• Tidak ada hasil yang ditemukan

ارزیابی کارایی شاخص‏های زیستی یگانه و چندگانۀ بزرگ بی‏مهرگان کفزی برای تعیین کیفیت آب (مطالعۀ موردی رودخانۀ جاجرود)

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2023

Membagikan "ارزیابی کارایی شاخص‏های زیستی یگانه و چندگانۀ بزرگ بی‏مهرگان کفزی برای تعیین کیفیت آب (مطالعۀ موردی رودخانۀ جاجرود)"

Copied!
11
0
0

Teks penuh

(1)

# $%

93 - 83

!""#$

%" "

&' )

#) * + ,

: + + . .

(

" 0

1 1 1 3 ) 45 67

2

: !" ; "1 3*

3

1 .

>

? % @"A 1 +,)'

3 BC DE F

C " G C + 3 *"A H,I5

2 . % J, $ G "C + K "1,

3 BC DE F

C " G C + 3 *"A H,I5

3 .

G + 1

G L'

% @"A 3

BC DE F

C " G C + 3 *"A H,I5

) :

24 / 2 / 1392 - :

7 / 4 / 1393 (

G "B

' ( )($* +

,- ) . )/ 01 )

23 4 # 56$ 7 . 809 : ;< - ( = 7 6 .

7 / ) > .

/ ? @ A0B0* ) . C D

809 : ;E F@ ( = 7 / *

. H I. JK

,- *

. ;>< 5 06 * > 6> )

6B0

6 ) L 6

< - : 1 M M 1 N/

. O>P? > E > 3 > B Q N 56> I> 0>R H ;

;<0 <

' ( S7 ) . M )($* +

/> ) 7 .

>T< U >6<

Chironomidae > < >< ? H 6>T

>DQ :

3 B Q ,-

V0 W . 6 ) . BMWP/ASPT

S7 > $ * ) >< -

: M >M X>1

/><

. ) >

,- *

6B0 ) . ;>< - > 0@ ( ? > ? YM > ;> ;>M03 > >1 > < L 6

) + >1 > ) >.

+ Z [< Z \ 0 1 B * .

,- * 3 U 6<

>.

N 56> >T< 6> ) ;> > < <0@> ] > >^ ) >.

N 56 _ $9 ) N/ \7 / ` 6 * /< ) 6T + 0B7 1 \ ) . DQ

:

; B Q N/

1 Z \ .

"I M :

6 ' ( )($* +

,- 6B0 L 6

< - : M M .

*

/ 0<

`0b H$W3 : 00982122431971 g@?

: 009822431972

asabdoli@yahoo.com :

Email

(2)

1 . N

h6 10* _ $9 9 N V/>. ;> > 7 ) .

; 61 i 6T

103 : > M >1 1 /> K

>1 N/ O / 3 .

5E >F@ > . V />. H>

h6> 10* @ A0B0 ) > > 7 ) >.

>j : \ >*

# /- )

* > k ? >P ) . S7 ? >P

,=T < 103 H /> *

)

Norris &

Barbour, 2009

.(

>n * 1 - >$ *

1 1 h * 7 103

: / K >1 .

B Q :

;< -

< .

h .

1 ;><

> 3

;< - h6 10* o1 , =T3 >

p 4 >1

;@W /< 03 T<

/ . >T?

> N ) >.

/ V )

Sioli, 1975

.(

;< - H > S7 ) .

h6 10* @ ) .

h L>T- ] > 7

; <

6> q0> 3 >R< LT- >3

2 H S7

> S 9 ; </ 7 /> 7

)

Rezaee Tavabe et

al., 2008

.(

r @ .

;> ) >8 H > 3 ) >

>> 7 >>

N $6>>1 >> S7 >> $ * H >> 3

06* ? >1 > 6> ) >.

. N $6>1

>>8 H >> 3 ) >> S7 >> # >>%0P- h6 10*

7 ) .

; B(

: >1 g@s

>T< ;>R B > . # >%0P- 1 ^ D?

/.

B 9 /> < 6> I K ;*

> 3 : hW >?

^ Z 3 ;DQ 4 # j(M

/ * .

*

,- N/>< # 0>M0 N $6>1 6> ) .

;D ) L I ; S7 $ * H 3 )/

^ />1

)

Sharma & Moog, 1998

.(

H>

r #/

3 >$6 ) . ) >

S7 > $ * H > 3

,- C 1 >1 ;>6? ; >103 6> ) >.

.

r H>> Z >> 3 >>.

>>

0>> s

» r I >>K ) >>.

6

« ; 3 /<0

> >* ; /><

. >^

6> I K $6>1

# 0>M0 L 3 6> 1

1 $ * H 3 ) N/<

.

r > I>D< N > 6> I K ) .

$ ;< - $ * I K / *

. >

* 0< M ($

)

;610 K /. 0 ^ 8 )

;< - o1 .

. / 6 q0> [

;> > <

/

N/ \7 1

C 9 . /><

)

Grbovi

et al., 1997

.(

r @ >.

/> 7 * ;> )

6>> >> ) >>

# 0>>M0 N $6>>1

>>1 06 * >>

)

Karr, 1998

.(

06 * >>

>>.

; 0>M O> B 6>T

Z0>

+ >1 > 7 ) >.

