• Tidak ada hasil yang ditemukan

بازنمایی تحولات سوریه در شبکة الجزیره (2013 ـ 2011)

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2023

Membagikan "بازنمایی تحولات سوریه در شبکة الجزیره (2013 ـ 2011)"

Copied!
23
0
0

Teks penuh

(1)

O . &

<

) I "D*

2013 2011

(

••••

34 & / @ 34 & ' 1

7H21 @

2

I#$OW & g'@ 9 2011

/<1a'a 3 7V & 42 18 7 3 ( / 3 1V#

7V6

…&' @& n1 g0=<&

3 (6' 7 'H( 1(6 % / ' 3 1V,6 1% V >2 V 3

\ 2 /$ : 'R `<1%

/<1a'a Ž@ 4 \2& 3 1,6 '2 / & " E0C&

7< . & 4 7=Z(

9 & /Y 9 3 7>$ 7

&1 3'$8 3 D V>Y<& QVF. 3&

7 r2 I " @0#&

+2 . U2'# & \ (• 3 &42 3 &4 ( " 1C 3 V

L0V#&

/< V

( 18 h / G & 7 & r &19 ' / • / a;

1V 'V & \V2& 76 4< ;

7< 3& & 76 /2 1,6 1>E / : 3

b% 3 /BE 4(

/ '%' + , .4V2 <

7>$ \2& & />2

&1 3'$8 3 g0=<& 3' + , Q=< 76 3&

3 V 9 3 1,6

'@

>$ 7 & g h

'2BH:& 3'ZI 7 7>$ \2& . &

7*'E :

<&1 ,. 3&

h 18 /:

ˆ'# 7 <&1%

7< 3 2 & &

V2& '>2 /: .4(6 gk9 < % 7> g'@ 9 (%

\

g1 $8& D >Y<& 7>$

72 1 3 &42 3 / 6 ˆ&4 & D & ' 7<&' a1

8 7< F 6 r ( & P & 7: = \2& . & 'ZI /9 1 7 / <' (2& 3&

/P C1%

V g1 /2 < 7< Q=< 3'?< / ' 7 &4 & / 5%

7 8& '. &42 3

:4 m ( ~ . &p \2& 7 & /Y `Š

»

>$ '>2 h /2 V < '2BH:& 3'$8

g1 /# 72 1 "q15% 3 3

2011 % 2013

‰ & 1 7<1+

«

IX 2#$ Y 2

7< 72 1 &'5 g1 3' a1 '2BH:& /2 < /Y 9 3

3

: * 2 ~2 % 06

/ 10 / 92 c'2k. ~2 %

: 30 / 11 / 92

1

\ d & 2 & . :&

PC& +,<&

al.omidi@gmail.com

2 D ( 6 .

\ d & 4 &

+,<& :&

PC&

mehrdadal@gmail.com

(2)

! "#$ %&1392

#8

*', . (* "q15%

% " # $% & " @0#& 3 t

/*'+ ' } h

7V(

3 V

/@ 9& 7 9 & ', /a4<

Π. V & VI 'V { /+( '* / 3 R I&

4VY

: Y /Y 9 u $% & 2 *', . / 7

3 / & &4 V V V (% '+2

/ < I 7< 7> 18 7

Œ † ‚Y / 8& ,* 'a b2 &1(@

\ 4Y V% / :&

t ' }

& / "q15% ' / ' + , 7< .4<

V /@ V 9& /VY 9 3 V 3 V

$ ' 8&

3

V$ 2'9 ' / • • % /

V …&'V @&

V

Q$(9 ' / ' 3 : 4A

3 V 18 /<1+<'V 7V 6 7V?E0 V I QV=<

VP2& 3&

'6 7< g0=<& \ : & .4<&

/> < ' >:& 2 3&

4VE 1

22 V. V \ VŠ * 1V,6 Q

& &' & ˆ j . *& J P%&

` | 2

V,* V5% 1V V * 7 76 \ Š * I 1 9

>*& ' (6 PY & 7 'A E / 1 @

\VP % V ; .4,< " 4I & 3' a &'V

\2'%' a&'*

h 7V V ; &'V*& 7V6 1 ' \ /Y 9 u $% &

V h . 7V bV

7 <' 3B2

…&' @& /

&

. /2 /V( Š * .4V< '6 &4I&

V …'V Y 3 V

b . &

2 1 ‚ \2& / :

