November 30, 2007 The research work presented in this thesis entitled 'Design Development of an Indigenous Three-wheeler Rickshaw' has been carried out under my supervision and is a bona fide work of Sir. Poor quality attributed to the current practice of assembling three-wheeler rickshaw from factory-made parts along with a locally made body in a cottage industry. It is confirmed that there is a need to design a new three-wheeler rickshaw, which can be used as a means of local transportation, which can also initiate a change in the people's perception about the traditional rickshaw with its conventional appearance and a can initiate philosophical change in our attitude towards meeting the demands of society. needs in an environmentally friendly and sustainable way.
Based on the above, the objective of this study is to develop an indigenous tricycle rickshaw design with modern aesthetics suitable for Indian conditions, better utility for the towing vehicle and passengers, and sufficient space for luggage and goods. An integral part of the research was the prototyping and management of a production system for a three-wheeled rickshaw with the participation of small businesses. A designed three-wheeled rickshaw with the Dipbahan brand was built as a prototype, and the management of its production system was developed with the participation of small businesses.
The model of the three-wheeler rickshaw along with the production process and technology was transferred to one small company. After the interim Dipbahan model was launched, various designs and manufactures, including imitation of the new three-wheeler rickshaw, were observed and documented.
Participatory Approach in Dipbahan + Development and Transfer of Technology to Small Enterprise 199-230
Conclusion, Achievements, Recommendations and Scopes for Further Work 231-245
DESIGN DEVELOPMENT OF AN INDIGENOUS TRICYCLE RICKSHAW
Transportation system and it’s evolution
Every normal person uses either one or the other form of available transportation facilities. In the above flow diagram, branching of surface transport is only shown up to bicycle, tricycle and quadricycle, which are relevant to the research area. In Indian situation even bicycle is used to transport another person to different places and hence considered here.
Although the hand-pulled rickshaw was covered in the literature review, it is banned around the world, including the last place it was used in Calcutta (p. 38) in India, and is therefore not covered. Wheelchairs in India are restricted to the interior of a house and are not seen in public places and are therefore not included in the diagram.
Human Powered Vehicles as a means of transportation
- Evolution of the bicycle Walking Machine
- Evolution of the tricycle
- Classification of tricycles based on the user and use
- Classification of tricycles based on the layout of the wheels
In 1830 he attached the crank to the rear wheel of a walking machine, which was connected by two long rods to pedals hanging from the front of the frame. The next important development occurred in 1865, the introduction of the rotating pendulum by Lallement (Gupta and Murthy, 1980), a Frenchman. The front wheel was carried on a fork pivoted onto the front of the frame for steering purposes.
By increasing the diameter of the front wheel while reducing the diameter of the rear wheel (to maintain the same overall weight), greater speeds could be achieved. Now that comfort and safety could be found in the same package in terms of Pneumatic Tyred Safety (Fig. 1.8, www.pedalinghistory.com, Dec. 2006), and this package became cheaper as manufacturing methods improved, everyone clamored to ride by bicycle and it became a popular mode of movement. Since this concept of front-wheel-drive bicycle could not meet the safety requirements threatened by an oversized front wheel, it was abandoned.
It had wooden wheels with iron rims, a lever shoe brake on the rear wheel and the front wheel which was carried on a fork and pivoted at the front of the frame for steering purposes. Most commonly used is based on user and use a tricycle is fitted and based on physical layout of the 3 wheels in the tricycle.
Localized transportation: Status of HPV .1 Present practice
- Associated shortcomings of current fuel driven local transportation system a) Environmental concerns and powered vehicles
- Human Powered Vehicle (HPV): a relevant product
The actual practice of meeting the localized transportation needs of the population is different and depends on the region, cultural, economic capabilities, geographical locations and local administration. The vehicle must carry a limited number of people, consume less energy and cost within the range of ordinary people. Electric vehicles that operate by charging the battery pack through electricity also pollute if fossil fuel (oil or coal) is used to produce electricity, in addition to transferring pollution from the place of use of the vehicle to the place of electricity production.