M

; h* i 3 M n 1 0 [3

7 .

;<0 <

17 ) N/

hTE / k

vW>

5< T<

>$ * # Y3 ) . 6> .

/ )

Needham,

1962; Hyens, 1970; Barbour et al., 1999;

Rosenberg et al.,1999; Ahmadi & Nafisi, 2001;

.(

;<0+

H > S7 06 * ) .

;>

0>

;> < M03 >1 9 >B7 + 0>B7

T<

/ . . H > < < ? # Y3

7 . N $6>1 + 0>B7 > w 6 6>1 ) 03

* .

;< -

) .

1 q0> 3 N 0=<

;>><0+ H>> \ >> ) >> k

>> >>? >>.

0>>

)

Armitage et al., 1983

.(

o6>>- ;>> 06 * >> # >>s 6M I >>*

#\

L 6 N $61 XWk L <A0K 6<7 > .

6- 1 N $61 L A0B0 ;* 0

N />< # s 6M H @W s > ) > +

/> *

)

Barbour et al., 1999 Karr, 1991

.(

;>@ >

,- W ^

S7 $ * ) 6 ) .

> M x>W6= y D<

>1 N/ >1 # > 4 ;>

0T* ) ) >.

> 3 : ) >@ >K

B ;>

H> N $6>1 ` >9 N 6> + 0>

) >* > )A0B /6 6> .

/ )

Azrina et

al., 2005

( >> >>R< ;>>

H>> N $6>>1 />>1

,-

; < . > 0>T* 7 I K ) .

^ ;M03 0 6 * ;6? +

1 ) / ; 3

;%o- ; B Q 3 h. # B Q H ;* 0

,- ; @3 ) .

6 1 N 0 ;< 5 .

;E +

,- Q^ )/ 01

) . 6B0>

L> 6

,- ; D 6>T ;< 5 ) .

>1 ` >9

; B Q z . 8 9 )

:

,- *

) >.

6B0 6

] ^ ) L

S7 $ * 3

1 ;6? 5< Z [< 0T*

. H >

;> ;>M03 >

(3)

6 ) . 03 @ /< . ;>W M

>. 06 *

; B Q H S7 $ * V /.

> D :

,- > ,- > > 6 ) . > B Q

:

* ,-

6B0 ;< 5 6 ) . L 6

$ *

< - : > $ * H > 3 M >M

@ A0B0 S7

> > 0M C 1 )(>$* >+

/ Z [<

.

2 . + , O

1.2 . N*

#) * G

809 : (> 7 >< -

: M >M 35

) 6 0>W *

> ? YM # >P6= 3 `

̋24

̊51

-

̋55

̊51

^

̋45

̊35

-

̋55

36 >^ B

) O@

1 .(

/9 7 9 690

6 0W * q $3

795 3 3500 ;<\ >1 r H 5< 6

630

>>W

>>1 >>6 .

) 0>>. S7

>>809 : (>> 7

< - : M >M > 3

>3 2 > ? YM O> 0s 4

) 0 . <

;DQ ) . >1

. O> 0s H>

X >1 ;>

h W^ / 7 0M ) .

r > h[9 q0< # $6

>>1 N/>> ;>>DQ >> # >>$3 )

Rey Ab

Consulting Engineers, 2009

( . S >>>>>=6<

N 56 ) .

;<0 <

) DQ :

; B Q N/>

>

;>< - $ * 8 # Y3 1 ; ;M03 06>1 > ^0 H6? >+ R<

. 6>1 >.

OK <0@ ] .

;- ) >s ? ) >.

) >> 3 >> B Q N 56> I>> />> Z >[<

- 1 : L>T L> < S7 /> S >=6<

. Z ><

N 56 ^0

` /M . 1

O@

1 N >T<

1 N/

.

9 -:

1 .

; +( < =: >? @ * 4 A B & '

C D @ *

EBF G 24

) ( (

1 L < S7

2449

2 ^o3 O ^ hT?

< - :

/ +

< - : 05 1958

3 ^o3 O ^ hT?

< - : 05

< - :

/ +

1952

4 T 7 LT

0W^

2835

5 M 9

7 1833

6 O ^

E : 6B /1 1627

DJ 1 . KB / ) A B

;-

; +(

& ' )*? * &

L?M / 1 6

* % : :/

(4)

2.2 . ,:

, +

E

":" ,B "P

;<0 <

N 06 * ) .

( >K 6> 3 ) .

6>>

1390 >>

1391 I>>

N 56>>

M / ) 7 .

;<0 < H >. ) >1 . )

>@3 > ;>1 N 56 >

/ . ;><0 < >

) >.

;<0 < N 561 N $61 06 * > 01

9 900 6< 1 > 6 /><

I>

250

/ Z [< 6 @ .

;<0 <

g>K . > M

) 7

H B > ? @ 61oK V _ 4

;> > |3 />%

/</>> O>>D6 N 5>>T 7 .

>>1 ) >>1 /M

0>> * 3

>> >>.

/>> W* N $6>>1

>>1 ) >>.

Needham & Needham (1976)

، Quiley

(1977) Tachet et al., (1996) Hartmann

(2007)

>>> g >>>M N 0< >>>- vQ>>>1 >>>3 0 61 / Z [< }0@1 @ .

H ~ . D

06* >?

