A REVIEW ON THERMAL PHOTOVOLTAIC CELL OF SOLAR ENERGY WITH BIOMASS GASIFIER
1RAVI VAISHYA,
Research Scholar, Electronics & Communication Engineering
2PROF. DR. S.R. NIGAM
3PROF. DR. R.R.LAL
123AISECT University Bhopal , Madhya Pradesh , India
Abstract:-The market of thermal photovoltaic and Biomass electricity generation is growing rapidly. New ideas on hybrid technologyevolve for a wide range of applications, such as in buildings, processing plants, and agriculture. In the building sector in particular,the limited building space for the accommodation of solar devices has driven a demand on the use of hybrid solar technologyfor the multigenerational of active power and/or passive solar devices.
The importance is escalating with the worldwide trend onthe development of low-carbon/zero- energy buildings. Hybrid photovoltaic/thermal (PVT) and Biomass gassifier system had been studied together with alternative means, a range of innovativeproducts and systems has been put forward. This paper givesa broad review on the published academic works, with an emphasis placed on the research and development activities in the lastdecade.The energy sector is in transition worldwide because ofincreasing demand for energy; significantly fluctuatingoil prices; stronger desire for energy supply security andindependence; and in response to sustainability, conservationand environmental considerations. The mass deployment of renewable and low-carbon energytechnologies has the potential to make important contributionstowards these goals.Biomass energy has the potential to provide a significantproportion of the renewable energy required to meet theseand other national and international targets and obligations.This is review analysis for the system will done on analytical bases.
I. SOLAR ENERGY-TO-HEAT CONVERSION
Sunlight is converted directly into thermal energy in solarthermalcollectors. The sunlight is absorbed by a material,converted to heat and transferred to a fluid stream..Several designs of solar collectors are available, includingwith or without single or multiple glass covers, or with avacuum for reducing the heat losses in so-called unglazed,glazed or evacuated
collector designs. High-
performancecollectors feature thermal absorbers with special selectivecoatings that maximise the sunlight absorption and furtherreduce heat losses. Black chrome over a nickel base is oftenused on copper plates, or alternatively, a titanium- nitrideoxidelayer12. By reducing heat losses, the presence of a glasslayer or vacuum allows operation with higher efficiencies athigher temperatures over an extended temperature range.A particularly interesting design is the evacuated- tubecollector with heat pipes, in which the fluid evaporates andcondenses in tubes as
it transfers heat, in a relatively efficientand affordable design.
THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE
The thermal energy generated by a PV-T solar-thermalcollector is compared to the demand for DHW, spaceheating and cooling over a year. In more details, the energygenerated by a 15-m2 PV-T collector array with a 40% thermalefficiency and 15% electrical efficiency is compared withthe energy demand for heating and cooling in a building inRome, Italy, with a 100 m2 floor area and with monthly energyrequirements defined in reference45.
In this system, excessheat can be stored seasonally and used at a different timeduring the year when this is required.
In this case, the solarsystem generates enough heat to cover over 95% of theannual thermal demand, but a large portion is generated inthe summer when it is not required, while in winter the systemcan generate only 30% of the demand. A seasonal store makesthe excess heat in summer available to provide heating inwinter. The use of a daily thermal storage is also necessary tocover the demand daily
when hot-water consumption occursduring the night or at times of low irradiance.
Fig1. Integrated solar system for electricity, heat and cooling generation. (By Ref 2012) II. PVT SYSTEMS
In the context of distributed heat and electricity generation,whereby generation is spread out amongst individual homes orlocalities rather than in centralised locations, space becomes apremium and the ability to generate the greatest quantity andquality of energy from a given area is a competitive advantage.Simultaneously, there is an urgent need to reduce systemscosts and improve performance.
The development of severalinnovations for solar-thermal systems is already underway:Polymeric materials are being used for manufacturing of solarthermal absorbers, reducing the module cost due to lowerraw material and manufacturing costs. Polymeric absorbersare also lighter in weight than conventionally used copper oraluminium, providing additional benefits to the installation ofthe overall system86.In a PV-T collector, a thermal absorber and the PV cells areintegrated into a single module. The sunlight that is notconverted to electricity, and not lost to the surroundings, istransferred to the rear thermal absorber and to the fluid. As aresult, both heat and electricity are generated from the samepanel. The same considerations apply to PV-T regarding thevariety of module designs as for thermal collectors.In a conventional PV module, 90% of the sunlight isabsorbed, but only
~15% of this is converted to usefulelectricity 98, 99. The rest is partially stored as thermal energy(which is why PV modules can reach temperatures up to~80
°C during operation on hot days) and ultimately lost tothe environment. In a PV-T
module, a useful fraction of theheat loss is instead transferred to a fluid stream at the backof the solar cell resulting in a thermal output that can beused in various applications.The efficiency of silicon solar cells drops by 0.4% per °Ctemperature rise from 25 °C 100, 101. If heat is required at lowtemperature (e.g., for heat pumps or pool heating at ~40 °C)the PV module is cooled down by the fluid so that the moduleitself operates at a higher efficiency, making the electricaloutput of the PV-T system higher than that of an equivalentconventional PV system. This means that on a sunny day,when the module temperature reaches 80 °C, a PV modulewith an 18% peak efficiency at the standard temperatureof 25 °C will operate with an efficiency of about 14% if nocooling takes place.