Pure electric vehicle itself is still not feasible for long-distance application, as charging the battery pack takes time and to store energy for a long distance, the battery pack becomes very heavy and becomes ineffective and purposefully self-destructs. So most of the energy expended is moving this mass rather than the person. If we use alternative modes like tricycle, the weight of the vehicle can be even less than the body weight of the person commuting.
This mindset leads to a tendency of a part of the population in the growing cities of developing countries to distribute these vehicles from cities and urban areas, attributing the increased vehicular pollution in these areas to these vehicles due to the nature of slow movement and creating traffic noise. The practice still exists, a change in product design to provide a new aesthetic look and make it more efficient is a need of the day.
Tricycle rickshaw design and technology transfer- a reference case study
To conclude, to change the situation, there is a need to design a three wheeler rickshaw to change the people's perception as well as initiate philosophical change in society's attitude. While designing a rickshaw is a much easier task, changing a society's philosophical attitude is a very difficult and time consuming process and may require legal restrictions such as banning cars at city square and encouraging HPV etc. Not only to design, a challenge was also faced to convey it through a relatively established manufacturing process and facility prevailing in a society.
Tricycle rickshaw to carry passengers
After a decade of successful policy reform efforts, ITDP is now focused on helping local civic bodies and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) implement projects to demonstrate reductions in transport emissions and accidents and improve basic mobility of the poor. ITDP prioritizes its involvement in projects based on the level of demonstrated local commitment to successful implementation, the availability of financial resources, and the potential benefits of the project, including the extent to which the project will demonstrate solutions to others. This project, unlike many transport sector interventions that only aim to improve the environment, cleans the air and increases employment and income among the poor, while keeping the cost of the vehicle nearly constant.
Working closely with the Indian cycling industry, the tourism industry, and marketing and public relations professionals was critical to the success of the project. The project showed that this human-powered vehicle could attract 19% of passengers from highly polluting 2-stroke 3-wheelers, making the project's impact on reducing greenhouse gas emissions measurable. References in this section are to http://www.itdp.com and www.independentliving.org, the websites of the Institute for Transportation and Development Policy and the Institute for Independent Living, respectively.
Based on the successes in India, ITDP is replicating the project in Yogyakarta, Indonesia in partnership with the Center for Tourism Research and Development, Gadjah Mada University and Lembaga Pengembangan Inisiatif Strategis untuk Transformasi (LPIST, Institute for Dissemination of Strategic Initiatives for Transformation). Although the traditional becak - a three-wheeled rickshaw found in Indonesia - shares many characteristics with Indian rickshaws, cultural differences required the project team to design the new becak from scratch, rather than modify the Indian design.
Tricycle for Physically challenged users
- Motivation for the present study
- Aim and Objectives
- Objectives The specific objectives are to
- Methodology followed
- Design research
- Outputs of design research
- Organization of the thesis
- Tricycle rickshaw as a means of localized transportation
- Evolution of rickshaw
- Tricycle rickshaw in global situation
- Advantages of tricycle rickshaw in present context
- Status of tricycle rickshaw in the developed and developing countries .1 Rickshaw in developed countries
- Shortcomings of existing tricycle rickshaws in Indian context
- Need for a contextual design development of a tricycle rickshaw
- Design of a tricycle: An experiment .1 Contemporary design attempts
- Institution associated in tricycle design in India
- Preliminary design attempts-design development of a trike- a HPV Prior to the design and development of a tricycle rickshaw, an attempt was made to
- Designing of a tricycle for disabled
- Study of commercially available tricycles for disable persons
- User survey Methodology used
- Design development brief for the trike
- Conceptualization
- Prototyping of the trike
- Concept of a new tricycle rickshaw
- Primitive need and formulation of product development brief
- Aim and objectives
- Materials and methods
- Design process
Design development of the tricycle for multiple use such as School van, delivery van, garbage disposal van, etc. Similarly, no activity is exclusively concerned with the real to the exclusion of the symbolic. In the course of the research (design) effort, development, evaluation and further proposals are frequently carried out iteratively.
