PRODUCTION ORIENTED STUDY OF HEV & HHV FOR OPTIMISING OVERALL PERFORMANCE
1ASHISH KUMAR KHARE,2Dr.MOHD. ISRAR
1Ph.D Student (OPJS University), 2Guide OPJS University E-mail:[email protected],[email protected]
ABSTRACT - Automobile production has always been an important segment of the industries. Conventional vehicles consume considerable amounts of fuel, which generates exhaust gases and environmental pollution during intermittent driving cycles. The concern over the environment with respect to pollution, the automotive industry, conservation of fuel resources in the world, has entered into a new dimension in production of more fuel efficient, low emission vehicles and new technologies. A hydraulic hybrid vehicle (HHVs) makes use of engines alternate combinations of engine and hydraulic power sources while vehicles accelerate. Other innovations is Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) .The technical complexity of automobiles led at an early stage to pioneering production techniques, which later on were often transferred into other industrial sectors. In this way automobile production was a driving force in the development of the industrial nations in the 20th century. In this, major technological challenges are discussed and the current state of manufacturing technology and research is presented we emphasis on HEV vehicle modeling and simulation, power and energy management, energy storage devices, propulsion systems and influence of driving cycle over HHV that affect the overall efficiency and fuel economy.
KEYWORD: Hybrid hydraulic vehicle HHV, hybrid Electric vehicle HEV 1. INTRODUCTION
The ICE provides a good performance and long operating range. These also cause serious problems for poor fuel economy, environment pollution and human life. Hybrid vehicles (HVs) provide a largely effective and common solution to the issues. Management of energy and emission control for electric and IC engine power systems of various hybrid systems have been studied. The hydraulic hybrid system provides large power capacity and more suitable for heavy duty vehicle. Most manufacturers have developed hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) systems to improve vehicle fuel economy and cost. In a hybrid electric vehicle, energy management can substantially affect vehicle performance and component size. The hydraulic hybrid vehicle (HHV), replaces the electric motor as the primary or assistant driving power and the accumulator replaces the battery for energy storage. It is a hydraulic pump. Reducing fuel consumption and emissions is one of the most important goals of modern design. The hybridization of a convectional combustion engine vehicle with an advanced electric motor drive may greatly enhance the overall efficiency and achieve higher fuel with reduced emissions. Considering the urban status in India, a well
organized and fuel efficient scooter has to be designed and developed. HEV are the vehicles with more than two energy sources are present.
2. SYSTEM MODELING
Various methods and empirical equations were established for each component model. This study also established models of electrical subsystems, including the electric motor, generator, and lithium-ion battery. The hydraulic hybrid vehicle (HHV) and hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) models are compared, hydraulic subsystem models were established and comprised of hydraulic pump, hydraulic motor, and accumulator models. The hydraulic subsystem models supply power to series and parallel HHVs (SHHVs and PHHVs) and hydraulic–electric hybrid vehicles (HEHVs), whereas electrical subsystem models supply power to series and parallel HEVs (SHEVs and PHEVs), and pure electric vehicles (EVs). Table 1 presents the power train configurations and components applied in the research.
Table 1. Vehicle Configurations
The hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) and hydraulic hybrid vehicle (HHV) models are compared; hydraulic subsystem models were established and comprised and accumulator models. Models of electrical subsystems, hydraulic pump and hydraulic motor, including the electric motor, generator, and lithium-ion battery have also been established. The hydraulic subsystem models supply power to series and parallel HHVs (SHHVs and PHHVs) and hydraulic–electric hybrid vehicles (HEHVs). HEVs (SHEVs and PHEVs) are supplied power with electrical subsystem models to series and parallel and pure electric vehicles (EVs). Table 1 presents the power train configurations and components applied.
3. STATEMENT OF PROBLEM AND OBJECTIVES
As an energy storage device, a hydraulic accumulator has the ability to accept high rates and high frequencies of charging/discharging. It can supply very high density of power. The hydraulic hybrid system can easily capture the braking energy. Because of the high efficiency of the system components such as the accumulator and the pump/motor, the operational efficiencies can exceed 70% which is far better than any other form of hybridization. These properties are very suitable for the trucks on city drive condition. However, hydraulic hybrid technology has two limitations.
Firstly, hydraulic hybrids have limited storage of energy which restricts the time of continuous operation and secondly, they currently lack grid plug-in capabilities. Manufacturers are developing hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) systems in order to improve vehicle fuel economy and
cost. Study of energy management and emission control for electric and IC engine power systems have been done and developed for various hybrid systems.
4. THE BASIC PRINCIPLE OF HYDRAULIC HYBRID TECHNOLOGY 4.1 How the Basic System Works The hydraulic system utilizes the basic fluid as oil. Even the car brakes are based on the hydraulic system. A hydraulic machine has two or more cylinders that are connected to a single pipe containing the oil and the pistons that helps in pushing the fluids in the cylinders. The main pipe is connected to four slave pistons that activate the brake pads of your car to the brake rotor, which in turn makes the car come to a stop. On applying car brakes, the pedal makes the piston act and it applies force on the master Cylinder. The basic hydraulic components are as follows:
Basic structure for Hydraulic Hybrid Technology
4.2. Hydraulic Cylinders: Pressure is applied on the fluids (oil), to get the desired force. These components of the hydraulic system are those in which the force acquired is used to power the hydraulic machine of car brakes, cranes, turbines and a large number of excavators. These cylinders also include the pistons of different sizes. The hydraulic pistons are used to push down the fluids in the other cylinder, which in
turn exerts the pressure and pushes it back again.
