b e wa s f o u n d m o s t sui t a b l e .

F i n a l l y , a f u r r o w o p e n e r w i t h o p t i m u m v a l u e s o f d e s i g n p a r a m e t e r s w a s f a b r i c a t e d a n d t e s t e d a t f o u r o p e r a t i n g s p e e d s a n d f o u r soil m o i s t u r e c o n t e n t s . It w a s f o u n d s u i t a b l e to m a i n t a i n a l a t e r a l s e p a r a t i o n o f m o r e t h a n 30 m m a n d v e r t i c a l s e p a r a t i o n o f m o r e t h a n 2 0 m m b e t w e e n t h e s e e d a n d f e r t i l i s e r p l a c e m e n t s . It r e q u i r e d a b o u t 20 p e r c e n t l e s s d r a f t c o m p a r e d to B I S - s h o v e l t y p e f u r r o w o p e n e r w i t h o u t a n y i n c r e a s e in its cost..

Th e o v e r a l l p e r f o r m a n c e o f t h e d e v e l o p e d f u r r o w o p e n e r w a s a l s o f o u n d m u c h b e t t e r t h a n a n y of t h e o t h e r o p e n e r s t e s t e d .

Key words: C o m b i n e d s e e d a n d f e r t i l i s e r d r i l l , S h o v e l o p e n e r , H o e o p e n e r , S h o e o p e n e r , T w o - s e p a r a t e o p e n e r s y s t e m , C o m b i n e d o p e n e r , D r a f t , S o i l co ver, H o r i z o n t a l s e p a r a t i o n , V e r t i c a l s e p a r a t i o n , S e e d s c a t t e r s , R a t e of e m e r g e n c e , F u r r o w r o u g h n e s s c o e f f i c i e n t , B o o t w e d g e an g l e , R a k e a n g l e , O p e r a t i n g d e p t h , B o o t w a l l g e o m e t r y , T u b e s p a c i n g , S e e d t u b e c l e a r a n c e , M o i s t u r e c o n t e n t , O p e r a t i n g speed, D e v e l o p e d f u r r o w o p e n e r , P e r f o r m a n c e

i n d e x .

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IIT Kharagpur

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