Based on these comparisons, fertilizer recommendations were prescribed in the form of ready calculator for desired target yield of 30 and 40 q/ha of direct seeded rice with different combinations of NPK under rainfed upland situation of Manipur. The targeted yield equations for direct-seeded rain-fed upland rice and fertilizer recommendations were validated by conducting field experiments. In maize, Pusa Composite-3 with time isolation was maintained by rabi planting (December-January) in the valley area and 140 kg of basic seed was produced.
During the kharif season, the "Production of quality saved seeds" program was implemented in the four cluster villages viz. Potato was also cultivated on a total area of 31 ha adopting 301 farm families in the three villages of the Project's site groups. Average body weight at different ages was recorded in the valley district of (Imphal West) and the hill district of (Tamenglong).
Prophylactic measures such as deworming and vaccination are given. Pigs are vaccinated against hog cholera and FMD. There was no mortality up to 4 months. The overall morbidity rate recorded was 55% and the main clinical conditions recorded were Anorexia-7 (55%) followed by Diarrhea-3 (15%) and Skin Diseases- 1 (5%). Breeding of Channa punctata usually takes place in the month of April to June with the onset of monsoon.
HORTICULTURE
A significant population consisting of 62 taro genotypes has been collected from different parts of Manipur; ICAR-RC-NEHR, Nagaland Center and RC CTCRI, Bhubaneswar. Efforts have been made to popularize advanced root vegetable technologies through training, demonstration and development entrepreneurship in Manipur. Quality planting material of cassava and taro has been distributed among the progressive farmers for successful demonstration of these two important root crops.
An overview of the clustering pattern shows that the clustering of accessions was small and dependent on the site of collection. Ginger: A total of 18 local ginger germplasms were collected from different districts of Manipur and characterized for their genetic diversity using 73 SSR primers. Clustering of the 18 ginger accessions using UPGMA-based dominance (presence/absence) generation score divided them into five.
The planting of passion fruit on the ridges of the terraces at a distance of 5 m provides entire terraces for the cultivation of catch crops without hindering the yield of the main crop. Among the crop models tested, the relay cropping sequences in vegetables, i.e. Spinach-Radish-Cabbage-Onion-Tomato- Carrot-Okra-Bittergaurd-Garlic, the highest B:C ratio (6.4) registered with 9-fold increase in crop intensity. The relay cultivation in vegetables has been found profitable in the foothill conditions of Manipur.
Similarly, among the five garlic varieties, Yamuna Safed 4 was found to have the highest yield (18.65 t/ha), followed by AF White (13.99 t/ha). Product development through value addition in underutilized horticultural crops of Manipur Different value added products from underutilized horticultural crops have been developed. Given this background, the experiment was undertaken to determine the efficacy of six bioinsecticides in reducing the prevailing insect pest population in cabbage under Manipur condition.
User-friendly modules are Windows-based applications to extend the scientific crop production suite in an engaging manner. During the spacing experiment, planting distance of 2 m x 3 m was found to be most suitable under Manipur slope (1231.67 kg fruits/ha and 813.33 kg seeds/ha). A horticultural-forestry experiment was conducted to select suitable catch crops for jatropha plantation.
Among the various crops evaluated, sweet potato (Gouri), tomato (Megha Turmeric) and Soybean (JS-335) have been found to be the most suitable intercrops for jatropha under Manipur hill conditions.
PLANT PROTECTION
Significant differences were obtained in the aphid population due to pesticide spraying at different stages compared to the control. Significantly lower aphid population was recorded in the first spraying with Neem 5% (0.9), Bacillus thuringiensis (1.9) and Imidcloprid (1.7) after 1 DAS (days after spraying), 7 DAS and 14 DAS respectively. In the 2nd spray, there were no significant differences in aphid population at 1 DAS and 7 DAS, except at 14 DAS.
Significantly lower aphid population was observed under Neem 10% (3.5) followed by Neem 5% (6.5) and AnoninWP (6.9) compared to other treatments at 14 DAS. In the third spray, Imidacloprid was significantly more effective in minimizing the aphid population at 1 DAS, 7 DAS and 14 DAS compared to the other treatments. Broccoli: Significant differences were found in the aphid population due to pesticide spraying at different stages compared to the control.
