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ACCENT JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS ECOLOGY & ENGINEERING Peer Reviewed and Refereed Journal (International Journal) ISSN-2456-1037

Vol. 05,Special Issue 02, (IC-IRSHEM-2020) February 2020, Available Online: www.ajeee.co.in/index.php/AJEEE

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tujy Mk;j dk foHkRl Lo:i% iatkc ds lUnZHk esa MkW- uhye “kekZ ¼O;k[;krk] bfrgkl½]

,e- ts- ts- xYlZ dkWyst] lwjrx<+] ftyk- Jhxaxkuxj] ¼jktLFkku½

Hkkjr ds Lora=rk laxzke vkanksyu ds bfrgkl eas tujy Mk;j vkSj tfy;k¡¡¡okyk ckx dks ,d nwljs dk Ik;kZ; le>k tkrk gS] tcfd bfrgkl dk ;g ,d i{kh; vkadyu gSA lp rks ;g gS fd tfy;k¡okyk ckx dks ysdj tujy Mk;j ds ftl Øqjre :Ik dk o.kZu ftl rjg ls bfrgkl esa fd;k x;k gS] og rks mlds LoHkko dk ,d va”k ek= gSA tfy;k¡okyk ckx gR;kdakM ls igys o mlds ckn ds bfrgkl dk ckjhdh ls vkadyu fd;k tk, rks ;g LiLV gks tkrk gS fd Øqjrk] funZ;rk vkSj foHkRlk tujy Mk;j dh jxks eas “kkfey FkhA esjs bl “kks/k i= dk eq[; /;s;

tujy Mk;j ds blh :Ik dks js[kkfdar djuk gSA

tujy Mk;j dk tUe Lora=rk laxzke vkanksyu ¼1857½ ls Bhd 6 o’kZ igys 9 vDVqcj 1864 dks ewjh

¼iatkc ikfdLrku½ eas gqvkA 1857 ds izFke Lora=rk vkanksyu us Hkkjrh;kas vkSj vaxzst ljdkj ds chp ,d ,slh foHkktu js[kk [khap nh Fkh ftldk nq’izHkko tujy Mk;j ds dksey eu ,oa efLr’d ij iM+kA ;qok voLFkk ls gh Mk;j vkanksyudkjh Hkkjrh;kas dks gs; n`f’V ls ns[kus yxk FkkA 1875 esa lsuk ls viuk dSfj;j “kq: djus okyk Mk;j fczfV”k bafM;u vkehZ esa izFke fo”o ;q) ds ckn i}ksUur gksdj duZy ds in rd igq¡pkA 1916 eas Mk;j dh fu;qfDr vLFkkbZ fczxsfM;j tujy ds in ij gqbZA

izFke fo”o ;q) ds nkSjku Hkkjr esa Øk¡¡frdkfj;ksa ds ny lfØ; gks pqds FksA vaxzsth ljdkj us 1918 esa U;k;/kh”k jksysV dh v/;{krk esa ,d lfefr fu;qfDr dh vkSj ØkfUrdkjh xfrfof/k;kas dh jksdFkke ds fy, jksysV ,DV uked ,d dkuqu ikfjr fd;kA xk¡/kh th lfgr ns”k ds lHkh cMs+ usrkvkas us bl dkuwu dk fojks/k fd;kA ijUrq]

fczfV”k ljdkj us viuh rkuk”kkgh dks cjdjkj j[krs gq, 21 ekpZ] 1919 dks bl dkuwu dks ykxq dj fn;kA 6 vizSy]

1919 dks xk¡/khth us vaxzsth ljdkj ds fo:} ns”k O;kih gaMrky dk vkg~oku fd;kA1 iwjs ns”k esa bl fnu gM+rky j[kh xbZA tqywl fudkys x,A

fnYyh esa Hkh ,d cM+s tqywl dk usr`Ro Lokeh J`)kuan th us fd;kA tqywl ds fnYyh LVs”ku ij igqaprs gh fQajfx;ksa us mu ij xksfy;ksa dh ckSNkj dj nhA bleaas ikap Hkkjrh;ksa dh e`R;q gks xbZ vkSj vusd yksxksa dks xaHkhj pkSVsa vkbZA ykgksj esa Hkh xksyh pyh vkSj iatkc esa Hkh vusd LFkkuksa ij minzo gq,A iatkc esa gqbZ Hkkjh fgald ?kVukvksa dh [kcj lqudj xka/khth nq[kh gq, vkSj og Lokeh J`)kuan th vkSj iatkc ds yksdfiz; usrk MkW- lR;iky ls feyus iatkc igaaaaqpsA vaxzst ljdkj us xka/khth dks jkLrs esa fxj¶rkj dj okfil Hkst fn;kA xka/khth dh fxj¶rkjh dh [kcj lkjs ns”k esa fctyh dh rjg QSy xbZA