0@ ( ? ) >.

>

S7 ;W M

q J * /% @ 6@B /.

O> 3 K N 561 N $61 >6 EC

DO

) >>1 >>. >>6

;>><0 <

N 56>> >>. ) >>

N /<

;<0 < / ) + S7 ) .

) N /><

) > +

# />* i > <0 7 # $ ? # 6 < pH BOD5

1

و

2COD

;>> 3 7 >>D

>> N 5>>T 7 >>.

N $6>>1 O B 06>>1

S >>6* ) >>.

r ) >>.

/< 6>>1 H >> 3 So>>8 ? S7 I >> 7

/>>

)

Standard Methods, 1999

.(

3.2 . G+ + ") '

) 7 H V/.

I. JK ,-

> ) .

/ N $61 :

1 . Q, I"

3HBI ) R, P 1 (

) 1 (

X ti i

HBI=n

;*

xi

0> * 3 >. >? /> 3 ti

>. > D

1. Biological Oxygen Demand- 5 days (BOD5) 2. Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)

3. Hilsenhoff Biotic Index

+ 0B7 ; < 0 * 3 V0 > W . ` /M

O* / 3n

# 0M0 >1 ;<0 < L

. ;>E .

>6 S7 > $ * /> >6 * ,- H /D 1 )

Hilsonhoff, 1988

.(

2

4 .

BMWP/ASPT )

R, P 2 (

) 2 (

B.n

BMWP ASPT =N

;*

6 B BMWP/ASPT

N 0< >- vQ1

n

N 0< - ? / 3 N 0< - ? O* / 3N

1 ;<0 < . .

/D S7 > $ * > ,- > H

Q : C0@

)

Friedrich, 1996

.(

3 . ),

5 S MMIF

,- L> A0B0* >8 > ) MMIF

S7 >[ L JW 0T* Q1 ) . />

. H>

,- 6B0> h6> 1 L > L> 6

C >1 5

,- h.

# > s ;>* >1 ; 3 /><

:

0>>> * 3 ) >>> k

>>>.

0>>> * 3 />>> 3 ) >>>.

Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, Trichoptera

/ 3 0 * 3 q0> 3 ,- > >5 C > 9 ) .

0<

>

3 :

106 D

)

` /M 2 .(

) >>

>>1 : L>> >>. >>D MMIF

L 6

; 1 .

0 . q0>< ;> ;M03 gF1

< - :

;<0 < O

N < )

;>* >.

L 6 L . ) ;< - q0< C 1 ;j .

>>1 N/>>

>> <

>> H >> 3 L>> 6 >>.

0>>

)

Gabriels et al., 2010

(.

4 . ),

٦ S NJIS

,- N 56> > ) NJIS

I >K ) >.

> / [ 1 M0 < 6 >1 C >1

>1 N 0< - vQ1 ? .

N $6>1 > NJIS

L 6 ) k ) . 0 * 3

>.

;>*

g@ >

* />

N />< ]> ; M o1 O>* /> 3 ) > +

0>> * 3 >>1 .

E+P+T

` @>> O>>* />> 3 >>

4. Biological Monitoring Working Party/Average Score Per Taxon

5. Multimetric Macroinvertebrate Index Flanders 6. New Jersey Impairment Score

(5)

>>> k

>>>D ;>>>1 Z 6>>>1

:

Ephemeroptera

Plecoptera Trichoptera

1 /% %EPT

0< - N /< XB k q 6M ` 3 ) +

C 1

+ 0B7 O* ; < XB k 0 * 3 ) /s < ?

•o% 6 ,-

/

V0 W .

vQ>1 N 0< -

(FBI)

; 1 0

M : S7 >$ *

>>>@

€ 6 >>> < `o6>>>- />>> # >>>D

= O6 €/ /> N/

O>6=

> >T< N/>

/>.

)

` /M 3 ( ) Kurtenbach 1991

.(

9 -:

2 . P ( ) F & '

;- $%

(A?

P (

MMIF

; QR

& S(%

@ * 9? <

1 ) k TAX

<0 * 3 / 3

O*

* 3 0 ) . 0M0

2 / 3 EPT

0 * 3 ) . / 3 EPT

) .EPT

8 9

3 NST

/ 3 0 * 3 ) . C 9 / 3

0 * 3 .

;*

/s D 7 . 6T 5 1

k EPT

4 q0 3 SWD

0<

>

s

i i

i=p ln p

1

5 MTS

/s D 106 H 5<

/s D . : 0 * 3 ) . 9 8

9 -:

3 . ) 4 P ( ) ' F & '

/ $%

NJIS

P ( (

6

3

0

) k

<0 * 3 ) O*

N 0< - . ( 10

>

10 - 5 4 - 0

,- )EPT Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, Trichoptera

( 5

>

5 - 3 2 - 0

/%

B k )

CDF: Percent Contribution of Dominant Family

(%

40 <

60 - 40 60 >

35 %EPT

>

35 - 10 10 <

,- 6

V0 W .

vQ1 0< -

•o%

N/

) (FBI 4 0 6 - 4 10 - 6

5 . VVE VV &' %VV" " R VV VV

VV

A*1 IRWQISC1

) R, P 3 (

) 3 (

n n

Wi

SC i i

i i

IRWQI I γ W

=

=

= γ =

1

1 1

;>>*

wi

6 >>K Z i

>>. 6 K />> 3n Ii

6 K ) ,- /D Z i

; 3 )/>

1 . $ * / 6T ,- H /D ;E .

