View of STUDY AND ANALYSIS OF WSN ROUTING PROTOCOLS

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ACCENT JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS ECOLOGY & ENGINEERING Peer Reviewed and Refereed Journal, ISSN NO. 2456-1037

Available Online: www.ajeee.co.in/index.php/AJEEE

Vol. 07, Issue 06, June 2022 IMPACT FACTOR: 7.98 (INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL) 30 STUDY AND ANALYSIS OF WSN ROUTING PROTOCOLS

Monika Rajak

M.Tech Scholar, BTIRT, Sagar Mr. Naveen Khare Asstt. Prof., BTIRT, Sagar

Abstract - In today’s world use of wireless communication is spread out worldwide. Cluster based routing protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have been widely used for better performance in terms of energy efficiency. Efficient use of energy is challenging task of designing these protocols. Understanding the WSN requirements and problems is very necessary. In this article study of WSN routing protocols has been done so that an effective and energy efficient network can be developed. Energy consumption and assigning the proper channel are some important aspects to know. A brief discussion over the WSN and its routing parameters and working of such network has been made in this paper. The clustering Algorithm is a kind of technique used to reduce energy consumption. It can increase the scalability and lifetime of the network. Many routing protocols on clustering structure have been proposed in recent years. Every protocol is not suitable for heterogeneous Wireless sensor networks. Efficiency of protocol degrades while changing the heterogeneity parameters. In this paper we determine the need of the network and significance of the protocols.

1 INTRODUCTION

Wireless sensor network is the network consisting of hundreds of compact and tiny sensor nodes which senses the physical environment in terms of temperature, humidity, light, sound, vibration, etc. These sensor nodes gather the data from the sensing field and send this information to the end user. These sensor nodes can be deployed on many applications. Current wireless sensor network is working on the problems of low-power communication, sensing, energy storage, and computation.

Wireless Sensor Network (WSN), a distributed system consisting of a Base Station and large number of Sensor Nodes (SN) that integrate micro sensing, computing and wireless communication capabilities, which are capable of detecting various events related to its surrounding environment such as speed, temperature, pressure, difference in displacement, light, etc. Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) include small-sized sensor nodes that can transmit data through data sensing, computation and wireless channel communication capabilities. One of the major problems in the WSN is the limited battery power at the sensor nodes. Routing protocols around the work areas of the WSN are an important area. In addition to prolonging the life of the sensor nodes, it is also desirable to distribute the existing energy

homogeneously to the WSN. Due to the limited power supply in the sensor nodes, the energy consumption of the power source is an important concept in the WSNs. Maximum energy is used when data is transmitted to other nodes via sensor nodes. For all these reasons, a number of studies have been conducted to develop routing algorithms to extend a sensor network lifetime. All nodes may have two other optional components apart from the basic unit such as Mobilizer (to move sensor nodes when it is required to carry out the assigned tasks) and location finding system (the knowledge of location with high accuracy). Sensor node can performed simple computations transmit only the required and partially processed data rather than sending the whole raw data to the nodes. It not only gathers useful information like temperature, sound, light but also plays a role in communicating through wireless channels in the router under the constraints of battery. The limitation of a sensor nodes are with respect to computational capacity, in energy supply and communication bandwidth. But an ideal wireless sensor is scalable, consume less power, fault tolerance, they are smart and programmable. Apart from these they are capable of fast data acquisition, efficient, reliable and accurate over long term. And lastly, the main advantage is low cost and

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Vol. 07, Issue 06, June 2022 IMPACT FACTOR: 7.98 (INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL) 31 easy or no maintenance. The main tasks

of a WSN are to: Calculate the given location’s physical value, determine the estimate parameters of the detected event and occurrence of events of interest, Trace an object and divide any object which was detected. The important requirements of a WSN are: (i) use of a large number of sensors, (ii) attachment of stationary sensors, (iii) low energy consumption, (iv) Self organization capability, (v) collaborative signal processing, and (vi) querying ability.

Figure 1 shows the basic architecture of WSN. It consists of sensor nodes, cluster head and base station.

Main target of routing protocols is to select best cluster head from the existing nods. WSN routing protocols have a large number. There are several ways to classify and categories routing protocols in WSN.

A basic classification is described in this article.