9 vizSy] 1919 dks vaxszth ljdkj us iatkc esa Hkh nks yksdfiz; usrkvksa MkW- lR;iky vkSj MkW- fdpyq dks fxj¶rkj dj vKkr LFkku ij Hkst fn;k blls turk mŸksftr gks xbZ vkSj mldk xqLlk vaxszth ljdkj ds izfr vkSj c<+ x;kA turk us vius fiz; usrkvksa ds ckjs esa tkudkjh izkIr djus ds fy, fgalk dk lgkjk ysrs gq, ftyk U;k;k/kh”k dh dksBh ij /kkok cksy fn;kA HkhM+ us us”kuy cSad ds Hkou dks vkx yxk nhA ,d ;wjksfi;u eSustj lfgr

“ksjoqM fczfV”k Ldwy ds f”k{kd “ksjoqM ij geyk djus ds rF; Hkh feyrs gSaA2 bl iwjs ?kVukØe esa ikap vaxzstksa dh gR;k gks xbZ vkSj vusd egRoiw.kZ bekjrksa dks vkx ds gokys dj fn;k x;kA Hkkjrh;ksa ds c<+rs vkØks”k dks fu;af=r djus ds fy, 10 vizSy dks fczxsfM;j tujy Mk;j ve`rlj igqapk vkSj vxys 24 ?kaVs ds ckn gh mlus vkanyksudkjh usrkvksa dh /kj&idM+ “kq: dj nhA

13 vizSy] 1919 dks cS”kk[kh ds fnu ve`rlj ds tfy;kWokyk ckx esa ,d vke lHkk dk vk;kstu fd;k x;kA tujy Mk;j us bl izLrkfor lHkk dks xSjdkuwuh ?kksf’kr dj fn;kA ijarq turk rd bldh lwpuk tkucw>

dj ugha igqpkbZ xbZA izfrca/k yxkus okys vkns”k dks iwjs “kgj esa ?kwek;k gh ugha x;kA tfy;kWokyk ckx esa HkhM+ ds ,df=r gksus dk bartkj fd;k x;k tc yxHkx 2000 L=h&iq:’k ,oa cPps “kkafriw.kZ <ax ls vius usrkvksa ds Hkk’k.k lqu jgs Fks rHkh vpkud tujy Mk;j vius 250 l”kL= lSfudksa ds lkFk ckx esa igqapkA dgk rks ;gka rd tkrk gSa fd og vius lkFk e”khuxu Hkh ysdj x;k Fkk fdUrq ckx dk izos”k ekxZ vR;r rax ¼ladjk½ gksus ds dkj.k e”khuxu vanj ugha ys tk ldkA ckx esa igqaprs gh Mk;j us vius uke ds vFkZ ds vuq:Ik¼ fczfV”k Hkk’kk esa Mk;j dk vFkZ gksrk gS diM+ksa dks jaxusokyk vFkkZr jaxjst½ fcuk fdlh psrkouh ;k lwpuk ds lsuk dks fugRFks yksxksa ij xksyh pykus dk vkns”k ns fn;kA

iÍkfHklhrkjeS;k us jksysV ,DV ds fo’k; esa viuh iqLrd *dkaxzsl dk bfrgkl* esa fy[kk gS] fd&* ;g fgUnwvksa ds mRlo dk fnu FkkA ve~rlj esa lkoZtfud lHkk djus dh ?kks’k.kk dh xbZ FkhA ;g [kqyk LFkku “kgj ds e/; esa clk gqvk FkkA “kgj ds edku bldh pkjfnokjh ds :Ik esa dke djrs FksA bldk njoktk cgqr gh ladjk FkkA bruk fd xkM+h Hkh mlesa ls fudy ugha ldrh FkhA ckx esa tc chl gtkj vkneh bDdBs gksdj “kkafriwoZd ykyk galjkt ds O;k[;ku lqu jgs Fks A mlh le; tujy Mk;j us vanj ?kqlrs gh xksyh pykus dk vkns”k ns fn;kA xksfy;kW rc rd pyrh jgh tc rd dh lkjs dkjrql [kRe ugha gks x;sA dqy 1650 Qk;j fd;s x;sA vaxzst ljdkj dh Lo;a dh fjiksZV ds vuqlkj 400 yksx ekjs x,s vkSj ?kk;yksa dh la[;k 1500 ls 2000 ds chp esa FkhA