1 6 S7 )

(Hashemi et al., 2011

.

1. Iran Water Quality Index for Surface Water Resources-Conventional Parameters, IRWQISC

>> ,- >> >>D H >> y >> 3 ,- >>

) >>.

H >> y >> 3 H >> ~ . 6>>

6 K

,- > /D 0@ ( ? ) .

) >.

;> 01 K X 8 56 . N $61 6 W 1 : Z <

(?

Minitab 16

/ 1 .

3 . W

1.3 . ,VV $ VV

VV1 + G VV VVN*

#) * G

;<0 < N E )

DQ : I > 3 B Q

(6)

3500 ' (>>

>>

>>

)(>>$*

45 0>> * 3

/> 1 .

Diptera

) 16 0> * 3 (

Coleoptera

) 8 0>> * 3 (

Ephemeroptera Trichoptera

) >>.

Z/*

7 0 * 3 ( / 6> q0> 3 H 6>T .

0< >-

Chironomidae

; ]W 6 :61

Diptera

>< ? >

6 / 36 XB k 0?

:DQ >T3 3 B Q O @

. g>K

7 0< >>>>- )

Baetidae

( 6>>>>1 :

>>>>

)

Ephemeroptera

( />>% >>

? O>>* >><

1 / 21

? 0 0 * 3 H 3 .

/> 3 H 6>T H > ~ . q0 3

L> N 56 <0 * 3 )

L> < S7 (

H >6 *

I N 56 7 )

O ^ E

: /1 ( / N/. T .

2.3 . W V

":"V V

' 4: ") '

K >>D O>> >> 0@ ( ? ) >>. 6

;<0 <

N /< N 5T 7 ) /> ) +

>6<

U

,-

` /M 6 ) .

) . 4

5 1 N/ N T<

.

9 -:

4 . ?J 1 < & ' ( U K 3 +*

* % / : : .

4 A B

; +(

%DO EC

(µs/cm)

TSS (mg/l)

Turbidity (NTU)

NO3-

(mg/l)

PO43-

(mg/l)

NH3+

(mg/l)

BOD5

(mg/l)

COD (mg/l)

1 88/61 249/75 64/81 17/67 4/9 0/52 0/13 1/17 14/46 2

91/89 343/25 99/43 32/75 5/65 0/16 0/11 7/45 4/1 3

93/53 516/5 105/19 27/07 5/4 0/11 0/1 6/2 14/12 4

95/8 202/1 14/28 2/01 4/8 0/13 0/16 4/35 1 5

91/06 421/75 255/76 47/27 5/7 0/1 0/175 6/4 13/62 6 99/55 360 105/19 20/31 6/05 0/15 0/22 7/07 3/3

9 -:

5 . K 3 +*

$%

( & '

* % / : : .

4 A B

; +(

HBI BMWP/ASPT MMIF NJIS IRWQISC

1 4/29 6/1 0/53 20 62/58 2 7/72 3/16 0/34 10 53/08 3 7/47 3/2 0/29 9 61/15 4 5/45 4/41 0/41 16 68/14 5

7/38 3/19 0/29 11 53/25 6 7/57 3/19 0/23 8 53/2

56>> . ) >> 7 ( B >><7 U >>6<

>>

) H >>

,- ,-

>T< 6 ) . .

X >>8 >> V0 >> W . 6>> ,- >> H >> H>>

56>>> . 7

/ 0 - ) 01 / 0

P- Value<

( ,- >>>

6

BMWP/ASPT

X 8 55 / 0 ) 01 / 0

P- <

Value

( > ,- > > 56 . H 6T

/< * ;j . ,- > H > 56> . H > ~ . ) >.

6B0>>

L>> 6

NJIS

vQ>>1 MMIF

95 />>%

/ N/. T .

,- > ) . 5 />@ > 6

( <

:Q /< * ;j

)

` /M 6 .(

3.3 . G+ VV1 VV %VV" " VV W VV

":"

,- * 3 U 6<

) . N $61 N/>

H>

; B Q N 56 $ * L>T L < S7 ) .

>* > S0- 8 >9

B ;>*

> D :

(7)

N 56 / 6> < 0>- 0>WQ 8 . .

,- H ~ . ,- > ;> > < 6 ) .

N 56>> >> $ * >>8 >>

>>[ ) >>.

<0@>> ] >>

) N 56>>

U >>K ;>>1 ) >>.

I ( x 8

/< * 3

)

` /M 7 .(

9 -:

6 .

$% +( '

( & '

MMIF NJIS BMWP/ASPT BI IRWQISC '$%

52* / 0

0/51* 0/55** -0/7** 1 IRWQISC

* 71* / 0 -

-0/87** -0/94** 1 BI

* 73* / 0

0/85** 1 BMWP/ASPT

* 85* / 0

1 NJIS

1

MMIF

9 -:

7 .