4.3. Hydraulic Wrench: A hydraulic wrench is used to tighten the nuts and bolts.
4.4. Hydraulic Pumps: The power generated by a hydraulic pump is about ten times more than the capacity of an electrical motor. The hydraulic pump is a component that is responsible for supplying the fluids to the other essential parts of the hydraulic system. There are different types of hydraulic pumps such as the vane pumps, gear pumps, piston pumps, etc. Among them, the piston pumps are relatively more costly.
4.5. Hydraulic Lifts: Hydraulic lifts are the similar components used for powering the hydraulic system in cars such as the low riders. These lift kits are available in any custom- made car shops.
4.6 Hydraulic Motors: The power in hydraulic motors is achieved with the help of exerting pressure on the hydraulic fluids, which is normally oil. Pascal's Law strictly states "pressure exerted on a fluid is distributed equally throughout the fluid". The benefit of using hydraulic motors is that when the power source is mechanical, the motor develops a tendency to rotate in the opposite direction, thus acting like a hydraulic pump.
5 HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLES (HEV) The feature of hybrid vehicle (HV) is that it is powered by both a gasoline engine and electric motor. The HV uses the power from an internal combustion engine and electric motor. The hybrid vehicle has the battery, generator, power split device, internal combustion engine (ICE) and electric motor. The control strategy and vehicle design determines the effectiveness of fuel consumption. The engine provides most of the vehicle’s power, and the electric motor provides additional power when needed, such as accelerating and passing. The control strategy provides a dynamic control of the vehicle to ensure the best utilization of the onboard energy resources for the given operating conditions. An important point for energy management is to decide
how and when energy will be provided by various sources of PHEV.
Description of Parts of HEV Batteries:
Gasoline engine can be powered by gasoline. On a hybrid car the electric motor can put energy into the batteries as well as draw energy from them. The batteries in a hybrid car are the energy storage device for the electric motor.
Generator
The generator acts only to produce electrical power for the battery. It is similar to an electric motor.
Internal Combustion Engine:
The hybrid car has an ICE, also known as a gasoline engine, much like the ones found on most cars. The hybrid engine uses advanced technologies to reduce emissions and increase efficiency.
Receives its energy from the fuel tank where the gasoline is stored.
Power Split Device
The two motors create a type of continuously variable transmission in the power-split-device resides between the two motors.
Theory of Operation for Hybrid
On pedaling the generator it converts energy from the engine into electricity and stores it in the battery. The battery then provides power to the electric motor. The internal combustion engine and electric motor works together. The transmission is turned on by power split device which combines both powers. The wheels are turned by the transmission and it propels the vehicle. The energy used when braking is converted into electricity and stored in the battery. Each provides power to the power split device. Instead of using electricity to turn the wheels, the rotating wheels turn the motor and create electricity, ie the electric motor on applying the brakes gets reversed. The energy from the wheels is utilized to turn the motor slows the vehicle down. When the vehicle is stopped, the gasoline engine and electric motor shut off automatically so that energy is not wasted in idling. The battery continues to power auxiliary systems, such as the air conditioning and dashboard displays.
Electric Motor:
The electric motor on a hybrid car acts as a motor as well as a generator. As a generator, it slows the car down and returns energy to the batteries. For example, when needed, it takes energy from the batteries to accelerate the car.
Proposed HEV Model has following advantages
1. It has better vehicle speed
2. It has better fuel consumption approach
3. It has better battery management.
It can reduce air pollution.
Fig.2 Proposed HEV Model
We need to run our proposed model on MATLAB simulation software
To start this demonstration, run startup_HEV_Model.m
This will bring you to the simplest configuration of the full vehicle.
Test_HEV_Model_SHORT will run through all three drive cycles and bring up a report.
There are a number of things to be aware of with this demonstration.
1. Configurations 2. State flow 3. Power Quality 1. Configurations
1.1 For the Mean Value and Detailed electrical variants, re-do the selection of
the Electrical subsystem if you change the battery subsystem.
When you change Electrical variants, the solver will change. This is done automatically via a script that is called in the Initialization mask of the Electrical
and Battery blocks
(Configure_HEV_Simulation.m).
However, if you change the Battery variant, the solver doesn't change until you re-select the Electrical variant.
2. State flow
The State flow model produces three outputs that route to the Motor, Generator, and Engine control systems.
However, by default, those signal connections do not affect the output of those control systems. If you want to connect the State flow to the rest of the model, each subsystem has a manual switch in it that allows you to select a signal that uses the State flow output to enable/disable the output of the PI controller.
The following results refer to the cases with constant speed, with the specification
Table 6. 80 km/h case simulation 6. POWER QUALITY
The power quality demonstration uses Signal Processing Toolbox. Though it is possible to measure power quality using Sim Power Systems alone, there are two reasons why we did not use this.
1. The FFT analysis in the Power GUI only checks at a single point in time . We wanted to see a representation as time varies to identify the component contributing to poor power quality 2. The Total Harmonic Distortion
block in Sim Power Systems is only for AC networks. For an HEV, the DC network is the most interesting. Spectrogram works for both AC and DC networks.
Figure 3. Power sharing at 80 km/h constant speed case
7. STATE OF CHARGE
The state of charge presents an initial discharging phase due to the power supplied to the wheels by the motor, while the last charging phase is due to the regenerative braking.
Figure 4. State of charge for the 80km/h constant speed case 6. CONCLUSION
To effectively design environmentally friendly, energy efficient and cost beneficial vehicles, this research studies series HEV, a parallel HEV using the simulation package. The results underline the HEV propulsion system design process over HHV. An extra cost function of restarting the ICE may be designed as the start-stop of the ICE will deteriorate the fuel economy of vehicles. Moreover, the frequent gear shifting will significantly impair ride comfort. MATLAB Simulation results are discussed with more improvised parameters than HHV.
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