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xksyh fgUnqLrkuh QkSt ls pyokbZ xbZ Fkh] ftuds ihNs xkSjs flikfg;ksa dks yxk j[kk FkkA ;g lHkh tkfy;kWokyk ckx eas ,d Å¡ps Vhys ij [kM+s gksdj ogh ls xksfy;k¡ pyk jgs FksA lcls cM+h nq[kn ckr rks ;g Fkh fd tks yksx cqjh rjg ?kk;y gks pqds Fks lkjh jkr mUgs o¡gh iM+k jgus fn;k x;kA ogk¡ mUgsa iwjh jkr ihus dks ikuh rd ugha fn;k x;k MkDVjh lgk;rk igq¡pkuk rks nwj dh ckr FkhA3 [kqu ls yFkiFk yksx lkjh jkr ph[krs&fpYykrs vius thou dh vfUre lk¡ls fxu jgs FksA tcfd nwljh rjQ tujy Mk;j vius bl f?kukSus dk;Z dk c[kku fczfV”k ljdkj dh oQknkjh ds :Ik esa dj jgk FkkA

bl fueZe gR;kdkaM esa ejus okyksa esa eq[;r% jkenkl] gjn;ky] KkupUnz] ykyflag dEckst] ghjkuUn]

fc”kunkl] eksguyky] pj.knkl] nsohpUnz] rkjkpUn [k=h] jkeyky jktiqr] dsgj flag lSuh rFkk vusd /keZ o tkfr;ksa ds cMs+ yksx FksA4 fljksy ds erkuqlkj &*pqgsnkuh es Q¡ls pqgkas dh rjg yksxksa ds >q.M ij 1600 jk¡mM xksfy;k¡ pykbZ xbZAÞ blds ckn Hkh Mk;j us dgk cl djus okyk Fkk mlus dgk fd&* dkjrwl gksrs rks eaS vkSj Hkh xksfy;k¡ pyokrk]

esjh ea”kk ve`rlj okyksa dks lcd fl[kkus dh FkhA5 bl nq[kn tfy;k¡okyk ckx ?kVuk ds fo’k; esa ifMr usg: us dgk fd &* ,slk yxrk gS fd iatkc vyx&Fkyx iM+ x;k FkkA

og “ks’k Hkkjr ls dV x;k FkkA ,sls yxrk Fkk mls /kq¡/k us ?ksj fy;k gksA6 bl fueZe gR;kdkaM ds ckn Hkh Mk;j :dk ughaA gR;kdkaM ds vxys gh fnu mlus ve`rlj ds yksxksa dks e`rdksa ds izfr laosnuk O;Dr djus ls jksdus ds fy, ,d vkns”k i<+dj lquk;k ftles dgk x;k fd& ßvki yksx r; dj ysa fd vkidks “kkafr pkfg, ;k

;q)A vxj “kkfUr pkfg, rks rqjUr viuh nwdkus [kksfy,A lkekU; rjhds ls dke dfj;sA ugha rks eSa le>qaxk vkidks

;q) djuk gSA eSa ,d flikgh gq¡A esjs fy, lkjs ;q) ,d tSls gSA ;wjksfi;u yksxksa dh gR;k dk cnyk ysuk gqvk rks vkids vkSj vkids cPpksa ls bldk cnyk fy;k tk,sxkAÞ

tujy Mk;j us ve`rlj esa fu’ks/k vkKk ykxq dj nhA “koksa dks mBkus ugha fn;k x;kA lkjs iatkc esa ek”kZy ykW ykxq dj fn;k x;kA ßfczfV”k ikfyZ;kesUV ds HkqriwoZ ea=h Jh ,sfLdoFk us Lohdkj fd;k fd tfy;k¡okyk ckx gR;kdk.M ns”k ds fy, dyad FkkA mnkjoknh Hkkjrh; ofdy lnkf”ko Lokeh us bl ?kVuk ij nq[k O;Dr djrs gq, dgk fd& ß ek”kZy ykW ds rgr tku cpkrh gqbZ HkhM+ ij xksfy;ksa dh ckSNkj djuk] lkoZtfud rkSj ij dksMs+

