View of LITERATURE SURVEY ON DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF PV PEROVSKITE SOLAR CELLS

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ACCENT JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS ECOLOGY & ENGINEERING Available Online:www.ajeee.co.in Vol.02, Issue 11, November 2017, ISSN -2456-1037 (INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL) UGC APPROVED NO. 48767

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LITERATURE SURVEY ON DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF PV PEROVSKITE SOLAR CELLS

RITU TIWARI¹, RUCHI PANDEY²

1Research Scholar, M Tech Energy Technology

2Prof& Head Department of Electrical & Electronics Engg GGITS, Jabalpur

1[email protected]²[email protected]

Abstract:-On the review of some of the relative literatures it was found that on comparison of two materials (MAPBI3 and bismuth based materials) of perovskite than bismuth has a properties which are lead free to save our environment. However, MAPBI3suffer the issue that lead is toxic to the environment and organisms for a long time and is hard to excrete from the body. Therefore, it is imperative to find environmentally-friendly metal ions to replace lead for the further development of PSCs.

Keywords: Perovskite solar cell, Large-scale. Lifetime, Toxicity.

LITERATURE REVIEW

Determination of the Organic–inorganic hybrid halide perovskites (e.g., MAPbI3) have recently emerged as novel active materials for photovoltaic applications with power conversion efficiency over 22%

is the main subject of study made by Zejiao Shi. focused on Conventional perovskite solar cells (PSCs); however, suffer the issue that lead is toxic to the environment and organisms for a long time and is hard to excrete from the body.

Therefore, it is imperative to find environmentally-friendly metal ions to replace lead for the further development of PSCs. Here conclude, we review progress on lead-free PSCs in terms of the theoretical insight and experimental explorations of the crystal structure of lead-free perovskite, thin film deposition, and device performance. We also discuss the importance of obtaining further understanding of the fundamental properties of lead-free hybrid perovskites, especially those related to photo physics, February 2017.

In another research study Shidayang investigated the performance of the rapid growth of efficiency from 3.8% to 22.1% in recent years, perovskite solar cells (PVSCs) have drawn significant attention of researchers from both academia and industry. In this review article, we focused on approaches for high-efficiency PVSCs have been introduced and then the instability issues and lead-free perovskite have been discussed on 2017.

Michael Saliba did a case study on the addition of inorganic cesium, the resulting triple cationperovskite compositions are thermally more stable, contain less phase impurities and are less sensitive to processing conditions, The purpose of

this article is to determine the This enables more reproducible device performances to reach a stabilized power output of 21.1% and∼ 18% after 250 hours under operational conditions. These properties are key for the industrialization of perovskite photovoltaic on 2016.

Lin-jerchen did a case study on the fabrication of a lead-free cesium tin halide perovskite produced via a simple solvothermal process is reported for the first time. The purpose of this article is lead-free quantum rod replacement has demonstrated to be an effective method to create an absorber layer that increases light harvesting and charge collection for photovoltaic applications in its perovskite phase in 2016.

In another research study Satyajit Gupta reviews Solar cells based on “halide perovskites” (HaPs) have demonstrated unprecedented high power conversion efficiencies in recent years, presented a study ,The roles of SnF2 on the properties of the CsSnBr3 were investigated using ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy (UPS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis on 2016.

Research studylNakita Neo investigated the performance of first completely lead- free, CH3NH3SnI3 perovskite solar cell processed on a mesoporous TiO2 scaffold, reaching efficiencies of over 6% under 1 sun illumination. For a achieve open circuit voltages over 0.88 V from a material which has a 1.23 eV band gap to exhibiting solar to electrical power conversion efficiencies of over 16 % on 2015.

Research study Hyungsukjung investigated the performance of Perovskite solar cells based on organ metal halide

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1 light absorbers have been considered a promising photovoltaic technology due to their superb power conversion efficiency (PCE) along with very low material costs.

Since the first report conclude on a long- term durable solid-state perovskite solar cell with a PCE of 9.7% in 2012, a PCE as high as 19.3% was demonstrated in 2014, and a certified PCE of 17.9% was shown in 2014.

