Design of S-Band Microstrip Patch Antenna for Wireless Communication Systems Operating at
2.45GHz
Md. Sohel Rana1,2
1Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
1Khulna University of Engineering and Technology, Khulna-9203, Bangladesh.
2Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
2Northern University of Business and Technology Khulna, Khulna-9100,
Bangldesh.
Bijoy Kumer Sen
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Northern University of Business and Technology Khulna, Khulna-9100, Bangldesh.
Md. Tanjil-Al Mamun Department of Electrical and Electronic
Engineering
Northern University of Business and Technology Khulna,
Khulna-9100, Bangldesh.
Shoriful Islam Sheikh
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Northern University of Business and Technology Khulna, Khulna-9100, Bangldesh.
Md. Shahriar Mahmud
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Northern University of Business and Technology Khulna, Khulna-9100, Bangldesh.
Md. Mostafizur Rahman Department of Electronics and
Communication Engineering Khulna University of Engineering and
Technology, Khulna-9203, Bangladesh.
Abstract— Wireless technologies play a major role in remote communication systems and various wireless technologies are used to communicate at these remote locations. Technology is now all at hand. In this paper, a microstrip patch antenna in the 2.45 GHz S-band is designed and studied, which can be used in future wireless applications. The main goal of this antenna is low return loss, bringing the VSWR close to 1, to improve the gain, directivity, and efficiency of this antenna compared to other antennas. The said antenna has been designed and simulated using computer simulation technology software, where Roger RT duroid 5880 is used as substrate material. On the Roger RT-5880, the recommended antenna dimension has a height of 1.5 mm.
This material has a relative permittivity that is equivalent to 2.2.
Both the patch and the ground are made of copper, and the thickness is 0.035mm. The following findings emerged from running these simulations: resonance frequency of 2.45 GHz, return loss ( ) of-12.542 dB, bandwidth of 0.0349 GHz, gain of 8.092 dB, directivity of 8.587 dBi, and an efficiency of 94.24%.
The findings that were acquired using this proposed antenna were superior to those that were obtained using existing antennas and reported in contemporary scientific journals and conferences. As a consequence of this, the requirements of many wireless communication applications are likely to be met by this antenna.
Keywords— Microstrip patch antenna, CST, VSWR, Rogers RT/Duroid5880, Wireless communication.
I. INTRODUCTION
Antenna is a device that matches the characteristic impedance between the source terminal and the load terminal. It is referred to as an impedance matching device.
During transmission, the antenna changes electrical signals into electromagnetic waves. During reception, it does the opposite, turning electromagnetic waves into electrical signals. This process is referred to as transduction [1].
Antenna design is made more difficult in the present day due to the increased demand for wireless communication devices as well as the downsizing of these systems. Microstrip patch antennas are well known for their many benefits, including their low profile, low cost, lightweight, ease of production, and conformance [2]. However, these antennas also have drawbacks, including limited bandwidth and poor gain.
In a significant number of applications, such as those dealing with security for the government, restricted bandwidth is required. The microstrip patch antenna that is rectangular can be in a variety of shapes as well, including square, circular, triangular, elliptical, etc which is given in figure 2. Many methods may be utilized to increase the height of the substrate to prolong the efficiency and bandwidth, but there is one issue with doing so. When the size of the substrate goes up, unwanted surface waves may be able to get in and take power away from what can be used for direct radiation [3].
Figure 1 illustrates the microstrip patch antenna's actual construction. Three layers of metal and substrate material make up the MPA. The bottom or ground structure layer is constructed from a suitable conducting material, such as copper. The substrate layer, also known as the middle layer, can be built out of any dielectric material such as air, FR4, Roggers, etc. The top layer, also known as the patch or design layer is constructed out of a highly conductive material or based on copper [4].
Fig. 1. Geometry of microstrip patch antenna
To better organize the presented information, the paper is divided into four distinct parts. In addition to that, the organization of the paper consists of the following components: The introduction is presented in Chapter I; a literature review is presented in Chapter II; Antenna Design and Simulation is discussed in Chapter III; results analysis is also discussed in Chapter IV, and finally, the conclusion is presented in Chapter V. The next chapter will have all of the references for this section.
