http://www.shanlaxjournals.com
OPEN ACCESS
Manuscript ID:
TAM-070220225824 Volume: 7
Issue: 2 Month: October Year: 2022 P-ISSN: 2454-3993 E-ISSN: 2582-2810 Received: 20.07.2022 Accepted: 02.09.2022 Published: 01.10.2022 Citation:
Rupa, A. “Weaving and Folklore.” Shanlax International Journal of Tamil Research, vol. 7, no. 2, 2022, pp. 43–48.
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.34293/
tamil.v7i2.5824
*Corresponding Author:
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution- ShareAlike 4.0 International License
Weaving and Folklore
Dr. A. Rupa
Assistant Professor, PG Department of Tamil Adhiyaman Arts and Science College for Women
Srinivasa Nagar, Uthangarai
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0732-6540
Abstract
There are two types of literature that have appeared in Tamil language. They are written texts. Unwritten folklore.i.e. folk literature. Attilakyas are divided into several categories according to the period such as Sangam literature, Sangam Maruviya literature, medieval literature, devotional literature, modern literature, historical literature, small literature, barilyakya from the early period. In this way, it can be known through many studies that there are many elements of folklore in Sangam literature. This article seeks to examine the extent to which Neydhil Kali has folkloric elements in Kalim.
Key Words:
Folklore, Folk Literature, Sangam Literature, Medieval Literature, Neither Kali, Nattupuraviyal.
References
1. Su. Sakthivel - Study of Folklore 2. Nedunalvadai - ncbh
3. Kalithogai - ncbh
4. V. Perumal, Multipurpose Proverbs 5. Tolkappiyam
6. De. Lourdes, Natar Jurisprudence 7. Thirupathur Mavatta Palamozhigal
£ßÚõmkz uªÈ¯À B#ÂuÌ
ö|#uØ P¼²® |õmk¨¦Ó¯¾®
•øÚÁº B. ¹£õ
Eu¨ ÷£µõ]›¯º, uªÌzxøÓ
Av¯©õß ©Pκ Pø» ©ØÖ® AÔ¯À PÀ¿›
^ÛÁõ\õ |Pº, FØÓ[Pøµ
B#Äa”¸UP®
uªÌ ö©õȰÀ ÷uõßÔ²ÒÍ C»UQ¯[PÎÀ Cµsk ÁøP Põn¨£kQßÓÚ, AøÁ GÊu¨£mh Hmi»UQ¯[PÒ. GÊu¨£hõu |õmi»UQ¯[PÒ.Hmi»UQ¯[PÒ xÁUP Põ»zvÀ C¸¢x \[P C»UQ¯®,
\[P® ©¸Â¯ C»UQ¯®, CøhUPõ» C»UQ¯®, £Uv C»UQ¯®, |ÃÚ C»UQ¯®, Áµ»õØÖ C»UQ¯®, ]ØÔ»UQ¯®, ÷£›»UQ¯® GßÖ Põ»zvØS HØ£¨ £» ÁøPPÍõP¨ £SUP¨£kQßÓÚ.
\[P C»UQ¯©õÚ P¼zöuõøP°À |õmk¨¦Ó¯À TÖPÒ HµõÍ©õP¨ ö£õ¸¢v²ÒÍÚ Gߣøu B#Âß FhõP AÔ¯»õQÓx. CUPmkøµ P¼zöuõøP°À ö|#uØP¼ GÆöÁÆ |õmk¨¦Ó¯À TÖPøÍU öPõskÒÍx Gߣøu Bµõ¯ •Ø£mkÒÍx.
•UQ¯aöŒõØPÒ: |õmk¨¦Ó C»UQ¯[PÒ, |õmk¦Ó C»UQ¯[PÒ \[P C»UQ¯[PÒ, ö|#uØ P¼.
P¼zöuõøP
GmkzöuõøP ¡ÀPÎÀ ¯õ¨¦
ÁøP¯õÀ ö£¯µø©¢uøÁ £›£õhÀ, P¼zöuõøP. öuõÀPõ¨¤¯ AP¨ö£õ¸m ö\#vPøÍ¨ £õkuØS›¯ £õUPÍõP¨
£›£õhÀ, P¼ Cµsøh²® SÔ¨¤mkÒÍõº.