III. BIOELECTRICITY GENERATION Biomass is a renewable energy source and refers to waste and residues fromagriculture (including vegetal and animal substances), forestry and relatedindustries, energy crops, as well as the biodegradable fraction of industrial andmunicipal waste that can be used as fuel for different scale power production.
Itsuse for electricity production is ‗‗CO2- free‘‘, or, in other words, ‗‗CO2- neutral‘‘,since the amount of the CO2 released during its utilization equals the amount,which has been assimilated from the plant during its growth (photosynthesis).The potential of the so-far unexploited biomass for energy power, fuels, andchemicals from biomass is of
increasing importance in addressing issues of globalwarming and sustainability. The low energy content of biomass fuel imposesadditional techno-economic barriers concerning availability, logistics, and replacementof food crops. The conversion of biomass can be realized with either thermochemicalprocesses including combustion, gasification, pyrolisis, liquefaction, orbiochemical processes, such as anaerobic digestion, fermentation, and enzymes.
IV. BIOMASS GASIFICATION:
Gasification is a process where carbonaceous fuel is converted to a combustible gas knownas syngas, consisting of H2, CO, CH4, CO2, H2O, N2, higher hydrocarbons and impurities (e.g.tars, NH3, H2S and HCl) [33]. The process starts if certain amount of pure O2 air and steamotherwise known as oxidant reacts with available carbon at high temperatures in a fuel withina gasifier.
Gasification converts biomass to a gas
which can generate power.
Researchersfound that gasification has higher electrical efficiencies compared to combustion basedtechnologies because the converted gas can usually generates advanced power like fuel cell[34,35].
Gasification plant is typically consists of following units:
Gasifier
Syngas cleaning units (engine/turbine requirements)
Gas engine/turbine with generator (power generation plant
Heat recovery/steam generation
Steam engine/turbine with generator (combined cycle plant) V. BIOMASS COMBUSTION
Combustion is a chemical reaction in which a fuel is oxidised releasing a large quantity ofenergy. Hot gas produced by burning biomass in a combustor or furnace. This gas is then fedinto a boiler in order to generate steam. The steam drives a turbine or steam engine to produceelectricity . Biomass combustion is suitable for commercial process heat/district heat, CHP, and electricitygeneration ranging from a few MW up to 50-100 MW. This technologies adopts either FixedBed
(underfeed stoker & fixed or moving grate) or Fluidised Bed (bubbling &
circulatingfluidised bed) or Entrained Flow or Dust Combustor to convert energy from biomass.
VI. PV COMBINED WITH BIOMASS
As mentioned previously photovoltaic produces DC current which thanrequires to convert in to AC current to drive most of the electric equipment. PV power plantscan be integrated to both in off-grid or grid-tie system and is also capable of store energythrough batteries which provides DC current. In this case, heat is not one of the desirable byproductwhich puts this system in low rank for both power and heat generation. However, inintegration with biomass can give the system slightly more advantage to consider it as a goodoption for power generation from hybrid source. This particular plant usesmainly rice husk and immature paddy for biomass resources.
Analysis for energy storage system such as batterybackup has been found in this research.
The efficiency is measured as:
ɳmax = ɳth, Carnot × ɳAbsorber (1) Assuming the obtained absorber temperature is equal to process temperature.
T Absorber = T Process (2) VII. VI.LITERATURE REVIEW
Hegazy investigated the thermal, electrical, hydrodynamic, and overall performance of four types of flat-plate PVT/a collectors [1].
These included channel above PV as Mode 1, channel below PV as Mode 2, PV between singlepass channels as Mode 3, and finally the double-pass design as Mode 4. The numerical analysis showed that while Mode 1 has the lowest performance, the other three have comparable energy outputs. On the whole, Mode 3 requires the least fan power. Tripanagnostopoulos et al. carried out outdoors tests on different PVT/a and PVT/w collector configurations in Patra, Greece [2]. It was suggested to place the collectors in parallel rows and keeping a distance between adjacent rows to avoid shading. Diffuse reflectors then were placed between the adjacent rows to enlarge the received radiation at collector surfaces.
