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SYSTEM PERFORMANCE OF THE PV GENERATION SYSTEM USING SOLAR ENERGY
SAWAN VIJAY1 VARUN BRIJPURIA2
Research Scholar, Sri Ram Institute of Science & Technology Jabalpur MP India1 Asst. Prof, Sri Ram Institute of Science & Technology Jabalpur MP India2
Abstract:-
Power quality which involves power factor and the current wave form mainly affected by the power electronic loads which are connected to the grid. In this work reactive power compensation theory is applied to the inverter which feeds the power to the grid from the solar grid. Solar cell works on the principle of photo voltaic effect, which has nonlinear voltage and current characteristics. These characteristics are improved with the help of maximum power point tracking (MPPT) controller. MPPT controller helps to feed the inverter with maximum power from the solar grid. The Matlab/Simulink model for the photo voltaic cell are implemented, MPPT controller has been modeled for driving the boost converter. MATLAB/simulation results are verified.
Key Words: PV System, Solar Energy, Renewable Energy, MPPT
1. INTRODUCTION
Solar cells converts solar energy into electrical energy, these photovoltaic cells are essentially electronic devices. Photo voltaic cells do not have the capability of storage capability, but this storage can be provided using batteries. These Photovoltaic (PV) cells converts most abundant and freely available solar energy into electrical energy without causing any harm to the environment, where as in the
case of thermal plants produces harmful gasses into the atmosphere. PV cells produce electricity without having any mechanical rotating part, thereby the losses with this type of generation are very less. The voltage generated by this solar cells is analogous to that of battery. The voltage and current ratings of the solar cell can be increased by connecting positive and negative leads of cell in series and parallel combination. PV panel is a
2 combination of PV cells in series and parallel connection, the PV module is a combination of some PV panels.
Commercial and industrial solar power system installation string voltages may vary from 300-1000 V and currents of the range 5-10 A.
1.1 OBJECTIVES
Simulation modeling of photovoltaic cell using direct simulation method, diode model,
Simscape model and observing the characteristics.
Simulation model of maximum power point controller with boost converter topology and
connecting to the single phase grid.
Power quality improvement using reactive power compensation theory for linear and
nonlinear type of loads.
2. RENEWABLE ENERGY
Each year, the addition of persons to world will increase and the resources required to support them will also increase. Of the resources, one of the most dynamic to support the technological advancing population is energy. The energy crisis
became transparent in the late 1900‟s and birthed the desire to find additional energy resources to meet rising energy demands [5].One choice was to increase generation of currently used energy sources such as nuclear, fossil fuel, etc. The other was to explore new renewable energy alternatives. Many different renewable energy sources have appeared as feasible solutions and each one of them has their own positive and negative attributes. As a whole, renewable energy sources all share the fact that their fuel is primarily free and they produce minimal to no waste. These factors are the main motivation for countries to begin incorporating renewable into their energy collection. A predictable 19% of global energy consumption in 2013 was supplied by renewable energy [6]. One more analysis of where the world
‟energy came from in 2013 is shown in Fig.1. Only 19% of global energy coming from renewable may not seem to be a vast amount; however in 2013 nearly half of the new electric power capacity installed was from renewable alone. The percentage of energy from renewable has increased every year for the past several years, and is predicted to continue with this trend in the future.
3 Fig. 1: Renewable energy share of global
electricity production, 2013 [6].
2.1. Solar Energy
It's the energy which derivative from the sun through the form of solar radiation.
Solar powered electrical generation relies on photovoltaic. A partial list of other solar applications includes space and water heating, solar cooking, and high temperature process heat for industrial purposes.
3. MPPT ALGORITHMS
3.1 Review Of Maximum Power Point Tracking
A set of photovoltaic cells called the solar panel. Photovoltaic cells are devices which detect electromagnetic radiation and generate a current or voltage, or both, upon absorption of radiant energy. The output power of PV arrays is mainly influenced
by the irradiance (amount of solar radiation) and temperature. Moreover for a certain irradiance and temperature, the output power of the PV array is function of its terminal voltage and there is only one value for the PV's terminal voltage at which the PV panel is utilized efficiently.