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
Microstrip patch antennas are typically utilized in modern communication equipment rather than conventional antennas, mostly due to the smaller size of the former. In today's world, these are extremely demanding, particularly in applications involving wireless communication. The need for microstrip patch antennas that are compact, interoperable, and reasonably priced has been continually driven by recent innovations in the wireless communication industry.
A patch antenna is a type of narrowband wide-beam antenna that is created by etching the antenna element pattern into a metal trace that is bonded to an insulating dielectric substrate such as a printed circuit board. On the opposite side of the substrate, which forms a ground plane, a continuous metal layer is bonded to create a patch antenna [5], [6].
Microstrip patch antennas, which are more commonly referred to as MSA, have become widely used in the field of wireless communication for a variety of reasons, including a low overall cost, straightforward fabrication, and the ability to produce both linear and circular polarization.
Some of these reasons include: Many academics have shifted their focus to MSA research because of the benefits that it offers [7]. Various researchers have researched this antenna, and many international journal and conference papers have been published. International quality journals and conference papers published by different researchers on antennas are discussed in this section.
Avneet Kaur and Davinder Parkash [3], introduces a microstrip patch antenna that has a rectangular shape and is intended for use in wireless applications. The main goal of this microstrip patch antenna is to improve gain, directivity, and bandwidth. It works with both the S and C frequency bands.
Rana and Rahman [8], describe Microstrip Patch Antenna with a frequency of 2.4 GHz that was created and researched as a potential future wireless communication device. They
discuss the microstrip patch antenna in their research paper.
The goals of this research were to achieve a low voltage standing wave ratio, a large increase in gain, and a relatively low return loss.
The work presented here demonstrates and constructs [9] a slotted microstrip antenna that is suitable for use in high-band 5G applications. Utilization of the antenna makes it feasible to achieve high bit rates while simultaneously reducing traffic and increasing user numbers. It is feasible to enhance the return loss, gain, and bandwidth of a conventional rectangular microstrip antenna by adding a square slot on top of a circular slot. It is shown in this paper.
This research presents [10], a hash-shape slotted microstrip antenna that could one day be used in wireless communication on a wider scale. Through the utilization of this antenna, one is able to accomplish not only a high bit rate but also a reduction in freight costs and an increase in the degree of client interaction. A normal rectangular microstrip antenna can have its return loss, gain, and bandwidth improved by cutting a hash-shaped slit into the patch of the antenna.
This article presents [11], the analysis and design of a microstrip patch antenna for fifth-generation (5G) wireless applications that utilize the microstrip line approach for feeding. The antenna has a rectangular slot and operates at 28 GHz. For the purpose of feeding the antenna, the microstrip line technology is utilized. The antenna is designed in the shape of a rectangle, and it receives its feed from a microstrip line. This slot's major function is to make a contribution towards improving the antenna's overall performance, and that will be its focus going forward. Because of this, it is likely that this antenna will be able to meet the needs of 5G wireless communication applications.
In this paper[12], different patch configurations of microstrip antennas, such as rectangular, circular, and triangular patches, are analyzed. These patch shapes may be made in practice, and the effectiveness of both of the approaches outlined has been determined through an analysis of the parameters of the microstrip antenna. A comparison of the measured and simulated results produced by the two methods demonstrates that the FIT is superior for all different kinds of microstrip antenna patch forms, but the FEM is only reliable for producing accurate results for rectangular microstrip antenna patch shapes. In addition to this, it has been found that the results of the proposed antenna parameters coincide quite well with those of prior research work that was conducted at the same frequency. This is appropriate for use in applications using 5G wireless communication systems.
The research presents [13], an original method of multi- band circular microstrip patch antennas as a potential solution.
The dimensions of the suggested antenna are constructed on FR-4, and both the patches and grounds are made of copper material with a thickness of 0.035 millimeters. This results in the achievement of five bands. This antenna is used in wireless applications for use in the X-band, Ku-band, Ka- band, and K-band spectrums, as well as 5G.