Their experimental tests at noon hour gave a range of thermal efficiency from 38% to 75% for PVT/a collectors and 55% to 80%
for PVT/w designs, depending on whether the reflectors were in place. The research team [3] further studied numerically the effect of adding suspended metal sheet at the middle of the air channel and the finned arrangements at the opposite wall of the air channel. It was found that such low cost improvements are more relevant to small collector length and can be readily applied to BiPVT/a installations. They [4] also introduced a PVT/bifluid collector incorporated with improvements identified in their previous work. International Journal of PhotoenergyTiwari et al. explored the overall efficiency performance and optimal designs of an unglazed PVT/a collector [5]. Energy matrices were derived considering the embodied energy at different processing stages in India [6].
Raman and Tiwari [7] then studied the annual thermal and exergy efficiencies of their proposed PVT/a collector for five different climate zones. The exergy efficiency was found unfavorable under strong solar radiation. Hegazy [1].
Furthermore, the life cycle analysis showed that the energy payback time (EPBT) in India is about 2 years. Also evaluated were the effect of fill factor [8] and the integrated performance with an earth air heat exchanger system [9].
Further, Dubey et al. [10] compared different configurations of glass-to-glass and glass-to-tedlar PV modules in Delhi.
Experiments found that the glass-toglass module is able to achieve higher supply air temperature and electrical efficiency. Their study extended to derive the analytical expressions for multiple PVT/a collectors connected in series, including the testing procedures [11,12].
Assoa et al. in France introduced a PVT/bi- fluid collector that integrates preheating and domestic hot-water production [13].
The design includes alternate positioning of the solar thermal collector section and the PV section. The higher fluid temperature output allows the flexibility such as coupling with solar cooling devices during
summer and facilitates a direct domestic hot-water system without adding auxiliary heating device. Parametric studies showed that the thermal efficiency could reach 80%
under favorable collector length and mass flow rate conditions.
Sukamongkol et al. [14] studied the dynamic performance of a condenser desiccant for air conditioning energy reduction with the use of double-pass PVT/a collector. The thermal energy generated by the system was able to produce warm dry air as high as 53◦ C and 23% relative humidity. Electricity of about 6% of the daily total solar radiation can be obtained. Moreover, together with the heat recovery from the condenser to regenerate the desiccant for dehumidification, around 18% of the air conditioning energy can be saved. Ali et al. [15] investigated the characteristics of convective heat transfer and fluid flow inside a PVT/a channel with the provision of a single row of oblique plates array. These plates arrays were positioned obliquely to the flow direction, with variable oblique angles and with separations that avoid the partial shading of solar cells.
Kumar and Rosen [16] investigated the effect of adding vertical fins to the lower air channel of a double-pass PVT/a collector.
The extended fin area was found able to reduce the cell temperature significantly.
In conventional BiPV systems, an air gap is often provided at the rear of the PV arrays for the air cooling of modules by natural convection. The heat recovery from the air stream for a meaningful use constitutes a BiPVT/a system. From a holistic viewpoint, Bazilian and Prasad [17] summarized its potential applications. The multifunctional fac¸ade or roof was ideal for PVT integration that produces heat, light, and electricity simultaneously, in addition to the building shelter functionality. The Brockstill Environment Centre in Leicester opened in 2001 was equipped with a roofmounted PVT/a system [18]. To assess the performance of various operational and control modes, a combined simulation approach was adopted with the use of two popular thermal simulation tools: ESP-r and TRNSYS. Monitored actual energy use data of the building shows very positive
results. Mei et al. [19] studied the dynamic performance of a BiPVT/a collector system constructed in the 90s at the Mataro Library in Spain.
VII. MISCELLANEOUS DEVELOPMENTS IN RECENT YEARS
Desalination is a process to produce the distilled water from brackish/saline water by means of solar still. Solar distillation of brackish water is a good option to obtain fresh water in view of its simple technology and low energy operation. A proposed design of PVT-integrated active solar still was tested in India by Kumar and Tiwari [20-22]. This PVT active solar still is self- sustainable and can be used in remote areas. Compared with a passive solar still, the daily distillate yield was found 3.5 times higher, and 43% of the pumping power can be saved. Based on 0.05m water depth, the range of CPBT can be shortened from 3.3–
23.9 years to 1.1–6.2 years (depending on the selling price of distilled water) and the EPBT from 4.7 years to 2.9 years. The hybrid active solar still is able to provide higher electrical and overall thermal efficiency, which is about 20% higher than the passive solar still.
On the other hand, Gaur and Tiwari [23]
conducted a numerical study to optimize the number of collectors for PVT/w hybrid active solar still. The number of PVT collectors connected in series has been integrated with the basin of a solar still.