GßÓõ¾® öuõÀPõ¨¤¯º Põ»zvØS
•ߤ¸¢÷u C¢u¨ £õk ö£õ¸Ò C¸¢uø©ø¯ “Gß©Úõº ¦»Áº” GßÓ öuõhµõÀ AÔ¯»õ®. 150 £õhÀPøÍU öPõsh P¼zöuõøP°À |õmk¨¦Ó
£õhÀPÎÀ ¯õ¨¦ ©mkªßÔ |õmk¨¦Ó ÁiÁ•® Ch® ö£ØÖÒÍx.
£õø»UP¼, SÔg]UP¼, ©¸uUP¼,
•Àø»UP¼, ö|#uØP¼ GßÖ I¢x ÁøPPÍõP¨ £SUP¨£mkÒÍ P¼zöuõøP°À ö|#uØP¼ 118 Áx
£õhÀ •uÀ 150 Áx £õhÀ Áøµ 33
£õhÀPÒ Ch®ö£ØÖÒÍÚ.
|õmk¨¦Ó ©UPÎß £ÇUPÁÇUP[PøÍ²®
£s£õkPøÍ²® C»UQ¯[PøÍ²®
Bµõ²® C¯÷» |õmk¨¦Ó¯»õS®.
C¢|õmk¨¦Ó¯ø» AÔbºPÒ £»º
£» ÁøPPÍõP¨ £SUQßÓÚº.
|õmk¨¦Ó¯ø»¨ ö£õxÁõP Cµsk ÁøPPÍõP¨ ÁøP¨£kzu»õ®. JßÖ
|õmk¨¦Ó C»UQ¯®, ©ØöÓõßÖ
|õmk¨¦Ó Pø»PÒ, |®¤UøPPÒ GßÖ ¤›UP»õ®. |õmk¨¦Ó C»UQ¯®
GߣvÀ |õmk¨¦Ó¨ £õhÀPÒ, |õmk¨¦Ó PøuPÒ, |õmk¨¦ÓU Pøu¨£õhÀPÒ,
£Çö©õÈPÒ, ÂkPøuPÒ, ¦µõn[PÒ GßÖ ÷©¾® ÁøP¨£kzxQßÓÚº.
£Çö©õÈ
“‰uÔ¼¸¢x ÷uõßÔ¯ ö©õÈ
£Çö©õÈ, {øÚ¨¤ØS® Gmhõu
£Ç[Põ»zv¼¸¢÷u ©UPÒ ÁõÌÂÀ ÁõÌ¢x Á¸£øÁ Gߣøu¨ £Çö©õȰ¾ÒÍ ö©õÈ GßÝ® ö\õÀ SÔUQÓx.” (_.\Uv÷ÁÀ, |õmk¨¦Ó¯À B#Ä)
http://www.shanlaxjournals.com
uªÈÀ £Çö©õÈUS ‰xøµ, •xø©, ö©õÈø©, •ßö\õÀ, •xö\õÀ,
£Çgö\õÀ GÚ BÖö£õ¸Ò C¸¨£uõP
÷\¢uß vÁõPµ® SÔ¨¤kQÓx. £ÇSö©õÈ, öuõßöÚÔ ö©õÈ, •xö©õÈ, •xö\õÀ, öuõßÖ£k QÍÂ, öuõßÖ£k
£Çö©õÈ, £Çö©õÈ, Áõ#ö©õÈ, AÓ®, ö|kö©õÈ GßÖ •¨£zv|õßS ö\õØPÒ C¸¨£uõP Á.ö£¸©õÒ SÔ¨¤mkÒÍõº. £Çö©õÈ |õmk¨¦Ó
©UPÍõÀ ÁÇ[P¨£mk Á¢u ö©õÈ Gߣøu AÁØÔß ö£¯øµ øÁzx AÔ¢x öPõÒÍ»õ®. |õmk¨¦Ó
©UPÎß ÁiÁ©õÚ C®ö©õÈ ö|#uØ P¼°¾® Ch® ö£ØÖÒÍx.