2(F 2 # V (*

$% ; ( & '

; +(

HBI BMWP/ASPT MMIF NJIS IRWQISC

1 S0- W - ( 3 106 106 # Y3 S0-€ 6 <

2 / / / + 0B7 x 8 106 # Y3 S0-€ 6 <

3 / € 6 < / / + 0B7 x 8 106 # Y3 106

4 S0- 106 + 0B7 106 106 # Y3 S0-€ 6 <

5

/ € 6 < / / + 0B7 x 8 106 # Y3 106

6 / / / + 0B7 x 8 / / # Y3 106

4 . XA Y"

"

B k ; B Q H 0 * 3 X

' ( ) . >+

M ) 7 > 7 # T9 N + ; ]W 6 N/

/>< 0 )(

;>*

Kamali (2009) Esmaeeli Sari

>< - :

h>>1\

Naderi

>>@ .

(2011)

:>>< -

;[ 6< H E ( < . /< 7 1 ; )

. )

5T. JK ; 0- # B Q

;>* ;>[ 6< H>

\ >>? )(>> 7 # >>T9 >> M H >>3

* # 0M0 > N > /< )($

;6 /><

)

Hynes,

1970; Bass, 1995; Pipan, 2000

.(

< 6 .0*

0 DQ :

; B Q N/

1 N/ X 1

\ > ($* X>B k 0>? # 0>M0 )(> 7 # T9

U >6< > ;>* /> . O @T3 ;< - >

N/>

D Q 5 103 .

B Q

: ' (> h >1 H 6>T >T< 8 9

>>

;>> ]>>W 6 >>+

\ 0>> N/ 0< >> ) >>.

;*

6 / 36 0 * 3 O* < ? /%

0> O . .

7 gK 0< -

)

Baetidae

( 61 : > >

O* < ? /%

1 / 21

>?

0> 0> * 3 H >3 .

N/ 0<

; . :B(

+ 0>B7 ;> Z >D # 0>M0

;6- N/

;>* /<

;>

) > `0> 0>

N 56

? H S7 ) .

/<0>

)

Armitage

et al., 1995; Svensson et al., 1999

.(

/ 3 0‚9

N/ 0< ) X>Wk + 0>B7 ;> Z >D ) >.

>>T<

/>> . S7 x >>8 >> $ * )

€ >> 0 s >> <

\ >> )ƒ>>Y 0>> h>>* `0>>W J >> * (

>>1

)

Langdon et al., 2006

.(

D /s N 0< >- H

g >>>M ) >>> I>>> V0 >>> W . ` />>>M )

Chironomus sp.

( 1 N .

< < ? H 6T

(8)

Chironomidae)

I N 56 ( )

O ^ >E

:

6B /1 (

N 56 ) hT?

< - : O> ^ /> +

^o3

< - : 05 ( / N/. T .

)

Ephemeroptera

(

; :B(

M0 # 0

C 61 ; < C 9

Q ) .

;M03 0-

/ 6 . . N 0< - 0M H

(Baetidae)

x 8 6 > > B k 3

/>

.

Hall

@ . )

(2004

N 0< >- />< * )

Baetidae (

Z D )ƒY 0 ) k ; <

/<

. > D />s

M + 0B7 ; < N 0< - H V0 > W . ` /

g >>M ) >> >> E

Baetis sp.)

>>1 I>> ( .

>>< ? />>% H 6>>T )

Beatidae

N 56>> (

h[ K ) M 9 7 ( / N/. T .

C >>1 H>> O>>% 9 U >>6<

I. J>>K

>> . :

,-

; B Q 6 ) . N/

>Q : >

> )

S7 > $ * > ,- > Q>1 ) >.

/>>< >>T<

;>>

6>> ,- >> „ >>- 0>>

V0 W .

BMWP/ASPT

56> . H 6>T

/< * ;j ,-

.

;D $ * )/

S7 DQ : ;> B Q N/>

>

6> ,- > C >1

V0 W .

6T N 56 r ;> > > .

,-

BMWP/ASPT

H> > >D Q

,- 6T

N 56 . D : > X>1 6 $ *

;>>D >>$ * )/>>

>>

>> ,- >> C >>1

N $61 N/

/>< >T< ;> B Q H>

. ,- >

N 56> V0 W . 6 3 > B Q ) >.

;D x 8 106 Co*

Co>* ;>* * )/

W - /> N/. >T L> < S7 N 56 3 S0- .

<0@ ] 1 \ N 56 H

>1 >^

N/ \7 > 7 ;> ) >6 * ) . 0>

. Co>*

x 8 $ * N 56

/ N/. T I ) . .

R< ; h /1

H> S7 + 0>B7 O> s H 3

>>DQ : 3 >> B Q So>>8 ?

5< >>- ) >>.

061 ) . 9 : 7 ; ;< - > W=3

: ;>B

+ 0‚9 ;< - h 9 / 5

.

6 ,-

BMWP/ASPT

N 56>

) >.

>$ * Co>* ;1 xW6= `0P? 3 B Q + 0>B7 ` > 69 >106 + 0>B7 ` 69 ( 3

;D / /

* )/

. > 3 (> 3 >$ * Co*

N 56 L < S7 N 56 ) .

I U K ;1

+ ^ / / + 0B7 ` 69 $ * Co*

/ 6?

.

H >

,- > 56> . C >1 ) >.

S7 >> $ * >> ,- >> >> 6>>

) >>.

>> Q>>1 )

IRWQISC

( 6>> ,- >> ،

V0 >>> W .