» / &'61 3&B@

4 1Š . « rV H% 7V & '

8

< ,< 7

` | 7 …&' @& h '6 "1@ 1 9

b2 & Q ; 76 4<

V 1

2 ^ 6 = r H% 'P<

(6 m91 3 1 9 QV=< \2& .4<4 & &' & 3' a

…&'V @& \2& H<&' L ' ' \ b . U2'# & " # $% & " @0#& $%

V 7V

; & &' & 18 76 1 34E /> . 3 % 16 &

4 <3 ) Fisher, 2011:3

(.

>$

h {; B < '2BH:&

\2

&B 3 7< 1

7V> g'V@ V 9 3&'V V (%

7 < 9 6 3&' 7>$ &1(@

7 8 ( 3&

0#& * 2 3&' 4 r2 VI V$8& " V@

1. E-revolution

g0=<& 1?() / "q15%

7< 76 & 3&

7?E0 I Q=< ; s F /# $% & /% @0#& 2 '6 P2& 3&

4<&

(

2. Joseph Estrada 3. Coup de Text

(3)

! "#$ %&1392

/RI& & s F u =<

7 <

/ g E I1% 4 E& 7 .42;

\, <& 1

ˆ 'VY

>$

h '2BH:& 3'$8

& b 16 3 1,6 & ’ B /2&4C

) Carney, 2007

& (.

\2&

& g'@ 9 "q15% r2' % 7>$ \2&

2011 QV=< 72 1V &'5 † C1R8

. & '6 P2& /

: = h / & 7 A'* \2& 'A E

>$ 76 6 h

3'V$8 3'VZI V

&1 V 'V2BH:& 3&

2 h#1 ' 3 QVF. UV2'# & 'VZI 1V,6 /9 V8 V 3 & ;

7 <' 7< V & &1V 7V•<; V " VP / 1 @ V>*& V 1 3 /V : 3 V

/ QF. / '@ 3 1,6 ˆ'# & 7 <&1% 4

7V=Z( 'V V & 3 2 & &

g0=<& 3 ' . / Q=< '6 &4 . 3

/ 0V & 3 &4V 7 1 1 g'@ 3 <

7< \2& /: .4(6 P2&

7 /V &4V2 4 V,6 '21R%

1V$< ˆ'V#

/2 V < 7V 'ZI : /9 8 06 3-%&' & 3 &

g1 V 2 3 3 V

/# g'@ 9 "q15%

3 2011 % 2013 V 7V: = \V2& . V & 'V6 " $

7< F 6 r ( \2'8; & P &

/P C1% c \ %q / <' (2& 3&

V 5%

O'V /

3'R F 4(2&'*

g1 V ; QV=< 7< V /2 V <

3 &4V2 3 V

/ 7|& & / 7|& & m: Z `Š 4

4 / VC& QV '. 7 & ~ . /Y

: & 7: = »

'>2

>$

h g1 V /2 V < 'V2BH:& 3'V$8 "q1V5% 3 V

/# 72 1 3

2011 % 2013

‰ & 1 7<1+

« 7V6 & \2& 7: = … 'P

'2BH:& 2 12B21 %

= <& 9 & / '@ / +<& 3 7 ,

/ @ 4((6

7H <

4< +<

a 2 45 7 791%

7V9 1 V 7 9'% 3

4(

3 '2BH:& 2 ' /( $ & m: Z / +<&

7 % '6 4<&

.

1. Ahmed Toughan 2. Representation 3. Framing

(4)

! "#$ %&1392

2 Z1 V W W

7< Q=< " # $% & 'R@ ' &

1E /@ 9& /Y 9 3 s F 3

. / 6 ' L 9&

7V 'A E 'R@ <; . < 4 1 V:B(

h " V@0#& V= <& V+2 .

.