The procedure of searching for this voltage is called maximum power point tracking MPPT. Recently, several algorithms have been developed to achieve MPPT technique such as; Perturb and Observe (P&O), incremental conductance, open circuit voltage, short circuit current, fuzzy or neural based etc [20], [21],. However, the insulation levels and the cell temperature determine only the limits of the best obtainable matching. The array voltage determines the real matching. This mismatch can be improved by the use of a MPPT controller to locate the local maximum power point in the p-v response range of the solar panel [22], Fig.2 shows the P-V characteristics of a practical PV array showing MPP.
4 Fig.2: P-V characteristics of a practical PV
array showing MPP.
3.2 Boost Converter Circuit
The boost converter circuit is shown in the figure, consists of dc source for supplying the powerto the converter, inductor for storing energy in the form of magnetic field, Power electronicconverter for the purpose of switching operation, unidirectional diode for separating source andload circuit, Capacitor for the purpose of continuous current operation, and load.
Fig.3 Boost converter circuit.
3.3 Reactive Power Compensating (Rpc) Scheme
The load draws current of non-sinusoidal in nature. The current wave form at the
grid effected by the load connected to it.
The photovoltaic output converted into ac power and supply it to the grid. Besides to this property the harmonic current presented in the load can be controlled using proper controlling of the inverter current. If the harmonic current presented in the load is compensated by the solar cell current then the harmonics will be freed from the circuit. The actual thing that is happening here is the compensation of the reactive power taken by the load, with that of there active power generated by the solar cell.
Fig.4. Block diagram view of the reactive power compensation system
The original p-q theory works forks for the three phase systems only. So as to obtain this theory to the single phase system we need to consider some virtual voltages and currents, which have the same magnitude but differ in phase by 120 degrees from one signal to another. This theory works in
5 the αβ frame of reference. So we have to convert these values into the αβ frame of reference. The magnitude and phase angle values are measured using Phase locked loop. The actual signal is converted into two more virtual currents with the same magnitude and phase difference of degrees. The currents and voltages obtained are given as Ia, Ib, Ic and Ua, Ub, Uc values. These obtained voltage and currents should be converted into αβ values using parks transformation. The αβ values of voltages and currents are shown as below.
4. SIMULATION RESULTS 4.1 I-V Characteristics Of pv Cell
The current versus voltage characteristics of solar cell is a nonlinear curve. Because of the nonlinear occurrence of maximum and minimum values of current and voltage at a single point it is difficult to collect the maximum power from the solar cell. The simulation of solar cell can be done using different methods like direct simulation method, simscape method and diode equivalent method.
Pmpp @ 1000 W/m^2, 25 deg= 100.7 kW
@ 273.5 V
Pmpp@ 250 W/m^2, 25 deg= 24.4 kW
@ 265.1 V
Pmpp @ 1000 W/m^2, 50 deg= 92.9 kW
@ 250.2 V
100-kW PV Array
330 * SunPower SPR-305E-WHT-D (Nser=5 Npar=66
Fig 5 Simulation for the PV Solar energy model
6 Fig 5.1 Voltage reference of the system
Fig 5.2 Active power of the system
Fig 5.3 Result analysis of different parameters
Fig 5.4 Divergence current and voltage values
Fig 5.5 voltage & current values of PV system
7 Fig 5.6 Id & Iq ref & simulated values
6. CONCLUSIONS AND
DISCUSSIONS
This report gives the simulation of Photovoltaic cell with various methods like direct simulation; mat lab tool box, diode equivalent model and the results are compared for these methods. And the output voltage and current, output power versus voltage are observed at different irradiance and temperature conditions. The maximum power variation with the parameters are observed. The MPPT techniques for photovoltaic cells are developed and the output characterstics are observed at different observed. The boost converter applying the maximum power point technique is explained. The operation of boost converter at different
operating conditions like turn on and turn off conditions are observed. The input and output voltages applied for the boost converter are shown and its importance is explained. The combination of boost converter with maximum power point tracking controller makes the converter to obtain the maximum power from solar cell. The operation of the inverter is explained with its different operating modes are the graphs for current-voltage and power to voltage are observed under different methods. The grid current and the voltage are observed with and without p-q reactive power compensation theory.
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