BMW/ASPT

,- >>>

) >>>.

X>>1 >> $ * >> ) >> ) >>3

>>DQ :

; B Q N/

. / 6 . ; >T # B Q ;[ 6< H

Pyung-Rim

>>>>>>>>@ . )

(1998

، (2006)

Korycinska Krolak

، Esmaeeli Sari (2009)

Kamali

، Naderi

>>>>>@ . )

(2011

:

,- *

> ) > 6> ) .

; T3 ;< - $ * .

>>>

# >>> B Q C >>>1

Barbour

>>>@ .

) (1999

>>>@ . Vlek )

(2004 ، Maloney

Feminella )

(2006 Luke Johnson

) (2009

،

,- 6B0 ) .

< L 6 ,- > ;

) >.

]>> ^ U >>6< ;>>< 5 >> ;>>j ) >>3

>> />> *

,- ;< 5 ) . > 3

>3 2 > Y3 4 ) ƒ>K

) >.

>> >>^ ;<\ >>1 W>>P? >>

/>>< + . >>

,- 6B0 ) . > * 3 ;>* >[<7 L 6

L 6

L . ;* / 6 . .

x %03 / * @

h6>> 10* >> $ * ) (>>M />><

;>> ;>>M03 >>

>>+J

;>>DQ @ A0>>B0* @ A0B />> . ) >>.

; 103

] ^ /

X>1 >3 ) >3

h. ? ;< - 6 10* 5E F@

/ * .

6B0 ,- L MMIF

L 6 O @T3 N/

0 * 3 / 3 L 6 U K 0 * 3 / 3 .

) .

0> * 3 O>* / 3 EPT

C > 9 ) >.

) ;>

(>M

(EPT

0< q0 3 ,-

>

> D />s

H 5< >>

>>1 )

Gabriels et al., 2010

.(

H>>

S7 S0E >>E 0>> . ,- >>

0>>T*1

) >>.

3 : 0> N/> < 0 1 B * K

1 N $61 .

/

$+

;*

> ) > MMIF

;< - 0>T* ) >.

L> ;>* /> >[ L> JW

1. Water Framework Directive (WFD)

(9)

q0>>< ,- >>

>

NJ>>

>>

>>+J C >>1 ) >>.

@ A0>B0* @ A0B / . ;>< -

L> JW ) >.

>>1 .

;>>

q0>>< ) >> ,- >> H>> ;>>@ h>>k

;< -

N/T< [ ) .

1 3 C 1

0>>>. S7 >>> ? YM . >>>

>>>< - :

; B Q N/

;< - >K ) . /> S >=6<

> ,- > H> > U 6< H ,- >

) >.

>> 0>>M >>D Q >>5 6>>

.

MMIF

>>106 Co>>* ;>>DQ S7 >> $ * ;>D x 8 >106 Co>* ;>* >* )/>

/> N/. >T L>T L> < S7 N 56 .

> D :

N 56 / 6 ^ x 8 Co* . .

>

0>3

h * N 3

x 8 H

;

* ,- H ) +

# $3 0M H > > 0@ ( ? ) >.

>< - :

;< - M M ;>* /> L> JW 0>T* ) >.

/>> ,- >> H>> N $6>>1 + >>1

>>*

N B *

7 *

+J C 1

;< - ) . ) >.

/ / *

.

6B0 ,- L h.NJIS

vQ>1 L> 6

0< - L 6 ;* 1 N 0 * 3 O* ) k ) .

.

) N 0< - O* / 3 .

( ,- /% EPT

0< -

/% XB k V0 > W . 6 ,- EPT

>1 N/> O @>T3 N 0< - vQ1 )

Kurtebnach,

.(1991

O>> ^ >>3 ,- >> H>>

` >>1 2007

>> >>* >>1 M0 <

. >> ) >> gF>>1

v % 8 3 @ A0B0

] C 1 NJIS

1 M0 < ? YM )

;1 9 <

: YM

xW6= ?

(

6B0 ,- ;1 ; ; 103 g M vQ1 L 6

? .

; ;>1 H> ? YM # $3 O B

>>DQ >> ;>> 9 <

:

;>> B Q N/>>

N $6>>1 >>@

,- > /< 0>M / /M ) . .

>

>$+ 0>3

N $6>>1 x >>8 >>1 vQ>>1 ,- >> H>>

L> 6 ) > > < 0> L 0<0 * 3 7 ) >.

U 6< ^ ;* 1 N 0< - vQ1 3

3 2 >^ 4

/.

. ,- > > ,- > H 0M H ) >.

56 . 5 6

* ;j .

> ' (> >< ? q0 3 1 >+

>T< xW6= `0P?

q0> 3 6> O>P?

<0 * 3 N/. T

;> > < N/

> D : `0>P?

N 56

; B Q ) . N/

S7 N 56> ) |6>1 ;

L <

0 h*

> . : N 56>

>.

0< >-

N/ 0< >>

X>>B k 0>>

.

Gabriels

>>@ .

) (2010

B Q : >1 >6 /< * ; %03 0-

;<0 <

3 OP? )

Z >[< ( K 6

6>> O>>P? >> +

;>>

O>> B

>>@

h>> A ;

@ A0B />> . ) >>

>> M />>9 >> 7 ) >>.

