The Department of Agricultural Economics, an integral part of the School of Social Sciences of the ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, was established in 1960. The research focus of the department has continuously shifted towards meeting contemporary development challenges. The training manual is prepared keeping in mind the goal of upgrading the research skills of postgraduate students of social sciences.
Disclaimer: This chapter of the manual has been prepared with reference to the sources listed in the reference section.
Lecture Notes on Basic Stata Commands
Browsing Data Files: We can use the browse command to view the data set we are using. Summarize the data to see the mean, standard deviation, min and max of each variable 3.
Computer Aided Personal Interviews
Start time, end time, GPS location can be recorded automatically and supervisors/researchers see it. In the question 'Major occupation', the correct question type is select one, where either 'Agriculture' or 'Non-agriculture' must be chosen. In the 'Secondary Occupation' question, the farmer may have more than one secondary occupation, and therefore selecting many is the right choice.
It may be difficult to understand the ODK format at first, but it will save time in the long run. Anyway, in the link below you will find an example of an ODK file, which can be uploaded directly to Kobo (link). Change the server URL as https://kc.kobotoolbox.org/username - here instead of the username you need to enter your username used to create the survey schedule.
The collected survey data will be sent to a server that you can access immediately. Completed surveys can be submitted at the end of the day when you have an internet connection. The person monitoring the research can check the consistency of the data by tabulating or summarizing relevant information.
Designing Visual for Making Effective Presentation
Letter size is more important for the design of projected material and display material than i‹. Leave plenty of space between and around most elements, with extra space around the edges of the poster. The margin is the space between the typed area and the edge of the page.
The configuration of the open space is as important to the impact of the basic design as the shapes formed by the lettering and illustration. The relationship between the width and the height of the visual space is based on the ideals established by the Greeks. At the same time, it's usually ineffective, too, to crowd all the elements at one end or one corner of the area.
The pleasing relationship regarding the contours of the parts that form a whole is harmony of form. Also don't place it too close to the edge of the design, or crammed too tightly into a corner. About a third of the distance up, down or from the edge is much more desirable.
Artificial Neural Networks: An Introduction
- Variable selection
- Formation of training, testing and validation sets
- Neural network architecture
- Evaluation criteria
- Neural network training
- Defining factor levels 4.Setting minimum number of cases
The synaptic weight, 𝑤𝑘𝑗, is interpreted as the strength of the connection from unit j to unit kth. 42 | P a g e The input to a node is a weighted sum of the outputs from the nodes connected to it. An activation function, also known as a suppression function, suppresses or limits the amplitude range of a neuron's output.
The abstraction of neural network processing is mainly achieved through the activation functions. Training a neural network to learn patterns in the data involves presenting it iteratively with examples of the correct known answers. Finally, I would like to conclude that the performance of traditional/shallow neural networks depends on the characteristics of the data provided by the domain experts.
The traditional ranking method or rating survey cannot place the value for the attributes of the product. One of the advantages of the CA is that it provides relative importance of each feature of the product (Lee et al, 2015). The CA will identify the most preferred combination of features of the home as well as the importance of each feature.
Fundamentals and Applications of Choice Experimental Methods
𝑃{𝜕𝑗= 1} = 𝑃{ 𝑉𝑗(𝐴𝑗, 𝑦 − 𝑝𝑗 𝐶𝑗, 𝜀𝑗) > 𝑉𝑖(𝐴𝐴, 𝐴 𝑖, 𝜀𝑖)} (3) The exact specification of the econometric model depends on how the random elements , 𝜀, enter the conditional indirect utility function and the distributional assumption. Similar to conditional valuation techniques, CE also elicits the preference from the setting trade to capture the passive values, however, CE uses experimental design theory that increases the statistical power of the estimated parameters. Once decided to go for CE, the first step is to analyze the dimension of the current problem and identify the appropriate characteristics and potential changes that may be relevant to the geography of the commodity.