yxokuk] gktjh ds fy, Nk=ksa dks 16 ehy iSny pydj Ldwy tkus okyk vkns”k] 500 Nk= o v/;kidkas dh fxj¶rkjh] 5 ls 7 o’kZ ds cPpkas dks fczfV”k >.Ms dh ijsM+ esa gktjh nsus ds fy, etcqj djuk vkfn ,sls vkns”k Fks ftlls iwjs iatkc eas vkrad dk jkT; LFkkifir dj ykskxksa ds fnykas dks ngyk fn;k x;k FkkA7

vxkjksa ls /k/kdrs ve`rlj eas gh ugha cfYd iwjs iatkc esa vusd yksxkas dks fxj¶rkj fd;k x;kA 51 yksxksa dks Qk¡lh dh ltk nh xbZ] 46 yksxkas dks iatkc ls ckgj Hkstk x;k] usrkvksa ds iatkc ls ckgj tkus ij jksd yxk nh xbZA cPpksa dks vkthou dkjkokl dk n.M fn;k x;kA vusd LFkkuksa ij ce fxjk, x,s] lSdM+ksa yksxkss dks Åij ls [kqys fitjksa esa /kwi eas j[kk x;k vkSj fitajks esa “kkSp djus ij etcqj fd;k x;k] vusd fo/kkfFkZ;ksa dks csrksa ls ekjk x;kA8 iatkc es gq, bl ekSr ds [ksy ds ckn vaxzsth ljdkj us lekpkjksa ds ckgj tkus ij jksd yxk nhA ftlls Mk;j ds tqYeks dk irk u py ldsA9 tqYe dh lhek dks ikj djrs gq, lH; ukxfjdksa dks lM+dksa ij isV ds cy jsaxus ds fy, etcqj fd;k x;kA rF; rks ;gk¡ rd feyrs gSa fd ve`rlj ds ,d ckjkr dh Hkh tedj fiVkbZ fd xbZA10

Øqj ljdkj us ve`rlj esa ikuh o fctyh ds duSD”ku dkV fn,A tujy Mk;j viuh dqN lSfudksa dks ysdj Lo;a Ldqy ,oa dkWystksa esa x;k rFkk fo/kkfFkZ;kssa dks vkns”k fn; fd gj fo/kkFkhZ [kM+k gksdj rhu ckj vaxzsth

>.Ms dks lykeh ns ftlus ,slk djus ls euk fd;k mldh csarksa ls fueZe fiVkbZ dhA11 tujy Mk;j ds Hk;dj vR;kpkj ve`rlj rd gh lhfer ugha jgs cfYd ykgkSj] xwxjokyk dlwj vkSj vU; LFkkuksa ij Hkh ,sls gh vR;kpkj fd, x,A tgk¡ Hkh HkhM+ fn[kkbZ nsrh ml ij xksfy;k¡ pyk nh tkrhA Hkkxrs gq, yksxksa ds ihNs e”khuxu nkxh xbZA iwjs iatkc esa ßek”kZy ykWÞ ds mYy?ku esa 300 yksxksa dks cUnh cuk;k x;kA tfy;k¡okyk gR;kdkaM ds fojks/k esa egkdfo jfoUnzukFk Bkdqj us vxzsat ljdkj }kjk nh xbZ *lj* dh mikf/k okfil ykSVk fn;kA iafMr eksrhyky usg: us Hkh dgk esjk [kqu [kksy jgk gS vkSj dakxzsl dk fo”ks’k vf/kos”ku cqykus dk izLrko j[kkA

ijUrq vaxzst ljdkj ,oa tujy Mk;j ij bl fojks/k dk dksbZ izHkko ugha iM+kA xoZuj tujy lj ek;dy vkMks;j us tfy;kWokyk ckx gR;kdakM dks mfpr Bgjkrs gq, dgk fd ß;g iatkc dh fojks/kh turk dks lcd fl[kkus ds fy, vko”;d FkkÞA12 vaxzst ljdkj us Mk;j dks ,d Vsfyxzke Hkstk ftlesa dgk x;k fd vki }kjk fd;k x;k dk;Z lgh Fkk vkSj xoZuj bldh iqf’V djrk gSA LosPNkpkjh ,oa rkuk”kkgh ljdkj us Hkkjr esa c<+rs gq, vkØks”k dks ns[krs gq, gR;kdakM dh tkap ds fy, ,d desVh fu;qDr djus dk ukVd fd;kA bl desVh ds lnL; tfLVl jSfdau us tc Mk;j ls tfy;k¡okyk gR;kdakM dk m)s”; iqNk rks Mk;j us mŸkj fn;k& *eaSus lkspk fd eaS ,d gh ckj [kqc vPNh rjg bruh xksfy;k¡ pyok nw¡ fd Hkfo’; esa eq>s ;k vU; fdlh vaxzst dks dHkh xksyh u pykuh iMs+ÞA

