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A REVIEW: PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING OF PLANT EXTRACTS AND THEIRANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES AGAINST PLANT PATHOGENS Shalini Chourasia & Tripti Sharma
Shri Jain Diwakar Mahavidyalaya & Altius Institute of Universal Studies, Indore, M.P.
Abstract- Many plants are well recognized for pharmaceutical and antimicrobial activities.
Antimicrobial activity of these plants against pathogens is due to the availability of phytochemicals in them. It is found that different solvent extract contain different amount of phytochemicals due to which they shows different antimicrobial activity. This property of plant extract can be used against various plant diseases, which can also reduce the toxicity of chemical pesticides and synthetic antimicrobial compounds on plants, human beings, animals and environment. These compounds are unexplored for their antimicrobial activities against plant pathogens. In this review, an endeavor has been made to summarize phytochemicals screening, antimicrobial activities of various plant extract against plant pathogens.
1 INTRODUCTION
Phytochemicals which include range of secondary metabolites like tannins, glycosides, triterpenes, flavonoids, saponins, steroids and alkaloid, canbe used for curative purposes against number of diseases. Activephy to chemicals can be obtained from different plant parts like flowers, leaves, bark, fruits, seeds, etc. Developing countries use synthetic drugs which are high priced and insufficient for the treatment of diseases and also often with side effects.
Therefore, news strategies should be adopted to fight with pathogens, to control diseases.[1]
Plant potential is still unknown to find novel compounds. There is very small percent age of investigation of photochemical and even smaller for pharmacological screening among estimated 250,000-500,000 plant species.[2, 3] There is vital need to control these diseases of plants by using natural pesticides synthetic fertilizers and pesticides lead to environmental pollution. Compounds present in plan text racts are safe to environment and capable to be used against plan pathogens. Thus it is predict table that photochemical with sufficient amoun to antimicrobial potential can be used for plant disease control. There is a constantan vital need to reveal new antimicrobial compounds with varied chemical structure and novel mechanism of activities for new infectious disease.[4]
2 IMPORTANCE OF STUDY
Since many years plants have been repeatedly in use for medicine assimpleraw for more refined crude extract, mixture, etc.[9] Number of plants have been proved efficient due to the availability of bio active phytochemical sinthem, which are of commercial importance. Thereare12 mega biodiversity centre out of which India constitute 1 of the 12 biodiversity i.e. 10% of the world.[37] In India 20,000 medicinal plants species are found, but only 800 species are in use for curing diseases.[38]
Phytochemicals are naturally synthesized compounds in plants. They can be primary and secondary compounds.
Primary compounds are utilized by plants itself while secondary compounds are for the defensive purposes. These compounds are unexplored for their antimicrobial activities against plant pathogens.
3 REVIEW OF LITERATURE AND NOTEWORTHY CONTRIBUTION IN THIS FIELD
Phytochemicals are chemicals that have defensive or disease protective properties.
These chemicals are for the protection of Plants themselves. Phytochemicals of different medicinal plants have different activity against diseases.[5] Phytochemical screening of 4 different extracts of Sterculia villosa leaves also reported. [6]
The bioactive compounds of ethanol extract of Psychotrianilgiriensisleaves by GC-MS analysis determined. [7]
Globally at least 130 drugs extracted from higher plants or modified further synthetically. Selected of them are
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synthetically prepared for economicalreasons. [8] Number of plant species have been tested for antimicrobial properties the vast majority of have not been adequately evaluated. [9] Several compounds have antimicroboal properties against the plant pathogens, for example C.roseus contains desmethylomifensine, 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid, 3,10- dinitrodiftalone, the compound has antifungal properties effective against a variety of fungi such as Aspergillus fumigatus, Candidaalbicans, Pythium aphanidermatum, P. chrysogenum, and A.
niger.[10,11] Crude extracts of different components of this plant showed the antibacterial potential against clinically noteworthy bacterial strains and possesses antiviral, antifungal, antibacterial, antidiabetic, anticancer and activities.[12] Earlier secondary plant
metabolites with unknown
pharmacological activities, are presently investigated as a source of medical agents.[13]
Ethanolic extracts of Catharanthus roseus have the presence of secondary metabolite. It is possibly studied to analyze phyto-constituents for their ethno pharmacological significance.[14]
Almost 60,000 years ago plants were being used as medicines as per fossil record. At present there is less than 50% usage of natural products in drugs, out of which 25% are plant derivatives. Three and half to four billion of the global population i.e. 80% of the people depends on traditional remedies and about 855 traditional medicines used crude plant extracts according to World Health Organization (WHO). Throughout the history there are number of infectious diseases which were being treated with traditional remedies. In numerous scientific investigations, the role of herbal remedies has been found to be maximum therapeutic and minimum side effects.[15]
Endophytic fungi have been isolated and identified from medicinal plants. Unique volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and terpenoids mixture produced by each fungus identified by headspace solid- phase microextraction (SPME) fiber- GC/MS. Major terpenes detected as β- phellandrene, γ-terpinene, -thujene, and α-muurolene, and minor terpenoids, as, patchoulene, caryophyllene,cedrene,
thujone and 2-carene. The volatile metabolites showed antifungal properties against plant pathogen. [16] In therapeutic treatments the use of Phytochemicals and plant extracts, with antimicrobial properties can be of huge importance. As plant synthesized secondary metabolites that have antimicrobial traits, used in treatments known as active compounds, for example, the phenolic compounds.[17]
Infections and resistance against antibiotics become a growing therapeutic problem now days .[18]Natural products as new source of antimicrobial agents have new mechanism of action against microrganism.[19, 20] They are effective for the treatment of diseases also extenuating many of the side effects, associated with synthetic antimicrobials.[21] Systematic screening may give the finding of novel active compounds. Biologically active components of different species of medicinal plants analyzed to have pharmacological and antimicrobial property. [22, 23]
It is believed that secondary metabolites rich plants have superior antimicrobial activity. Quality and quantity of such bioactive compounds are responsible for the strength of natural products.[24] In response to microbial infection, flavonoids synthesized by the plants.[25] Antimicrobial properties of tannins can have inhibitory activities against yeast, bacteria and filamentous fungi.[26] HPTLC technique provides sharp resolution and estimation of bioactive compounds with high accuracy and in less time.[27] Plant extracts and plants products have anti-infective properties.[28-
30] To analyze natural products for antimicrobial properties various experiments have been carried out.[31-34]
From the above researches it can be stated that plants can be a good source to get new antimicrobial compounds, therefore have special contribution in research to develop medicines required in the future.[35, 36]
4 CONCLUSION
It is expected that world population will rise up to 8 billion by 2030; the country needs to produce crops to feed this ever- growing population. Thus, to intensify the productivity and to control diseases, there is an intense need to develop some
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preventive methods which reduce the cropinfections. These plant extracts are natural occurring compounds which will also reduce the toxicity of synthetic pesticides over environment on using them against plant pathogens.
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