On the basis of the findings of the study [14], a novel method has been developed for using circular microstrip patch antennas for multi-band at resonance frequencies of 9.658 GHz, 11.68 GHz, 16.054 GHz, 21.28 GHz, and 29.704 GHz, respectively. In wireless applications, this antenna is utilized for operation in the X-band, Ku-band, Ka-band, and K-band, as well as 5G. In addition to that, it functions properly for radar, satellite communications, computers connected to wireless networks, medical communication devices, and local multi-point TV.
III. ANTENNA DESIGN AND SIMULATION
Figure 2 displays the outcomes of the MPA simulation carried out with the CST software. The CST software that was used to model the antenna design has the capability to display a variety of characteristics related to the antenna, including return loss (S11), VSWR, gain, directivity, radiation pattern, and efficiency. This overview of the results of the simulated antenna designs for planned MPA is shown and discussed below in order to study and evaluate the antenna performance of the suggested antenna design utilizing these antenna parameters.
Fig. 2. The design of antenna in CST
A. Antenna Parameter
Table I shows the various measurements that were taken of the antenna. The notation Wg is used to represent the width of the ground, while the notation Lg is used to represent the length of the ground. In addition, the height of the substrate (Hs) and the thickness (t), as well as the width and length of the antenna patch (Wp and Lp), are provided. Other parameters stand in for the values of the many components that make up the whole.
TABLE I. OPTIMIZED DIMENSIONS OF THE ANTENNA t
100 100 70 28.46 1.5 0.035
B. Return Loss
In communication devices, "return loss" refers to the amount of radiation that is reversed or reflected off the antenna due to a mismatch in the coaxial cable or power transmission system.
This can occur when there is an impedance mismatch. The measurement of the volume is always done in decibels (dB) [15]. The return loss of the proposed antenna is also referred
to as the parameter; it explains the connection between the antenna system's terminals and input-output ports. The S11 parameter is used to represent the amount of power reflected from the antenna's input port and the power emitted by the antenna after it has reflected some of the signals. For the antenna to function well for real-world applications, the return loss value must be less than or equal to -10 decibels (dB) for a specific frequency range [16]. The base value is -10 dB, which is ideal for mobile or wireless technology. The antenna is tuned to the required frequency to function properly.
Figure 3 shows several values of S-parameter. Among them -12.542 was the best value. As can be seen in figure 3, it runs at a frequency of 2.45GHz. At this frequency, the return loss was measured to be -12.542 decibels (dB). The antenna's bandwidth can be determined by measuring the distance between two junctions, which come in at 2.4703 and 2.4354GHz, respectively. Figure 3 and 4 demonstrates that the antenna has a bandwidth of 0.0349 GHz. The suggested antenna's return loss is plotted vs frequency in Figure 3 and 4, which can be found here.
Fig. 3. Return loss is plotted vs frequency
In Figure 4, return loss (dB) vs frequency illustrates that the suggested patch antenna has a return loss of -12.542 dB at its solution frequency of 2.45 GHz. This value is far greater than what is desirable for improved performance.
Fig. 4. Return loss is plotted vs frequency C. VSWR and Bandwidth
The voltage standing wave ratio, also known as VSWR, is a metric that determines how efficiently radio frequency energy may be transmitted via a transmission network from a
particular power generator to an end user. This helps to clarify how the impedance of the transmission line is matched Figure 6 shows a plot of the designed simulated VSWR for the MPA In that case, it indicates that they work well together, resulting in the antenna receiving more significant available energy. As can be seen in Figure 5 & 6, the VSWR that was measured using the suggested antenna type at the working band of 2.45 GHz was 1.6177. Therefore, the magnitude of the VSWR is less than two, which is within the permitted range, and it is 1.6177 at 2.45GHz. This range of frequencies spans 2.4333GHz to 2.4724 GHz.