<& \ >*&

7V 7V< 7 $:&

* 3 1V‚E " 1VC d V5 7V> /V>2B

' { 3 H 1‚E

7 3 / g E 4(2;

) Lubrano, 1997:151

. (

7< V 76 & \2& ' = @&

7>$V V $I & /VY 9 3 V V

/21V2 & /<1V2B21 % 3

&1 7 < 3&

+2 . 7 0@& " G $% / E / <' (2& 3 " V# $% & V(6

6'V 7V 'V U21V,% mV {'% /V • 1

&4VI&

V 3 /V

/ P2& / Q=< <; / (6

( 4

) Howard & etal, 2011

. (

; &'V* V 12B21 %

g1 | V •1R8 &'*& c'+< 7 " @0#& c & '. ' P% 3&' / 1 P 3

L1A1 /<4 3

>V 7 & 9 7Y 9 1 & / 3 V * VP 3'V a

/ b 6 • 8 4(6

/2 A ) 1382

: 135 „ 2 1 a /Y

1384 : 164 (.

7< " Y: Z 3 ( P & />2 3&

)V( '* 'V & . & /2 < 1 P

a42 >*&

<& 3 'V & Q

tV% V5% BV /Y V /2 V < ' }

VV 3'VR

7<

7< V 4V< & &'I 7V /VY 9 3 V

hV:B(

3 V &B &

3&'V V 9 /2 V <

7 ,< $# F /

4<

) Hall & Jhally, 2005: 5

. (

7< /,F (Y /,F 8 Q2 < /+<1+ 7=2'# 3 (Y 7 /2 <

7

/ . & 1 &' . 9 0#& 42 '%

7< 1$2'% & " @ 7V /VY 9 3

/* VR% 1V#

/ 7Z &

F 7 = / < = <& $#

7 s F " @0#& $8& 7> 4 2 V

h

4(2&'*

R% xF, 3 7< V Y(C $E C 3' a

c & 'V.

7V 4V V

/ 7|& & $# F 1

) Stafford & Branston, 2010: 106

. (

V & \V2&

7< V V V

1. Face to Face

(5)

! "#$ %&1392

|& & '2 R% Q2 <

h 6 1a <1a y A1%

6 ' 7 3 •1R8 m (

\ 1 &' . 9

=$# 7 9 7

3 YI1 r2 I 7Y 9 s F V% 4V< & /Y ...

L1A1 \2& 7Z & & / 1 @ >*& $# F '>* '#

\ V Y% 1V8 &1VF: 7

4((6

) Hall & Jhally, 2005: 6

.(

/

<& &1 42 '%

<1 &' . d 5 Q(6& Q(6 4 18 /

O1ZV /2 V

/@ 9&

V 4V9 ŽV5 /V E ' 3 1+ Pa &42 7 9 & /

V<; \ V

; 7Z & \2& .4(

V >< V & 4V< & V( #& | V dV & \V2& 1V9 h

7 $ 4( V | V \2& m I 191 /< Y <; B ; .

VH(2&

; & V YI& /2 V <

/ & 9

Q(6& Q(6 \2& 7 /,F (Y 76 4 2

=2'# 7 h dV 1% V <; /2 <

7<

+ ,< $# F 7 /< Y 3 =:& /+<1+ /Y 9 3

& /

) Ibid: 7

.(

4 . ˆ&4 & 7Z &

2 7< 76 / rV &19 yZV /2 < b 6 %

7(

/ 3

V / H2& $< /@ 9&

/ 4((6 : '6 & 2‡ &1 7 &1%

1 . / "q15% ' G% ' & Y< 2 H2&

V 7< :/@ 9&

/ 4V(<&1%

/V " @1VA1 r2 VI & " @0#& /E&'# 3 '21R%

V 4V(< /@ V 9&

/<&'(F 7 9' &'*& 3

R% / E 2 3

" 4VI $E VC & &4 V 3

Q .