Fig. 1 WSN Architecture 1.1 Classification of routing protocols The routing protocols define how nodes will communicate with each other and how the information will be disseminated through the network. There are many ways to classify the routing protocols of WSN. The basic classification of routing protocols is illustrated in Figure 2.

Fig. 2 Basic classification of routing protocols 2 NODE CENTRIC ROUTING PROTOCOL

In node centric protocols the destination node is specified with some numeric identifiers and this is not expected type of communication in Wireless sensor networks. Example of node centric protocol is Low energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH). LEACH is a routing protocol that organizes the cluster such that the energy is equally divided in all the sensor nodes in the network. In LEACH protocol several clusters are produced of sensor nodes and one node defined as cluster head and act as routing node for all the other nodes in the cluster.

As in routing protocols the cluster head is selected before the whole communication starts and the communication fails if there is any problem occurs in the cluster head and there is much chances that the battery dies earlier as compare to the other nodes in cluster as the fix cluster head is working his duties of routing for the whole cluster. LEACH protocol apply

randomization and cluster head is selected from the group of nodes so this selection of cluster head from several nodes on temporary basis make this protocol more long lasting as battery of a single node is not burdened for long.

Sensor nodes elect themselves as cluster head with some probability criteria defined by the protocol and announce this to other nodes.

3 DATA-CENTRIC ROUTING PROTOCOL In most of the wireless sensor networks, the sensed data or information is far more valuable than the actual node itself.

Therefore data centric routing techniques the prime focus is on the transmission of information specified by certain attributes rather than collecting data from certain nodes. In data centric routing the sink node queries to specific regions to collect data of some specific characteristics so naming scheme based on attributes is necessary to describe the characteristics

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Vol. 07, Issue 06, June 2022 IMPACT FACTOR: 7.98 (INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL) 32 of data. Example of this protocol is Sensor

protocols for information via negotiation (SPIN). SPIN is abbreviation of sensor protocol for information via negotiation.

This protocol is defined to use to remove the deficiency like flooding and gossiping that occurs in other protocols. The main idea is that the sharing of data, which is sensed by the node, might take more resources as compare to the meta-data, which is just a descriptor about the data sensed, by the node. The resource manager in each node monitors its resources and adapts their functionality accordingly. Three messages namely ADV, REQ and DATA are used in SPIN. The node broadcast an ADV packet to all the other nodes that it has some data. This advertising node ADV message includes attributes of the data it has. The nodes having interests in data, which the advertising node has requested by sending REQ message, to the advertising node. On receiving the REQ message the advertising node send data to that node.

This process continues when the node on reception of data generate an ADV message and send it.

3.1 Destination-initiated (Dst-initiated) Routing Protocol

Protocols are called destination initiated protocols when the path setup generation originates from the destination node.

Examples are directed diffusion (DD) &

LEACH. Directed diffusion is a data centric routing technique. It uses this data centric technique for information gathering and circulating. This routing protocol is also energy efficient and energy saving protocol so that’s why life time of the network is increased. All the communication in directed diffusion routing protocol is node to node so there is no need of addressing in this protocol.

3.2 Source-initiated (Src-initiated) Routing Protocol

In these types of protocols the source node advertises when it has data to share and then the route is generated from the source side to the destination.

3.3 Applications of WSN

Some applications of the WSN are as follows:

Environmental Monitoring: Sensors can be used in the surrounding to capture the forest fire, data of rainfall, precipitation, pollution, landslide, natural calamities, level of pollution etc.

Process Management: Various forms of process in factories or industries for example chemical plant, nuclear plant, roadways, airport etc. can be evaluated using sensor nodes.

Industrial Monitoring: Sensors are also used for capturing the information about data logging, structural health monitoring, evaluating the health of complex machineries system.

Healthcare Monitoring: Sensor nodes can also be used to capture vital statistics as well as certain clinical information to understand specific medical condition of a patient.

4 CONCLUSION

Routing in sensor networks is a new area of research, with a limited but rapidly growing set of research results. In this article we present a comprehensive survey of routing techniques in wireless sensor networks that have been presented in the literature. They have the common objective of trying to extend the lifetime of the sensor network while not compromising data delivery. In this study it is found that routing protocols have very important significance in WSN.

Better selection of routing protocol results better performance of communication system. All protocols perform differently and accordingly so in designing the WSN protocol selection according to the requirement is necessary.

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