It is generally recommended to keep the status quo as one of the alternatives so that it allows us to estimate utility functions that represent changes from baseline conditions. In most cases, the number of choice sets depends on the complexity of the characteristics and judgment of the researcher based on the pilot. For a better response, most choice cards are picturesque and discretely designed for easy identification of the features and levels.
Before the choice card presentation, it is recommended to develop a small induction about the purpose of the experiment, a description of characteristics and levels. Determining the number of classes is not part of the maximization problem and is an iterative process. These are complex models, but with the progress in computing power of the computer, there exist several algorithms to estimate these models.
Content Analysis, Thematic Analysis and Hands-on session with NVIVO
Thematic analysis is suitable for understanding a phenomenon through stakeholders' views, opinions, knowledge, experiences or values, derived from a range of qualitative data. In addition, thematic analysis also examines the nature of themes – semantic and latent (Braun & Clarke, 2006). Thematic analysis has several advantages over other qualitative methods (Braun and Clarke, 2006; King, 2004; Nowell et al., 2017).
Although thematic analysis has several advantages, it also has some limitations (Braun and Clarke, 2006; . Holloway and Todres, 2003; Nowell et al., 2017). Considering the strengths and limitations of thematic analysis as a qualitative approach, a systematic approach and a reliable approach are proposed following the guidelines suggested by Braun and Clarke (2006) and Nowell et al., (2017) on reliability criteria suggested by Lincoln and Guba. (1985). After data collection, a data corpus is prepared containing all the information collected for the thematic analysis.
Writing a thematic analysis should provide a concise, coherent, logical, non-repetitive and interesting overview of the data within and across themes (Braun and Clarke, 2006). Thematic analysis is often performed manually as it involves identifying semantic and latent themes. QDA Miner Lite Free Version QDA Miner is a popular free program for performing thematic analysis.
Social Network Analysis- Theory and Practice Sreeram Vishnu
11 Centrality The measurement of the number of connections that a node has in relation to the total number of connections that exist in the network as a whole; measures of centrality include degree, closeness, and betweenness. 13 Proximity A measure of the reciprocity of the geodesic distance (shortest path connecting two nodes) of the node to all other nodes in the network 14 Betweenness The number of times a node occurs along a geodesic path. Degree centrality (Cd) measures the number of ties a node has relative to the total number of ties that exist in the network as a whole, or.
Where ni denotes its node in the network and βi (ni) denotes the number of connections to ni and (N – 1) represents the size of the network minus the node of interest. Again it can be in-scale or out-of-scale depending on the number of choices a node receives or makes respectively. 66 | P a g e Where gjk = number of geodesics connecting j and k, and gjk(i)= number of operating geodesics.
It is calculated as the ratio of the number of actual links in a population to the number of possible links in the population. Where µ indicates the total number of lines (ties) present and N is the number of nodes in the network. Total number of bonds gives an idea of the number of linkages present, which intuitively explains the density of the network.
Application of Psychometrics for Behavioural Research
Item Response Theory (IRT) emphasizes that in addition to item properties such as item difficulty and item discrimination, a respondent's response to an item on a psychological scale or test also depends largely on the respondent's status on the psychological characteristic captured by the item. measured. . Test-retest: As the name of the method indicates, the scale to be tested for reliability is administered to a group of individuals at two points in time (usually 15 to 30 days apart) and the scores obtained are correlated. 73 | P a g e Split-Half Method- In this method, the test scores on one half of the scale are correlated with the scores.
The r-value calculated in this case applies to half of the scale; Therefore, to obtain the reliability coefficient of the entire test scale, we must apply the 'Spearman-Brown formula'. Internal validity expresses a logical relationship between the theoretical and operational definition of the concept under investigation. Content validity is evaluated by determining the extent to which the items of a scale/test represent the universe of content of the object phenomenon it measures and to what extent they are appropriate.
It is related to the representativeness and appropriateness of the context of the test/scale. While predictive validity is used for predicting the presence or absence of the trait in the future, based on the scores on the criteria obtained today. It is evaluated by determining the relationship between the test attitude score and other aspects of the individual personality.
Practical Manual
September 4, 2020