;< * ^ 0- ) /< +

;<0 <

) >.

S 6M 6

* .

€\ 69 > h* q0 3 >+

N/. T

6 OP? N/

B Q : ( < 8 9

0 Ws H . ; 03

$+

6> O>P?

;<0 < ) ' ( ) .

H> >+

DQ : X1 3 B Q

<

. h>. ;>1 N 56>

N/ ^ hT?

1 ;*

/< ƒK So>8 ? ) >.

N/>> s ;>>* >>1 5< >- + 0>>B7 >> H >>3

S0 ;DQ

0 .

1.4 . Y"

"

0T* ) .

; 0 D?0 7 ` >9 )(>

3 K N $61 O@

>1 > ) >.

/ 6> .

O>@3 K H 1 Z \ >.

;>

>T6 . O> B

$ * /> ; >103 (> <

. >*

,- ,- > N > . ;> x>W6= 6> ) .

@ ( ?

>

IRWQISC

T< ; B Q H

V0 W . 6 ,-

BMWP/ASPT

,-

$ * ) 1 ) .

>< - :

M >>M

>>1 . >> $ * 6>> >>

>>DQ :

; B Q N/

L < S7 N 56 ) |61 ; T<

LT D

: N 56 .

; - „0P-

;> > < / 6> < 0>- 0>WQ 8

` 6 * /

/ \7 7 . /<

.

; h>k

,- >> ;>>@

6B0>> ) >>.

;>> >> < L>> 6

,-

< 5 ) . ]> ^ > ; >8 ) >3

B0*

> ;j @ A0 >[<7 /> *

;>*

>

C >1

+J

. ? YM 9 0< 0@ ( ? ) .

>> x>> 3 ;>DQ >> $ * >> ) >> /<0>>

;< - ; < ) . N B *

/ /<

.

(10)

REFERENCES

1. Ahmadi, M. R. and Nafisi, M., 2001.

Identification of running water invertebrates indicator. Kheybar Press. First volume, 240p. (in Persian).

2. Armitage, P., Cranston, P.S. and Pinder, L.C.V., 1995. The Chironomidae: the Biology and ecology of non-biting midge.

Chapman & Hall, New York.

3. Armitage, P.D., Moss, D., Wright, J.F. and Furse, M.T., 1983. The performance of a new biological water quality score based on macroinvertebrates over a wide range of unpolluted running-water sites. Water Resource. 17, 333-347.

4. Azrina, M. Z., Yap, C. K., Rahim Ismail, A., Tan, S. G., 2005. Anthropogenic impacts on the distribution and biodiversity of benthic macroinvertebrates and water quality of the Langat River, Peninsular Malaysia, Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 64(2006) 337-347.

5. Barbour, M.T., Gerritsen, J., Snyder, B.D. and Stribling, J.B., 1999. Rapid bioassessment protocols for use in streams and river:

Pryphyton, Benthic Macroinvertebrates and fish, 2nd edition, EPA, 841 – B-99-002 USEPA, Washington D.C. 408p.

6. Bass, D., 1995. Species composition of aquatic macroinvertebrates and environmental conditions in cucumber creek, Proc. Okla. Sci. 75:39. 46.

7. Friedrich, G., Chapman, D., and Beim, A., 1996. The Use of Biological Material in Water Quality Assessments: A Guide to the Use of Biota, Sediments and Water in Environmental Monitoring, 2nd ed. Deborah Chapman (ed). E & FN Spon, New York.

8. Gabriels, W., Lock, K., De Pauw, N., and Goethals, P.L.M., 2010. Multimetric Macroinvertebrate Index Flanders (MMIF) for biological assessment of rivers and lakes in Flanders (Belgium). Limnologica 40 (2010) 199-207.

9. Grbovi, S., Walley, J., Kompare, B., 1997.

Using machine learning techniques in the construction of models. Part II: Rule induction.

Ecology Modeling. 1997. 95:95-111.

10. Hall, L.W., Author, Reprint Author Hall Lenwood, W.J., 2006. Characterization of

benthic communities and physical habitat in the Stanislaus, Tuolumne, and Merced Rivers, California. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 115, 223-264.

11. Hartmann, A., 2007. Field key for selected benthic invertebrates from the HKN region.

Draft version February 2007.

12. Hashemi, S. H., Pourasghar, F., Nasrabadi, T., Ramezani, S., Khoshrou, Gh., 2011.

Guide to Iran Water Quality Index for Surface Water Resources-Conventional Parameters, (in Persian).

13. Hilsenhoff, W.L., 1988. Rapid field assessment of organic pollution with a family-level biotic index. J. N. Am. Benthol.

Soc. 7(1):65-68.

14. Hynes, H.B., 1970. The ecology of Running Water, University of Toronto Press, Canada.

555p.

15. Kamali, M. and Esmaeeli Sari, A., 2009.

Biological assessment of Lasem River (Amol city, Mazandaran province) by using benthic macroinvertebrate population structure. Journal of Environmental Sciences, Lahijan unit, Vol.3, No. 1, 2009, (in Persian).

16. Karr, J.R. 1991. Biological integrity: a long- neglected aspect of water resource management. Ecol. Appl. 1, 66-84.

17. Karr, J.R., 1998. River as senitle: Using the biology of rivers to guide landscape management, final report for USEPA, 28p.