uø»ÁÝ® uø»Â²® ¤›¢x C¸US®
Põ»zvÀ AøÚzx® ö|i¯x ÷£õÀ
÷uõßÖ® GßÖ ö|k|ÀÁõøh }sh ö|i¯ Áõøh GßÝ® ö£õ¸ÎÀ SÔ¨¤mkÒÍx. A÷u÷£õÀ C[S®
uø»ÁøÚ¨ ¤›¢x Áõk® uø»ÂUS
©õø»UPõ»® ÷©¾® Á¸zuzøuz u¸QÓx. A®©õø»¨ ö£õÊøu¨ £õºzx uø»Â “©õø»U Põ»÷©, }, Gß ö|g\zøuz u®ªhz÷u öPõsk }[QÚÁº GÚUSz xøn uõµõ©À C¸UQßÓ ÷|µzv÷»
öÁÒÍzvÀ AP¨£mkU Pøµ÷¯Ó
©õmhõu ©õÛß ©¸©zøu¨ £õºzx A®ø£z öuõkUS® öPõi¯ÁøÚ¨
÷£õ», xߣzv÷» AÊ¢v°¸UQßÓ GßøÚU øP¯ÓÄ G#xÂUP Á¢uõ÷¯õ?
} öPõi¯ ©õø»¯õP C¸¢uõ#” GßÖ uø»Â SÔ¨¤kQÓõÒ. CøÁ
“©õø» } & P¢x BuÀ \õßÓÁº PøÍ uõµõ¨ ö£õÊvßPs
öÁ¢ux Kº ¦soßPs ÷ÁÀ öPõsk ~øÇ¨£õß ÷£õÀ”
£õhÀ & 120 GßÖ Ch® ö£ØÖÒÍx.
|õmk¨¦Ó ©UPÒ CUP¸zvøÚ
“öÁ¢u ¦soÀ ÷Áø» £õ#a\õ÷u”
GßÖ SÔ¨¤kÁº.
÷©¾® “G¸x ÷|õ# PõUøPUSU öu›²©õ?” GßÖ® »[QøÚ øÁzx
£Çö©õȯõP |õmk¨¦Ó ©UPÒ TÖÁº.
CÆÁiÁzøu ÷©ØPsh £õh»õÚx ö£ØÖÒÍx.
uø»Áß uø»Âø¯¨ ¤›¢x C¸US®
Põ»[PÎÀ ¤›Ä BØÓõø©¯õÀ uø»Â Á¸¢v {ØQÓõÒ. uø»Áß Á¢uõÀ uÚUS¨ £hº¢xÒÍ £\ø» wº¢x Âk® GßÖ uø»ÂUSz öu›¢uõ¾®
AÁÍõÀ BØÔ°¸UP C¯»ÂÀø».
CÆÁ¸zuzøu Phø» ÷|õUQU TÖÁx
÷£õÀ ¦»Áº SÔ¨¤mkÒÍõº.
“KK!Ph÷»! Fº uø»UöPõsk PÚ¾® Pk¢ w¦Ò }º ö£#uUPõ÷» ]Ú® uo²®, ©ØÖ CL÷uõ Dµ® CÀ ÷PÒÁß EÕC¯ Põ©zw }¸Ò ¦QÝ®, _k®.”
£õhÀ & 144 GßÖ SÔ¨¤kQÓx. CøÁ “£mh Põ¼÷»
£k®, öPmh Si÷¯ öPk®” GßÓ
£Çö©õ顧 ÁiÁzøu²® “BøÚUS J¸ Põ»® Á¢uõÀ §øÚUS J¸ Põ»®
Á¸®” GßÓ £Çö©õ顧 ö£õ¸øÍ²®
Emö£õvzx Põn¨£kQÓx. B ö|#
\õ¨¤k® Põ»® J¸ Põ»®. § ö|#
\õ¨¤k® Põ»® J¸ Põ»®. Ax÷£õÀ uø»Áß v¸®¤ Á¢uõÀ C¢u¨ £\ø»¨
wº¢x Âk®. BÚõÀ C¢÷|µzvÀ Ph¼÷» CÓ[QÚõ¾® C¢uU Põ©
÷|õø¯z wºUP C¯»ÂÀø»÷¯ GßÖ uø»Â Á¸¢xÁøu GkzxøµUQÓx.