Significantly lower population of aphids was recorded at first spraying with Neem 5% (0.9), at 1 DAS (days after spraying) and 7 DAS, while imidacloprid recorded significantly lowest population at 14 DAS. In the second spray, significant differences in aphid population were recorded at 7 DAS and 14 DAS under 10% Neem except 1 DAS. At 3rd spray, Neem10% was significantly more effective in reducing aphid population at 1 DAS, 7 DAS and 14 DAS compared to other treatments.
Cabbage: There was no significant difference between the aphid population days before pesticide spraying and 1 day after spraying. The significantly lower aphid population was recorded at the first spray under Imidachlorpid at 7 DAS (6.2) and 14 DAS (4.5) than other treatments. Of the biopesticides, neem was 5% and 10% more effective at the first, second and third sprays after 1, 7 and 14 DAS in reducing the aphid population on cabbage.
The significantly lower aphid population was recorded on 1st spray, 2nd spray and 3rd spray under Imidachlorpid at 1 DAS, 7 DAS and 14 DAS than other treatments. Among the biopesticides, neem was found to be 10% better at reducing the aphid population compared to other treatments.
ANIMAL SCIENCE, POULTRY AND FISHERY
The feedback from the farmers was very positive and they hoped that such a program should be carried out every year. The scope of animal husbandry in Manipur is very promising and in future vaccination camp should be conducted regularly to control economically important diseases of livestock in this region which will protect livestock health and at the same time protect public health. The mean age at sexual maturity (ASM) for Vanaraja and Gramapriya birds was 169 and 172 days from the records of 125 adults and the mean body weight of female at the corresponding age was about 1529.41 and 1274.91 g.
Pangio pangia juveniles were collected from Khumbong, Imphal west of Manipur in October 2011. The fish were transported in oxygenated bags and kept in the laboratory in FRP tanks of 3 t water capacity with water recirculation system. Induced breeding of Pangio pangia was successfully carried out in utility trays of (360l×310w×130h) mm with a water depth of 8cm in the laboratory.
The water temperature, dissolved oxygen and pH of the breeding tanks were maintained at a water temperature of 25±3.0°C, pH, 7.5±0.2; dissolved oxygen, 6.0±2.0 ppm and total alkalinity at 110 ppm respectively. Fertilized eggs were slightly yellowish in color, spherical, translucent and demersal up to 0.6-0.7 mm in diameter. Schitura fasciatus: Schitura fasciatus known as Leingoiphon or Ngatup in Manipur was collected from Izei River, Tamenglong District of Manipur in the month of June 2011.
These fish are bottom dwellers, but also occasionally swim into the middle of the aquarium and to the top. Males had a swollen forebody, a triangular head and faintly colored vertical bars, especially visible from the center of the dorsal fin to the base of the caudal fin, while females have clearly marked vertical bars. The water quality of the spawning tank was analyzed using water test kits Aquacheck (Renkem).
After spawning, effective fecundity of each female was determined by randomly taking representative samples of eggs in a 10 ml graduated measuring cylinder, the total eggs in 1 ml were counted and multiplied by the total volume of egg released. Fertilized eggs were slightly yellowish in color, spherical, translucent and demersal up to 0.7-0.8 mm in diameter.
SOCIAL SCIENCE
The data shows that 90 percent of valley farmers and 66 percent of hill farmers believe they have less than 5 hours of power supply. Relatively the same percentage of farmers have <5 years of experience in a farmer's club. 70 percent of the farmers in the valley and 40 percent in the hills have keen interest in agriculture and allied activities.
Farmers information utilization is Radio followed by family members>T.V> Friends and neighbor> training of valley farmers where as Radio, Friends and neighbor > KVK-ICAR> family members>Demonstration is the source of information used by hill farmers. The regression analysis shows that the extent of technology adoption contributes 68 percent of the variables. The purpose of this study is to identify the socio-economic characteristics of the surveyed farmers in FLD and non-FLD.
To analyze the perceived relevance, adoption and modification of the technology demonstrated by KVK to the FLD farmers. To assess the awareness and application of the technology demonstrated by KVK for non-FLD farmers. To document the benefits and examine the reasons why the technology can and cannot be used.
Further to analyze the socio-economic characteristics of the farmers and to fulfill the other objectives an interview schedule has been prepared which was pre-tested in Imphal West district. Technological intervention through adoption of integrated farming system to improve the livelihood of the farmers in Manipur. More than 2000 farmers from various districts of the states have participated in the 3-day farmers fair.
Rape and peas were sown in farmers' fields in the districts during the 2012-13 rabi. The workshop, training and demonstrations are conducted in the farming system mode to increase the productivity, profitability and sustainability of the system.
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