M. Liu et al. did a case study on, we show that methylammonium lead iodide perovskite layers, when sandwiched between two thin organic charge- transporting layers, also lead to solar cells with high power-conversion efficiencies (12%). To ensure a high purity, the perovskite layers were prepared by sublimation in a high-vacuum chamber,2013.

EXPERIMENTAL METHODOLOGY

For large area devices and modules, transparent conductive electrodes (TCO) must be considered in terms of both sheet resistance and cost. Due to the sheet resistance of the TCO, the fill factor will decrease significantly when the active area of a single solar cell device exceeds a certain threshold. Wired transparent electrodes were developed to overcome the high resistance of transparent electrodes and greatly assisted fabrication of large- area solar cells. Combining wired transparent electrodes with spin coating, a perovskite solar cell of 25 cm2 was fabricated with an efficiency of 6.8%. This is the largest single perovskite solar cell reported so far. On the other hand, the commonly used FTO glass substrate is the most expensive part of perovskite solar cells. Less often, ITO glass substrates have been used in perovskite solar cells. So far there is no alternative to FTO/ITO for perovskite solar cell substrates.

Development of a large-crystal, perovskite layer could make metal grid electrodes possible. In this section, we focus mainly on perovskite deposition techniques and their influence on perovskite film qualities, followed by a discussion of large-scale solar cells and modules fabricated using these techniques. Performance of perovskite solar cells/modules with active areas larger than 1 cm2.

Spin coating

Spin coating is widely used to deposit small-area thin films in research

laboratories. Although this technique might not be suitable for large-area, high- throughput film deposition, it can be conveniently used to optimize ink formulations in fundamental studies in which cell area is not major objective.

Typically, in spin coating, a small amount of solution is first dropped onto a substrate to fully wet the substrate surface. Subsequently, the substrate is fully covered with a layer of solution and spun to accelerate evaporation of the solvent. The film thickness is controlled by the concentration of the solution and rotational velocity. The volatility of solvents affects the perovskite crystallization process. In general, with conventional spin coating, a one-step process with PbI2/MAI or PbCl2/MAI as precursors and γ- Butyrolactone (GBL), Dimethylformamide (DMF) or Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as solvent leads to poor film quality. Even though all processing conditions (annealing temperature, solution concentration and spinning speed) have been considered, spin-coated perovskite film quality is often poor, with a high density of pinholes and small grain sizes.

These pinholes cause shunt pathways that degrade solar cell performance. With additives engineering the crystallization of perovskite could be finely tuned and perovskite films with significantly improved quality can be prepared for high performance solar cells.

Vacuum deposition/chemical vapor deposition

Perovskite solar cells are attractive due to their low cost, and they exhibit a large degree of tolerance in synthesis, compared with traditional silicon solar cells or other thin-film solar cells. Perovskite solar cells can also be fabricated using dry processes, such as vacuum deposition or chemical vapor deposition. Furthermore, vacuum deposition is able to fabricate large-area perovskite films with high uniformity.

RESULT S AND CONCLUSION:

With the rapid growth of efficiency from 3.8% to 22.1% in recent years, perovskite solar cells (PVSCs) have drawn significant attention of researchers from both academia and industry. In this review article, we focused on the recent advances in related subjects. The approaches for highly efficient PVSCs have been introduced and then the instability issues and lead-free perovskite have been

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1 discussed. Finally, the conclusion along with brief perspectives has been provided on further advancing PVSCs towards use in efficient and stable solar-to-electricity technologies.

SCOPE FOR FUTURE WORK:

During the course of the research work presented here several interesting and outstanding developments in the field of energy have occurred on the international front. Due to major influx of solar cell/panels from China and Japan the silicon photovoltaic sector has seen a price drop of almost 67% as compared to the year 2010, which has certainly strained the current research and development in this field. Therefore future developments in the field of energy (photovoltaic’s or PEC water splitting) should be based on the earth abundant and inexpensive materials with low processing cost in order to be able to survive in the cut-throat competition with the silicon technology.

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