£ßÚõmkz uªÈ¯À B#ÂuÌ
|®¤UøPPÒ
£søhUPõ»® •uÀ ©Ûuß C¯ØøP÷¯õk Cø¯¢x ÁõÌ¢x Á¸QßÓõß. C¯ØøP°ß ©õÖu¾US HØ£ ©ÛuÛß ©Ú•® ©õÔ Á¸QßÓÚ.
BÚõÀ |®¤UøP Gߣx ©mk®
©õÓõ©À AÆÁõ÷Ó EÒÍx. E»öP[Q¾®
ÁõÊ® £Ç[Si ©UPÒ AøÚÁ¸®
C¯ØøP÷¯õk Cø¯¢u Áõ̯ø»²®
|®¤UøPø¯²® Eøh¯ÁºPÍõP ÁõÌ¢x Á¢uÚº. ÁõÌ¢x Á¸QßÓÚº.
CÁØøÓz öuõÀPõ¨¤¯º
“|õЮ ¦ÒЮ ¤ÓÁØÔÛªzu•®”
öuõÀ.¦Ó® 91 SÔ¨¤kQßÓx. C¢|®¤UøP »[S,
£ÓøÁ, \SÚ®, öu#Á® £» ÁøPPÍõP¨
£SUP¨£kQßÓÚ.
öu#Á® £ØÔ¯ |®¤UøPPÒ
©õø» ÷|µzvÀ ÂÍUS HØÖuÀ, §øŒ AøÓ°À £À¼ C¸¢uõÀ S» öu#Ázvß B]²ÒÍx ÷£õßÖ £» |®¤UøPPÒ öu#Á® £ØÔ ©UPÐUSU Põ»®
Põ»©õP C¸¢xÒÍx Gߣøu CøÁ GkzxøµUQßÓÚ. AÆÁÍ÷Á ö|#uØ {»zvÀ uø»ÁøÚ¨ ¤›¢x Áõk®
uø»Â ©õø» ÷|µzvÀ ÂÍUS HØÔ öu#Ázøu ÁÈ£mhõÀ uø»Áß Âøµ¢x Á¸Áõß GßÖ Gso ÂÍUS HØÔ CøÓÁøÚ ÁÈ£kQÓõÒ. AøÁ
“A¢v A¢unº GvºöPõÍ, A¯º¢x ö\¢wa ö\ÆÁÇÀ öuõh[P & Á¢uøu”
£õhÀ 119 öÁΨ£kzxQÓx.
CUP¸zvøÚ ö|k|ÀÁõøh²®
“©hÁµÀ ©Pκ .. ö£õÊuÔ¢x C¸®¦ ö\#ÂÍUQß Dº¢v›U öPõÏC ö|À¾® ©»¸® yE#U øPöuõÊx
©À»À BÁn® ©õø»A¯µ”
(ö|k|ÀÁõøh) SÔ¨¤kQÓx.
uø»Áß ¤›ÁõÀ Áõi¯ uø»Â uß uø»ÁøÚz uß÷Úõk ÷\º¨¤UP
÷Ásk® GßÖ C¯ØøP öu#Á©õÚ bõ°ØøÓ²®, Põ©zvß PhÄÍõÚ Põ©øÚ²®, F›À EÒÍ öu#Á[PøÍ²® Án[Q
÷ÁskQÓõÒ.
“BÖ AÀ» ö©õÈ, AÓ ÂøÚ P»UQU
÷uÖPÒ |ÓÄ Eshõº ©¯UP® ÷£õÀ, Põ©®.
(£õhÀ & 147) C¨£õh¾® öu#Ázvß «x uø»Â øÁzu |®¤UøPø¯²® AUPõ»zv¾®
|õmk¨¦Ó ©UPÎß |®¤UøPPÒ Põn¨£kQÓx Gߣøu AÔ¯•iQÓx.
PÚÄ £ØÔ¯ |®¤UøP
PÚÄPÒ ©UPÐUS ÁõÌÂÀ ¤ß {PǨ÷£õÁøu •ßÚº EnºzxQßÓÚ GßÖ |®¦QßÓÚº. EͯÀ ÷£µÔbºPÒ AhUQ øÁUP¨£mh ¸¨£zvß
©øÓ•P©õÚ öÁΨ£õ÷h PÚÄ Gߣº.