Fig. 5. Graph frequency versus VSWR of simulation result
Fig. 6. Graph frequency versus VSWR of simulation result D. Radiation Pattern and Gain
Gain and directivity are two essential factors to look at when evaluating an antenna's performance. The gain is related to the amount of energy delivered to the main lobe, whereas directivity assesses the level of radioactivity along a particular path [17]. The gain and directivity performance of the suggested antenna model is depicted in Figure 7 and 8. At 2.45 GHz, for the model that was suggested, the antenna simulation was able to create a gain of 8.092 dB and directivity of 8.587dBi.
Fig.7. 3D gain field configuration of the MPA
The figure 8 illustrates one more parameter frequently utilized to characterize the MPA radiation pattern. At 2.45GHz, the suggested patch antenna has an efficiency of 94.24% and a directivity of 8.587dBi, as seen here in the 3D radiation pattern of the antenna. The radiation pattern provides a graphical representation of the fluctuating field strength caused by the radio waves. The illustrations 9 and 10 depict a three-dimensional radiation pattern with significant gain.
Since the antenna's radiation pattern shows how much power it sends out, 5G wireless systems need to have a very high gain [18].
Fig. 8. 3D Radiation Pattern
The polar representation of the gain pattern can be seen in Figure 9. According to this illustration, the primary lobe has a magnitude of 8.09dBi and its orientation is 4.0 degrees. The angular breadth corresponding to a value of 3 dBi is 72.9 degrees. After being measured, it was found that this antenna had a sidelobe level of -22.1dB.
Fig.9 Farfield gain
Another representation of the directivity pattern is shown in figure 10, which depicts it in its polar form. The magnitude of the major lobe is 8.59 dBi, and its direction is 4.0 degrees. The width of the angle, when measured in three decibels, is 72.9 degrees. This antenna has a sidelobe level of -22.1 dB on the sidelobe scale.
Fig. 10 Farfield directivity
TABLE II RESULTS OF ANTENNA
Parameter Value
Return Loss (dB) -12.542
Bandwidth (GHz) 0.0394
Gain (dB) 8.092
Directivity (dBi) 8.587
Efficiency (%) 94.24%
VSWR 1.617
IV. RESULT ANALYSIS
In this study, simulations are run for wireless applications that use an operating frequency of 2.45GHz and make use of Roggers RT duroid 5880 material. Following the simulation, the gain, directivity, return loss, bandwidth, VSWR, and efficiency of the Roggers RT duroid 5880 material are found to be 8.092 dB, 8.587 dBi, -12.542 dB, 0.0394 GHz, 1.617, and 94.24%, respectively. Because of this, it is possible that this
MPA could become a good option for 5G wireless applications and deployments.
A comparison of the maximum return loss, the maximum gain, directivity, efficiency, and bandwidth of the proposed MPA is presented in Tables III and IV. The demand for wireless communication technology is on the rise, and this solution might be a good fit for that demand.
TABLE III COMPARASION BETWEEN OTHERS DESIGN Ref. Return loss (dB) Gain VSWR BW(GHz)
[8] -13.89 6.6 1.5 0.07GHz
[9] -48.877 6.51 1.0072 3.088 GHz
[10] -32.159 8.07 1.1429 3.848 GHz
[11] -20.95 7.5 1.197 1.06 GHz
[12] -14.81 6 1.5 900MHZ
[14] -22.202 3.53 1.16 7 GHz
[19] -26.40 7.4 1.018 1.102 GHz
[20] -19.37 3.05 1.2411 490MHz
[21] -21.8 6.62 1.117 -
[22] -39.008 4.685 - -
[23] -22.31 6.08 1.3 3 GHz
[24] -26.0563 5.70 1.108 2.386 GHz
[25] -40.99 6.76 1.02 316MHz
[26] -54.49 7.55 1.01 1.06
[27] -56.95 dB 7.5 1.0028 1.33
This Work -12.542 8.092 1.617 0.0349 GHz TABLE IV COMPARASION BETWEEN OTHERS DESIGN
Ref Dielectric Permittivity
(ε)
Thicknes s (mm)
Directivity (dBi)
Efficiency (%)
[3] 2.3 3.17 - -
[13] 4.3 0.035 - -
[14] 4.3 0.035 6.11 54.4%
[19] 2.2 0.5 - -
[20] - 1.6 5.06 60.27%
[21] 2.2 1.575 - 89%
[22] 4.8 - 6.287 74.52%
[23] 4.4 1.6 7.16 85%
[24] 4.4 0.8 6.327 86.64%
