professionals that is respectful, open and honest is essential to achieve the best outcomes for clients and their families. Chapter 10 explores further the benefits of collaborative working. Although health promotion is often defined in terms of work with populations and work with individuals is defined as health education, all interventions that aim to enable people to take control over their own health on an individual or population basis are considered to be health-promoting interventions (Whitehead and Irvine, 2010).
CONCLUSION
As services are redesigned to deliver care closer to home it is widely acknowledged that community environments are where there is an emphasis on health promotion and prevention of ill health. With population changes and ever-emerging challenges, for example, antibiotic resistance, it is incumbent on the current nursing workforce to develop an approach to community nursing that goes beyond the idea that nursing is no more than assessing, planning and implementing/evaluating the delivery of care associated with a set of clinical tasks. Effective community nursing must identify and engage in public health activity, inter-agency working, multi- agency working and research in order to promote health and well-being in society and for individuals.
Through the presentation of relevant underpinning theory and policy this chapter has demonstrated that public health is everyone’s business and that community nurses are in a key position to enable and empower individuals and communities across all levels, from some of the hard-to-reach groups in the population, such as the housebound, to those eagerly involved with promoting their own health and improving their own sense of well-being.
You may want to conclude this chapter by considering the following:
•
What support do we need in the United Kingdom to live healthier lives?•
Thinking about the future of health and social care services, where should our focus be?FURTHER READING
Public Health England (2014) A framework for personalised and population health for nurses, midwives, health visitors and allied health professional. PHE 2014532. HYPERLINK “https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/
uploads/attachment_data/file/377450/Framework_for_personalised_care_
and_population_health_for_nurses.pdf.
Schulte P, Guerin R, Schill AL et al., 2015 Considerations for Incorporating “Well- Being” in Public Policy for Workers and Workplaces. American Journal of Public Health 105(8):31–44.
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Professional
approaches to care
Jo Skinner
INTRODUCTION
The relationship between professionals and clients has been the central feature of professional practice throughout history. Professionalism has never been more important regarding public trust and care quality. The nature of professional practice in the community is particularly challenging given the complex care needs, diverse organisations and professions, as well as the need to demonstrate cost-effective health outcomes. The relationship between service users and professionals is changing radically.
This chapter explores the transition in professional practice from a traditional, hierarchical and individualistic model to a more inclusive partnership model.
The partnership model includes extended service user and carer involvement, interprofessional working and a wider public health approach (see Chapters 2, 8 and 10). Throughout the chapter, issues relating to both models and ethical principles underpinning practice are highlighted; a case study and examples from different areas of community practice are used to illustrate the principles. There are three sections:
the first presents an overview of the traditional model of professional practice, followed by principles informing professional practice and finally factors influencing the development of a new extended partnership model of professional practice.
CHAPTER
3
•
Critically discuss the factors that influence being a professional in the context of current healthcare practice.•
Analyse and apply ethical principles drawing on codes of practice in relation to providing care in the community.•
Reflect critically on professionalism in relation to service user and carer involvement and partnership working.LEARNING OUTCOMES
Marjory Davies is 85 years old and lives alone in a three-bedroom house with four flights of stairs. Miss Davies has had a series of falls; the most recent fall required several weeks in hospital. Ahmed, her neighbour, had noticed her curtains were not drawn and he alerted Miss Davies’ general practitioner (GP). Miss Davies has returned home and the district nurse has assessed Miss Davies to plan her rehabilitation. Her social worker has advised Miss Davies about her options for residential care. Miss Davies has consistently refused any suggestions that she should move out of her home.
CASE STUDY