÷ÁÖ ]»º PÚÄ Gߣx EÍ ÷|õ¯õÀ
÷uõßÖQÓx GßÖ® TÖÁº. CUPÚøÁ
|À» PÚÄ GßÖ® öPmh PÚÄ GßÖ®
ÁøP¨£kzxÁº. A÷u ÷£õÀ AvPõø»°À PÚÄ PshõÀ £¼US® GßÖ® TÖÁº.
(_.\Uv÷ÁÀ, |õmk¨¦Ó¯À B#Ä) PÚÂÀ £õ®¦ PshõÀ |À»x, ö£sPÒ Á¢uõÀ |À»uÀ», Bø© Á¢uõÀ Avºèh® Á¸® GßÖ £» |®¤UøPPÒ Esk. uø»Â uø»ÁøÚ¨ ¤›¢v¸US®
ö£õÊx uø»Â²® uø»ÁÝ® PÚÂÀ J¸Á÷µõk J¸Áº Eøµ¯õkÁx ÷£õÀ PÚÄ PõsQÓõÒ. Bu»õÀ PÚÂÀ Pshx
÷£õÀ uø»Áß Âøµ¢x Á¸Áõß.
AÁ÷Úõk |õß ©QÌ¢v¸¨÷£ß GßÖ uÚUSz uõ÷Ú BÖuÀ TÔz ußøÚz
÷uØÔUöPõÒQÓõÒ. AøÁ
“PõÚÀ A® ÷\º¨£øÚU Pshõ¨ ÷£õ»
¦xÁx PÂÛøÚ GßÔ¯õ¤ß,
|ÚÂß Áõµõ |£Û»õÍøÚU
http://www.shanlaxjournals.com
PÚÂÀ Psk, ¯õß ö\#ux ÷PÒ, CÛ PÚÂÚõÀ Ps÷hß & ÷uõÈ & PõsuPU PÚÂß Á¢u PõÚÀ A® ÷\º¨£ß
|ÚÂß Á¸u¾® Esk”” GÚ AøÚÁøµ {ßÓx, Gß A¸® ö£ÓÀ E°÷µ.”
£õhÀ 128 GßÖ SÔ¨¤kQÓõº ¦»Áº.
uø»Áß Á¢uõÀ uß AøÚzx xߣ[PЮ Põnõ©À ÷£õ#Âk®
GßÖ uø»Â |®¦QÓõÒ. Ax÷£õÀ uø»ÁÝ® Á¸QßÓõß. AÁÒ xߣ[PЮ wº¢x ÂkQßÓÚ. CuØS P»ÁøÚU Psh £Û ÷£õ»” GßÝ®
£Çö©õÈø¯²® J¨¤mkU TÓ»õ®.
|kUPh¼÷» uzuΨ£Áß CøÓÁøÚ Án[S® ö£õÊx CøÓÁß Á¢x Põ¨£x
÷£õÀ C[S uø»Â°ß x¯µzøu uø»Áß ÷£õUQ²ÒÍõß Gߣx öÁÒÎøh.
ÂøÍ¯õmk
|õmk¨¦Ó ©UPÎß Áõ̯ø»¨
£ØÔ Bµõ#Áx |õmk¨¦Ó¯»õS®.
|õmk¨¦Ó ÂøÍ¯õmkUPÒ AÁØÔß J¸ TÓõS®. |õmk¨¦Ó ©UPÎß
|õP›Pz÷uõk® £s£õm÷hõk®
ÂøÍ¯õmk Cøn¢uuõS®. (_.\Uv÷ÁÀ,
|õmk¨¦Ó¯À B#Ä)
uø»Áß uø»Â C¸Á¸® Cøn¢x C¸US® ö£õÊx J¸ •øÓ uø»Â F\À ÂøÍ¯õkQÓõÒ. CÆÂøÍ¯õmiÀ uø»Áß uø»Â°ß F\ø» FUQ ÂkQÓõß. uø»Áß uø»Âø¯¨
¤›¢v¸US® ö£õÊx F\ø» FUQÂh
•ߦ ÷£õÀ uø»Áß CÆÂhzvØS Á¸ÁõÚõ GßÖ H[S® {ø»ø¯
GkzxøµUQÓx C¨£õhÀ.