[27] - 7.67 79.8% 79.8%
This Work
2.2 0.035 8.587 94.24%
V. CONCLUSION
The purpose of this study is to examine the performance of a microstrip patch antenna, often known as an MPA, which was created for usage in wireless communication systems. It also provides a description of the layout of the MPA. In the modeling of the proposed MPA, the findings reveal that the return loss, directivity, gain, and VSWR are, respectively, - 12.542 dB, 8.092 dB, 8.587 dBi, and 1.617 GHz. This indicates that the VSWR is acceptable. The antenna possesses an extremely high efficiency of 94.24%. When measured against the performance of other antenna designs, we find that the one that was recommended holds its own rather admirably. This particular antenna design has substantial advantages over others in terms of broadband performance, gain, return loss, and radiation efficiency. As a consequence of this, the antenna that was built for the
purpose of this article is an outstanding illustration of a type of candidate antenna that is suitable for use in wireless applications. The performance parameters of the antenna have been satisfied as a direct result of the increased demand for it. The recently constructed antenna structure is going to be put to use for wireless applications, which are the principal focus of remote network deployments. According to the findings of the simulations, the antenna that was proposed has the potential to be an excellent candidate for use in wireless communication systems. The antenna will be made in the near future so that measurements can be taken and then compared to the models.
REFERENCES
[1] Publication, FOREX. “Comparison and Performance Evaluation on Microstrip Patch Antenna for WLAN Application.” IJEER, 2016.
[2] M. T. Islam, N. Misran, M. N. Shakib and B. Yatim, "Stacked multiple slot microstrip patch antenna for wireless communication system," 2008 International Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering, 2008, pp. 783-786,
[3] Avneet Kaur, and Davinder Parkash. “Design of Dual-Band Microstrip Patch Antenna with Chair Shape Slot for Wireless Application.” International Journal of Engineering Research And, vol. V6, no. 04, 2017.
[4] Tiwari, Rovin, et al. “Microstrip Patch Antenna Array Design Anaylsis for 5G Communication Applications.” SMART MOVES JOURNAL IJOSCIENCE, vol. 6, no. 5, 2020, pp. 1–5.
[5] Das, Hangsa Raj, et al. “A REVIEW PAPER ON DESIGN FOR MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA.” Ethics and Information Technology, 2021.
[6] R. Azim, M. S. Alam, N. Misran, A. T. Mobashsher and M. T.
Islam, "Compact planar antenna with dual band-notched characteristics for UWB applications," Proceeding of the 2011 IEEE International Conference on Space Science and Communication (IconSpace), 2011, pp. 269-272.
[7] Aneesh, Mohammad et al. “Analysis of S-shape Microstrip Patch Antenna for Bluetooth application.” 2013, 3(11), pp. 1-4.
[8] M. S. Rana and M. M. Rahman, "Study of microstrip patch antenna for wireless communication system," 2022 International Conference for Advancement in Technology (ICONAT), 2022, pp. 1-4.
[9] M. S. Rana and M. M. Rahman, "Design and performance analysis of a necklace-shape slotted microstrip antenna for future high-band 5G applications," 2022 International Mobile and Embedded Technology Conference (MECON), 2022, pp. 57-60.
[10] M. S. Rana and M. M. Rahman, "Design and Performance Evaluation of a Hash-Shape Slotted Microstrip Antenna for Future High-Speed 5G Wireless Communication Technology," 2022 6th International Conference on Trends in Electronics and Informatics (ICOEI), 2022, pp. 668-671.
[11] Didi, Salah-Eddine, et al. “Design of a Microstrip Antenna Patch with a Rectangular Slot for 5G Applications Operating at 28 GHz.”
TELKOMNIKA (Telecommunication Computing Electronics and Control), vol. 20, no. 3, 2022, p. 527.