13 ekpZ 1920 esa g.Vj tkap desVh us viuh fjiksVZ izLrqr fd ftles ljdkjh vf/kdkfj;ksa ds n`f’Vdks.k dks lgh ?kksf’kr fd;k x;kA bXyS.M ds lekpkj i=ksa esa Mk;j dks fczfV”k lkezkT; dk ßj{kdÞ ?kksf’kr fd;k x;kA turk ls mlds xqtkjs ds fy, 2000 ikSaM rFkk lkezkT; dh lqj{kk ds fy, fd xbZ lsokvksa ds cnys mls ßeku dh ryokjß HksaV dh xbZA ijUrq vaxszt ljdkj ls oQknkjh ds uke ij lksus ds rxes dh mEehn j[kus okys Mk;j dks vius foHkRl d``R; ds fy, fczxsfM;j in ls gkFk /kksuk iM+kA14 vaxzst ljdkj us tujy Mk;j dks Hkkjrh;ksa ij fd, vekuoh;

vR;kpkjkas ds fy, pkgs eku dh ryokj ls uoktk gks ijUrq fo”o ds bfrgkl us mls Þve`rlj ds dlkbZßdh tks miek nh gS] og fdlh Hkh mik/kh ;k lEeku ij Hkkjh gSA

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3 lUnHkZ

1. vk/kqfud Hkkjr dk bfrgkl& “kekZ O;kl] iap”khy izdk”ku] t;iqj i`’B la- 287 2. vk/kqfud Hkkjr dk bfrgkl&”kekZ O;kl] iap”khy izdk”ku]t;iqj i`’B la- 288

3. nqxkZ izlkn& Hkkjr dk Lor=rk laxzke] firkEcj ifCyds”ku djksy ckx]ubZ fnYyh lUk ~1988] i`’B la- 90 4. QkbZy& iatkc xoZesUV gkse feYVªh ikVZ 1921 i`’B la- 139

5. jktkjke& nk tfy;k¡okykckx ekldj , fiz esfMVs<M Iyku] iatkc ;qfuoZflVh ifCyds”ku C;qjks] pMhx< i`’B la- 113

6. t;izdk”k Hkkjrh& ;qodksa dk t;?kks’k] oUnsekr~je ubZ fnYyh lwpuk vkSj izlkj.k ea=ky;] Hkkjr ljdkj] ifV;kyk gkÅl ubZ fnYyh i`’B la- 43

7. nqxkZ izlkn xqIr& Hkkjr dk Lora=rk laxzke] ubZ fnYyh] ihrkEcj ifCyds”ku dEiuh 888 djksy ckx ubZ fnYyh lu 1988 i`’B la- 91

8. ekaxsjke vk;Z & Lora=rk vkanksyu ds dzkafrdkfj;ksa dh Hkwfedk lfpu izdk”ku 7@34 valkjh jksM ubZ fnYyh i`’B la- 116 9. leaxy izdk”ku &LojkT; dh dgkuh Hkkx 2] us”kuy cqd VªLV ubZ fnYyh lu 1991 i`’B la- 116

10. Lekfjdk] tfy;kWokyk ckx] “kksykiqj dh vkgwfr;kW] vkxjk lu~ 1982 i`’B la- 3 11. Lekfjdk] tfy;kWokyk ckx] “kksykiqj dh vkgwfr;kW] vkxjk lu~ 1982 i`’B la- 03 12. eEeFkukFk xqIr& Hkkjr esa dkzafrdkjh vkanksyu dk bfrgkl cacbZ 1972 i`’B la- 98 13. Lekfjdk] tfy;kWokyk ckx] “kksykiqj dh vkgwfr;kW] vkxjk lu~ 1982 i`’B la- 04 14. vk/kqfud Hkkjr dk bfrgkl] “kekZ&O;kl iap”khy izdk”ku i`’B la- 289