Vol. 06, Issue 05, May 2021 IMPACT FACTOR: 7.98 (INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL) DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF MICRO STRIP PATCH ANTENNA
Jayanti Kumari M.E. Scholar, JEC Jabalpur
Prashant Kumar Jain Asst. Prof. JEC Jabalpur
Abstract- Wireless technology in the field of communication systems is very vast research area of research at very high priority at present age. In wireless communication system fabrication of antennas plays an important role. Antenna fabrication is the main cause to select a project focusing on this field. A revolutionary change has been noted over the interest of researchers in the field of antenna design in the last few decades. Interest of researchers includes the commercial/personal communication. In our day to day life users wish to have a light weight and small handset, and this can be possible by proper designing the antennas. Due to the development of VLSI/ULSI techniques the researchers are able to reduce the size and power hungry of the devices to a greater extent. Antenna become the front and back end of the wireless communication system. The potential application of Monopole Antenna for the wireless and personal commutation is the hot topic of interest of the researchers around the globe. The present day demands wide band, miniature antennas with other features. The choice of MSA for communication is basic demand of the present- day communication. The following thesis consists of a monopole micro-strip antenna. The dielectric used in the designing of this monopole antenna is FR4. The top portion of the antenna consisting of a patch having rectangular slot, micro-strip line and bottom part consists of a partial ground plane with a semi elliptical notch. The overall size of dielectric is 30*30*1.5. The fractional bandwidth of this structure is 3.41 – above 25 GHz. The bandwidth enhancement is due to cutting various types of slots in the patch and ground plane.
1. INTRODUCTION
All antennas can be called as dedicated transducers as these converts radio-frequency (RF) signals into alternating current (AC) or vice-versa.
There are two basic types of antenna, one is the receiving antenna, which receives RF energy and delivers AC to electronic equipment, and other one is the transmitting antenna, which receives AC from electronic equipment and generates an RF field. In all wireless communication systems an antenna plays essential role of the equipments that uses radio system. It is employed in systems such as broadcasting, broadcast, two-way radio, communications receivers, cell phones, radar and satellite communications, as well as other devices such as Bluetooth-based devices, garage
door openers, wireless
microphones, , wireless computer networks and baby monitors.
Usually an antenna consists of an array of metallic conductors or other elements, electrically connected (often through transmission) to the receiver or transmitter. A sinusoidal current of electrons made to force an antenna through a transmitter and creates an
oscillating magnetic field around the antenna elements, while the electrons also create an oscillating electric field around the antenna elements. The antenna radiates these time-varying fields into space as a moving transverse electromagnetic field wave. on the contrary, during receiving of an oscillating electric and magnetic fields of an incoming radio wave exert force on all the electrons in the antenna elements, causing them to move back and forth, creating oscillating currents in the antenna.
Micro-strip antennas, consist of a very thin ( t<<λ0, where λ0 is the free- space wavelength) metallic strip (patch) placed a small fraction of a wavelength ( h
<< λ0, usually 0.003λ0 ≤ h ≤ 0.05λ0) above a ground plane. The micro-strip patch is designed so its pattern maximum is normal to the patch (broadside radiator). This is accomplished by properly choosing the mode (field configuration) of excitation beneath the patch. End-fire radiation can also be accomplished by judicious mode selection. For a rectangular patch, the length L of the element is usually λ0/3 <
L < λ0/2. The strip (patch) and the ground plane are separated by a dielectric sheet (referred to as the substrate). There are numerous substrates that can be used for the design of micro-strip antennas, and their dielectric constants are usually in the range of 2.2 ≤ εr≤ 12.
The ones that are most desirable for good antenna performance are thick substrates whose dielectric constant is in the lower end of the range because they provide better efficiency, larger bandwidth, loosely bound fields for radiation into space, but at the expense of larger element size.
2. PROPOSED WORK
The proposed micro-strip antenna is designed and simulated in CST microwave studio. Monopole antennas have several advantages over conventional microwave antenna and therefore are widely used in many practical applications. The proposed design of antenna in its simplest configuration is shown in Fig 3. It consists of a radiating patch on one side of dielectric substrate, which has a partial ground plane on other side. The patch is of any shape rectangular, circular, elliptical etc. The bandwidth enhancement is due to cutting various types of slots.
The bandwidth is enhanced in the proposed structure; it is due to rectangular slot in the patch and semi elliptical notch in the partial ground plane. The various parameter and their optimized values are given in TABLE 1.
TABLE 1: Optimum values of Micro- strip monopole antenna geometrical
configuration
The parameter values of different sections of the given antenna are in mm. The geometrical configuration of monopole antenna is given in Figure 3. It consists of a top portion and bottom portion. The top portion consists of a patch with rectangular slot and micro-strip line. The
bottom portion consists of a partial ground plane with a semi elliptical notch.
Fig 1: Configuration of stage 1 of the given structure
Fig 2: Configuration of stage 2 of the given structure
Fig 3: Geometrical configuration of the antenna
3. RESULTS
This section gives the details of simulation of the proposed antenna which has been designed using CST software. The graphical representation of the simulated parameters is shown below:
Vol. 06, Issue 05, May 2021 IMPACT FACTOR: 7.98 (INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL) Fig 4: Simulated return loss of the
given structure
Figure 4 shows the return loss of the proposed structure of the antenna at the optimized values of all the parameters shown in Table 1. On varying the parameter values in Table 1, the curve of return loss change. Bandwidth enhancement is the basic concern of the proposed work and hence the optimized values are obtained after simulation.
Values of dimensional parameters have been varied and simulation is done again and again to obtain the optimum values for the designed antenna structure.
Separately return loss of the structure of stage 1 and stage 2 is done and the return loss curve is shown in figure 5 and 6.
Fig 5: Simulated return loss of the stage 1 structure
Fig 6: Simulated return loss of the stage 2 structure
Figure 7 shows the gain of the proposed antenna structure. Antenna gain is related to the antenna type, FR4 is lossy material therefore large gain from FR4 cannot be expected. A single patch antenna on FR4 can produce gain of 3- 5dB. The power gain or simply gain of an antenna in a given direction takes efficiency into account by being defined as the ratio of its radiation intensity in that direction to the mean radiation intensity of a perfectly efficient antenna.
In electromagnetic theory, for an antenna directivity is known as figure of merit. It deals with the power density.
Usually directivity shows the direction of radiation. An antenna always radiates in the direction of its most strong emission. It gives relation between the direction of radiation of its strongest emission versus the power density radiated by an ideal isotropic radiator (which emits uniformly in all directions) radiating the same total power.
An antenna's directivity is a component of its gain. Radiation pattern of the designed micro-strip monopole antenna is obtained at various frequencies. The radiation pattern for various frequencies is shown below:
Fig 7: Simulated radiation pattern of the given structure at 5 GHz
Fig 8: Simulated radiation pattern of the given structure at 10 GHz
Fig 9: Simulated radiation pattern of the given structure at 15 GHz
Fig 10: Simulated radiation pattern of the given structure at 20 GHz 4. CONCLUSION
This paper is about the design and analytical study of a monopole micro-strip antenna. The proposed monopole antenna is having a square patch with a rectangular slot, micro-strip line and a partial ground plane. The bandwidth of the antenna is ranges from 3.41 to above 25 GHz. The cause behind bandwidth enhancement is cutting various types of slots in the patch and the partial ground plane. The radiation efficiency or directivity of the given structure is 0.8 dB.
The dielectric used in the designing of the given structure is FR4 having loss tangent of 0.025. The FR4 is used due to its low cost and it can be easily available. The patch, micro-strip line and the partial ground plane is made of copper annealed.
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