[12] Ezzulddin, Saman Khabbat, et al. “Microstrip Patch Antenna Design, Simulation and Fabrication for 5G Applications.”
Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory, vol. 116, 2022, p.
102497.
[13] Thaher, Raad H., and Lina Mohammed Nori. “Design and Analysis of Multiband Circular Microstrip Patch Antenna for Wireless
Communication.” Periodicals of Engineering and Natural Sciences (PEN), vol. 10, no. 3, International University of Sarajevo, May 2022, p. 23.
[14] M. A. Jiddney, M. Z. Mahmud, M. Rahman, L. C. Paul and M.
Tariqul Islam, "A Circular Shaped Microstrip Line Fed Miniaturized Patch Antenna for 5G Applications," 2020 2nd International Conference on Sustainable Technologies for Industry 4.0 (STI), 2020, pp. 1-4.
[15] J. Kang, J. Kim, N. Kang and D. Kim, "Antenna measurement using S-parameters," 2012 Conference on Precision electromagnetic Measurements, 2012, pp. 658-659.
[16] Sharma, Narinder, and Snehdeep Sandhu. “A Slotted Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna for Wideband Wireless Applications.”
International Journal of Engineering and Technology, vol. 9, no. 3, 2017, pp. 1858–63.
[17] F. Mahbub, R. Islam, S. A. Kadir Al-Nahiun, S. B. Akash, R. R.
Hasan and M. A. Rahman, "A Single-Band 28.5GHz Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna for 5G Communications Technology,"
2021 IEEE 11th Annual Computing and Communication Workshop and Conference (CCWC), 2021, pp. 1151-1156.
[18] “Design and Implementation of Triple Frequency Microstrip Patch Antenna for 5G Communications.” International Journal of Communication and Computer Technologies, vol. 10, no. 1, 2022.
[19] P. Patel and D. K. Meda, "28GHz Millimeter Wave Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna for 5G Communication," 2020 International Conference on Recent Trends on Electronics, Information, Communication & Technology (RTEICT), 2020, pp.
118-121.
[20] S. Sharmin and M. A. Rahaman, "A Novel Single-Band Slotted Octagonal Microstrip Patch Antenna for 5G Communications," 2022 IEEE International Conference on Semiconductor Electronics (ICSE), 2022, pp. 160-162.
[21] S. K. Ibrahim and Z. T. Jebur, "A High Gain Compact Rectangular Patch Antenna For 5G Applications," 2021 International Conference on Communication & Information Technology (ICICT), 2021, pp.
156-160.
[22] Y. Muhsin, Muhannad, et al. “A Compact Self-Isolated MIMO Antenna System for 5G Mobile Terminals.” Computer Systems Science and Engineering, vol. 42, no. 3, Computers, Materials and Continua (Tech Science Press), 2022, pp. 919–34.
[23] Touko Tcheutou Stephane Borel, Rashmi Priyadarshini. U-Slotted Wideband Microstrip Patch Antenna for Ka Band and mmW 5G Applications, 14 July 2022, PREPRINT (Version 1) available at Research Square
[24] A. F. Kaeib, N. M. Shebani and A. R. Zarek, "Design and Analysis of a Slotted Microstrip Antenna for 5G Communication Networks at 28 GHz," 2019 19th International Conference on Sciences and Techniques of Automatic Control and Computer Engineering (STA), 2019, pp. 648-653.
[25] N. K. Joshi and P. A. Upadhye, "Y-shaped Microstrip Patch Antenna," 2016 International Conference on Micro-Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering (ICMETE), 2016, pp. 52-54.
[26] Fante, Kinde Anlay, and Mulugeta Tegegn Gemeda. “Broadband Microstrip Patch Antenna at 28 GHz for 5G Wireless Applications.”
International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE), vol. 11, no. 3, Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science, June 2021, p. 2238.
[27] W. A. Awan, A. Zaidi and A. Baghdad, "Patch antenna with improved performance using DGS for 28GHz applications," 2019 International Conference on Wireless Technologies, Embedded and Intelligent Systems (WITS), 2019, pp. 1-4.