“£õh ©øÓ {ßÖ ÷PmhÚß, }i¯
ÁõÀ }ºU QhUøP Á¯[P }ºa ÷\º¨£øÚ
¯õß GÚ Enº¢x, } |Û ©¸Í,
÷uß Cªº ¦ßøÚ ö£õ¸¢v,
uõß FUQÚß, AÆ F\ø» Á¢÷u.”
£õhÀ 131 CÆÁõÖ GkzxøµUQÓõº ¦»Áº.
÷©¾® ¤›Äz x¯º £ØÔ 121 £õh¾®
CÈÄ £ØÔ 122 £õh¾® GkzxøµUQÓx.
©ÛuÛß Áõ̯À •øÓ
©Ûuß J¸ Áøµ•øÓUS Em£mk ÁõÊ®ö£õÊxuõß AÆÁõÌUøPa ]ÓUS®. CÀø»ö¯ÛÀ AÆÁõÌÄ ^µÈ¢x
÷£õ#Âk®. CUP¸zvøÚ |õmk¨¦Ó
£õhÀPЮ PøuPЮ Gkzv¯®¦QßÓÚ.
“÷PκPÒ ö|g_ AÊ[PU öPÊÄØÓ ö\ÀÁ[PÒ
uõÒ C»õß Si÷¯ ÷£õÀ, uª¯÷Á ÷u²©õÀ,
`Ò Áõ#zu ©ÚzuÁß ÂøÚö£õ#¨¤ß, ©ØÖ AÁß ö£›÷u (£õhÀ 149)
EÓÂÚºPÒ ©Ú® Á¸¢x®£i¯õPz
÷uiU SÂzu ö\ÀÁ[PÒ, •¯Ø] CÀ»õu
©ßÚÁÛß SiPÒ ÷£õ»z uõ©õP÷Á
÷u#¢x AȲ®. ¤Óº ©Ú® öPõÒÍzuUP ÁøP°À `Ðøµzu ©Úzuõß, uõß,
`ÐØÓ Põ›¯zvøÚ •iUPõx ö£õ#zx¨ ÷£õ÷Á÷Ú¯õ°ß, uõÚõP÷Á
÷u#¢x ÷£õÁõß. `ÐÓÂøÚ¨ ö£õ#zu wÂøÚ, ©Öø©UPs, ÁõÎß Áõ#
T›uõPöÁßÖ _ÁºUP® ö£ØÓõÚõ°Ý®
Ax AÁøÚ Aȯõx Âhõx GßÖ SÔ¨¤kÁx ©UPÒ GÆÁõÖ JÊUP©õP ÁõÇ÷Ásk® Gߣøu GkzxøµUQÓx.
{øÓÁõP
P¼zöuõøP°À ö|#uØ P¼ |õmk¨¦Ó
©UPÎß Áõ̯À £s¦PÒ •uØöPõsk AÁºPÎß öuõÈÀ, uø»Â°ß {ø»,
£Çö©õÈ, |®¤UøP, öu#Ázvß
«uõÚ |®¤UøPPÒ, ÂøÍ¯õmk
£ßÚõmkz uªÈ¯À B#ÂuÌ
SÔzu ö\#vPÒ, ¤›Ä, x¯º £ØÔ¯
£õhÀPÒ, ÁøµÄ }mi¨¦, £õh¼ß Aø©¨¦PÒ GßÖ £À÷ÁÖ £s¦øPͨ
ö£ØÔ¸UQÓx.
xøn {ßÓ ¡ÀPÒ
1. _.\Uv÷ÁÀ & |õmk¨¦Ó C¯À B#Ä 2. ö|k|ÀÁõøh
3. P¼zöuõøP
4. Á.ö£¸©õÒ, £»÷|õUQÀ £Çö©õÈPÒ 5. öuõÀPõ¨¤¯®
6. ÷u.¿ºx, |õmhõº ÁÇUPõØÔ¯À 7. v¸¨£zyº ©õÁmh £Çö©õÈPÒ