Efforts are made to understand the topic of need of three wheeler rickshaw design and technology transfer. This was found to be useful and the result of the trial led to the acceptance of some of the salient features for the tricycle rickshaw. Dipbahan (pp 111-143), describes the detailed design process for the selected Dipbahan brand's newly designed tricycle rickshaw concept.
If this can be achieved, employment generation is one of the strongest advantages that a three-wheeler rickshaw offers. Description of the traditional manufacturing process of a three-wheeler rickshaw in Guwahati (Diagram depicting manufacturing process attached, Appendix 6, p. 269). The design of the tricycle was found strange compared to the current scenario with automobile varieties on the road.
Getting on and off the three-wheel rickshaw is difficult because of the height of the footboard. It appears that the designs of existing three-wheelers are not user-friendly. It provided the user with protection from the elements of nature without excessively increasing the weight of the trike.
The features of the new three-wheeled rickshaw must fit with relevant ergonomic criteria and strive to meet various context-specific requirements. There must be easy access so that both the driver and the passengers can easily get in and out of the tricycle. Of the seven phases (Flow diagram 3.1), the initial three phases Feasibility Study, Preliminary Design and Detailed Design proposed by Asimow (Asimow, 1962), belong to design, and the remaining four phases belong to production, distribution, consumption and retirement (or recovery or disposal ) and also called the production-consumption cycle (Chitale and Gupta, 1999).
Feasibility study
This is basically carried out in seven stages and their component steps (Chitale and Gupta, 1999). Flow chart 3.1 shows the different stages in the design morphology and the production-consumption cycle is illustrated in Fig.
Feasibility Study
Preliminary Design
Detailed Design
Planning for Production
Planning for Consumption
Planning for Retirement Phase 5: Planning for Distribution
Planning for production
Planning for distribution
Planning for consumption Step 1: Design for maintenance
- Feasibility study
- Establishing economic existence of the identified need
- Identification and formulation of the design problem
- Synthesis of possible solutions
- Physical realisability of the concepts
- Economic worthwhileness of the concept
- Financial feasibility
- The Preliminary design
- Selection of the design concept : Preferential Matrix
- Formulation of mathematical model
- Sensitivity analysis : cost and material effect
- Compatibility analysis
- Stability analysis
- Formal optimisation
- Projection into the future
- Prediction of system behaviour
- Testing and validating the design concept
- Simplification of the Design
- Detailed Design
- Preparation for design
- Planning for consumption
- Design for Maintenance ( D.F.M )
- Design for Reliability
- Design for Safety
- Design for convenience in use (taking into account Human Factors)
- Design for Aesthetic features
- Design for operational economy
- Design for adequate duration of services
- Collection and analysis of service data to provide a basis for product improvement, for next-generation designs, and for extension of design
- Environmentally Conscious Design and Manufacturing (ECDM)
- Planning for retirement
- Designing to reduce the rate of obsolescence by taking into account the anticipated effects of technical developments
- Designing physical life to match anticipated service life
- Designing for multi-levels of use to facilitate adaptability for further use with a less demanding level after the service life of the product at higher
- Designing the product to facilitate recovery of reusable materials and long-lasting components. Introduction of modularity in design instead
- Examining and testing of service-terminated products to obtain useful design information
- Overall design of subsystems
- Detailed design of parts
- Preparation of assembly drawings
- Industrial Design and Prototyping
- Types of Prototyping
- Use of Prototypes in Industrial Design
- Benefits of Use of Physical Prototypes
- Consideration required for construction of Physical Prototypes
- Conventional classification of Prototypes
- Experimental construction
- Product test program
- Analysis and prediction
- Design up-gradation
- Economic development in India and role of design
- Measures of development
- Science and technology in India
- Design education in India
- Philosophy of design education in Indian context
- Exploding population and employment generation
This concept meets most of the design consideration requirements for the tricycle rickshaw design. The suitability of the design project and the resulting tricycle rickshaw can be tested through its use. It is clear that the dimension of the new tricycle rickshaw meets the requirements appropriately.
Front wheel steering bar (for steering) and its distance from the lower body socket (BB).