Another potential application lies in crop drying, which is the process of removing excess moisture from crop produced through evaporation, either by natural or forced convection mode. Tiwari et al.
developed a PVT mixed mode dryer together with an analytical model for performance analysis [24]. The experimental tests were executed for the forced convection mode under no load conditions. The annual gains for different Indian cities were evaluated and the results show that Jodhpur is the best place for the installation of this type of PVT dryer.
Mittelman et al. [25] studied the application of c-PVT system in a LiBr absorption chiller designed for single effect. In the theoretical analysis, the desorber inlet temperature was set in the range of 65– 120◦C and without thermal storage. The PV module
was based on triple-junction cells with a nominal conversion efficiency of 37%. A typical dish concentrator with an 85%
optical efficiency was used. The results showed that the loss in cell efficiency owing to the increase in operation temperature was insignificant. Under a reasonably range of economic conditions, the c-PVT cooling system can be comparable to, and sometimes even better than, a conventional cooling system. A c-PVT water desalination system was also proposed by Mittelman et al. [26], in which a c-PVT collector field was to couple to a large-scalemultiple-effect evaporation thermal desalination system.
Small dish concentrator type was used in the numerical analysis.
Biomass combustion has gained increasing attention for heat generation in domestic boilers and with respect to availability issues can find application in larger scales for electricity generation. The combustion of solid biomass usually takes place in steam or organic Rankine cycle power plants with electric efficiency in the range of 15–38 %, while it can be also co-combusted in conventional power plants, replacing some fossil fuel and reducing its CO2 footprint.
Biomass thermal gasification and anaerobic digestion have attracted the highest interest amongst the biomass conversion technologies as the solid biomass can be converted to a multidiversable energy carrier gas. The produced gas is called syngas (from thermal gasification) or biogas (from anaerobic digestion) and can be exploited in emerging technologies for heat and power production and realize the decentralized energy production concept.
The available small-scale technologies for converting the biomass derived gas to electric power include internal combustion engines (ICE), microturbines, and fuel cells.
Small-scale efficient combined heat and power (CHP) plants based on biomass gasification can have electrical efficiencies from 20 to 30 % of the biomass fuel lower heating value (LHV), being capable to operate for many hours per year. Solid biomass combustion is implemented in small to medium scale plants using the technology of organic Rankine cycle (ORC), Stirling, or steam engines which however still have high costs and low efficiencies (Rentizelas et al. 2009), despite their recent
commercialization. The utilization of such plants is steadily increasing, since they can operate for many hours per year with high capacity factors (depending on the fuel availability) and are considered a reliable renewable energy source, since the power production fluctuations can be minimized and controlled.
The conversion efficiency decreases with the reduction of the power output, which in reverse is restrained by fuel availability and price. For power output higher than 2 MW, biomass combustion plants are used with water steam cycle reaching electric efficiencies of up to around 38 %, depending on the fuel type and the steam parameters. For scales over 20 MW, Biomass Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (BIGCC) technology can be used, reaching efficiencies up to 40 % (Jäger- Waldau et al. 2012). In addition, biomass is the main renewable source for liquid fuel production (such as biodiesel) used predominately in the automotive sector. The installation cost of biomass plants is rather high due to economies of scale issues. For large steam cycle biomass plants (above 10 MW) the specific investment cost can be higher than 2,000 €/kW. For technologies used for power output lower than 2 MW, probably including ORC technology, an installation cost higher than 5,000 €/kW is expected, whereas for gasification technologies the cost is around 6,500 €/kW (for turn-key projects). The resulting LCOE is about 0.20 €/kWh depending on the fuel cost and the technology used. In the case of biogas plants, the installation costs, including the fermenter and the internal combustion engine, are in the range of 4,500 €/kW (Karellas et al. 2010). The resulting LCOE is about 0.20 €/kWh (Stürmer et al. 2011). Taking into consideration the power production control of such units, it is concluded that bioenergy power plants can be a highly competitive technology, especially if there is a thermal energy consumer (having a combined heat and power—CHP—plant at this case), for example a district-heating network. Many bio-energy plants for electricity generation exist in areas where solid biomass and syngas/biogas are widely available at low cost and require little transportation.
VIII. CONCLUSION
There is significant need for progress in many areas of research associated with renewableenergy. While it is possible that a major breakthrough in any one type of renewable energymay lead that type to dominate the energy market, it is important to invest in various types ofrenewable energy until that occurs. This work has proven the review that hybridizing energy productionfrom more than one source has many benefits, including efficiency and versatility gains for the TPV and biomass gasification system .This is review analysis for the system will done on analytical bases.
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