18. Koryciǹska, M. and Królak, E., 2006. The Use of Various Biotic Indices for Evaluation of Water Quality in the Lowland Rivers of Poland (Exemplified by the Liwiec River).

Polish J. of Environ. Stud. Vol 15, No.

3(2006), 419-428.

19. Kurtenbach, J., 1991. A method for rapid bioassessment of streams in New Jersey using benthic macroinvertebrates. Bull. N.

Am. Benth. Soc. 8(1):129.

20. Langdon, P. G., Ruiz, Z., Brodersen, K. P., Foster, I. D. L., 2006. Assessing lake eutrophication using chironomids:

understanding the nature of community response in different lake types. Freshwater biology. 51: 562-577.

(11)

21. Lücke, J.D. and Johnson, R.K., 2009.

Detection of ecological change in stream macroinvertebrate assemblages using single metric, multimetric or multivariate approach.

Ecological Indicators 9(2009) 659-669.

22. Maloney, K. O. and Feminella, J. W., 2006.

Evaluation of single- and multi- metric benthic macroinvertebrate indicators of catchment disturbance over time at the Fort Benning Military Installation, Georgia, USA.

Ecological Indicators 6 (2006) 469-484.

23. Naderi Jelodar, M., Abdoli, A., Mirzakhani, M. K., and Sharifi Jlodar, R., 2011.

Response of benthic macroinvertebrates to (Oncorhynchus mykiss) aquaculture effluent.

Journal of Fishery, Natural Resources, Vol.

64, No.2, 2011, pp. 163-176.

24. Needham, J., and Needham, P.R. 1976. A guide to the study of fresh-water biology.

Fifth edition, revised and enlarged. Holden- Day, INC., Sanfrancisco.

25. Needham, J.G. and Needham, P.R., 1962. A guide to the study of Fersh-water Biology.

5th ed. Holden-Day, Inc. X, 108p.

26. Norris, R. H. and Barbour, M.T., 2009.

Bioassessment of aquatic Ecosystems. In:

Encyclopedia od Inland Waters. Likens G. E.

(ed), pp. 21-28, Elsevier, Oxford.

27. Pipan, T., 2000. Biological Assessment of Stream Water Quality the example of the Reka River (Slovenia), ACTA CARSOLOGICA, 29, 1(15): 201-222.

28. Pyung-Rim, C., Aw, S.J., Kim, J.J., and Choi, S.K., (1998). Biotic Index as Assessment Tools of Water Quality in the Han River System, Korea. Korean J. Ecol., 21(6): 759-770.

29. Quiyley, M., 1977. Invertebrates of streams and rivers. Edward Arnold (1977).

30. Rey Ab Consulting Engineers, 2009. Report of Upgrade Study of Pollution Resources in the Basin of Jajrood River. Second Volume:

Consolidated- Revised, (in Persian).

31. Rezaee Tavabe, K., Azad, L.T. and Fazlolahi, A., 2008. Biological Evaluation of Darjazin River at Semnan Providence of Iran. ICCBT 2008-D-(11)pp115-120.

32. Rosenberg, D.M., 1999. Protocols for Measuring Biodiversity: Benthic Macroinvertebrates in Freshwaters, Department of Fisheries and Ocean, Freshwater Institute, Winnipeg, Manitoba, 42p.

33. Sharma, S., and Moog, O., 1998. The Use of Biotic Index and Score Methods in Biological Water Quality Assessment of the Nepalese River. In: Chalise, S.R., Herrmann, A., Khanal, N. R., et al., eds., Ecohydrology of High Mountain Area. ICIMOD, Kathmandu, Nepal. 641-657.

34. Sioli, H., 1975. Tropical Rivers as Expressions of their Terrestrial and Aquatic Research, Springer varleg New York, pp:

275-278.

35. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 1999. Copyright 1999 by American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, Water Environment Federation.

36. Svensoon, J.M., Bergman, E. and Andersoon, G., 1999. Impact of cyprinid reduction on the benthic macroinvertebrate community and implications for increased nitrogen retention.

Hydrobiologia, 404: 99-112.

37. Tachet, H., Bournaud, M., and Richoux, P., 1996. Introduction à lʼ étude des eaux douces (systématique élémentaire et aperҫu écologique). Centre Régional de Documentation Pedagogique, de IʼAcadémic de Lyon, France.

38. Vlek, H. E., Verdonschot, P. F. M. and Nijboer, R. C., 2004. Towards a multimetric index for the assessment of Dutch streams using benthic macroinvertebrates.

Hydrobiologia 516, 173-189 (special issue:

Integrated Assessment of Running Waters in Eurpoe (Guest Editors: D. Hering, P. F. M.

Verdonschot, O. Moog, L. Sandin)).

Referensi

Dokumen terkait

نازلیم pH نافسبات لصف رد نادلب هلک تسا نافسمز زا رفویب هراومه ،یلبد شهالک زین و بآ ریخبت و امد شیازفا اب هک تسانعم شیازفا بآpH یم .دبای سالسارب صخالش یلمTDS ناولت بآ تفگ

Quantitying Environmental Impact Assessments using Fuzzy Logic, Mehrmahdis Press, 305 p, Translated by: Salmanmahiny In