…'*

\ Y% & > & 7Z & \2& $# F 3 4((6

21: &

<; /( ‡ 3

Q$(9 ' Ž@ 4(<&1 U2'# \2& & 1

&4I&

V <; VH2& 3&' /Y< 2

&18 D & ' r &19 7< & &ka

4( 18 3&

2 . 6

"' m

@ ', ' , $# F 7< /2 < U2'# & '%q

:3&

\2&

7< &

/

> 4(<&1%

1V )V( '* U Z " @0#& 7 3'$8 /

c &

$# F d 3

„4((6 m 6 @ ', "' 18 3&'

3 . 9 Q2&B*& 2 "&' G%

/ a; 1Y &

/V 3

: V$# F /@ V 9& V

(6)

! "#$ %&1392

3&' ' & \2&

7<

7 ,Y* ( 7 791%

2'9 •1R8 3

s F V

/ V

V2 E V 9 " V F <& $I & /@ 9&

O V(9 g&BVE& V 24VA V2 V2 V

7 s F 3 &424< 6 /

42;

) Stafford & Branston, 2010: 106

.(

& />2 6

g1 /2 < 3

. & &42 3 g1

4V< 7 3

7=$# U2'# & = =E 7 &

c 7V r2 VI 34(

% • V8 3 V t

'V ' V, 4V 6

/‚Y R% 7 = 7 $ < <; m<&19 3' a

; /+<1V+ 7V} E bV2 3 V(Y

/ J0#&

&1F> < /< I'*) 1 1392

: 125 (.

1\ a

g1 72 &

\ VY 3 V

% ' P% /2 ( & / } t

/ 1 < ˆkE 4 6 < 76 4<&

1a V<1a 3 V

+2 . 7 9 &) 7<

V <; ' V6 V (3'$8 3 4V(2&'*

L0V#&

VH2& 7V /< V

Pa / " $ Q218 '?< 1 3 4<

) De Vreese, 2005: 53

.(

g1 rI&

3

=2'#

h F 7 " @0#& = <& 7@ &

# | V V 7Z & $

& \2& . & s F 7<

1

g V YI& & '2 R% " @0#& 3 V

/#

4(2&'*

7V <' 3 3BV2

7V 7 * 2 8 V 4V 4V< ; 1V9

/@ V 9& /V YI&

/ 4<1 7< . /# 3'$8 3 4(2&'*

g1 /V /YV 3 V V V% 4V((6

3 V

V r* V( 3 & /‚ = >V V 1V8 V E V>: & &kVa

7V /V

>*&

4V((6 2&4V 1V8 &1F: ' • 8 /@1A1 & & 18 $# F * / 1 @

) Cissel, 2012: 67-68

'6 6 7 9 & .(

g1 3

7< 3

; 3&

&

'V & \V2& 7V6

" ‚I ' m91 s F r &19 mV 6 sV F " @1VA1 1 / & 3

% @& • 8 " @1A1 2 • F & & 2 E @ ', m \ (• Z@&

t ' } V

L1A1 ' G% \ (•

% B < 1a <1a | t

' } '

F 3 8 V

7VY 9 sV

/ 1

) Hallahan, 1999: 222-223

.(

1. Giltin

(7)

! "#$ %&1392

O . ' $' k #

<

/3 & " ' P ) " 15 % I "D*

& & L ' h

…&' @&

&

. /2 4A 3 V & g'V@ 9 / :

2011

7<

7>$V † VC1R8 /@ V 9& /VY 9 3 &1 V 3'V$8 3 V

V I QV=< 3&

7?E0 '6 P2& 3&

7>$ \2& & />2 .4<&

>$

h

&1 3&

'2BH:& 3'$8 7V6 V &

7< R5<& \ >

V 1>E /8' /<1+<' r2' % 7 / '@ 3 1,6 3 V

V$8& "&' V?% '2 VR% QVF. V 7>$V \V2& . V & '6 1,6 \2&

/ & ; <

† ‚Y 2j & /8' 7 = <&

' 6 E 3 g'@ 9

-V2 V 1$5 3&

&42 7 $ < 7>$ \2& '>2 /: . & 7 * 2 /

7<&' a1 ' { 7< *'#

1V$<1

7>$ \2& / ˆ&4 & 3 & œ &1E 7> „ &

g1 / 3 . 1

; 4V E 4 " 4I 7 & `.

V /< V}

1995 & /V < VP+( " 'V}

I a P< c '*

7< 76 & '6 /Y 'Z h=Z( (%

7V< 8 D * • 8

\ 6 7> 0 & 9 7 9' Q=< / :&

+$F< & \2& .4(6 P2& 3&

/V V @ 7V & 1V8 V =*1 4 6 1,6 \2&

:4V(<&

1 . /V '@ V : <1 <1w<

2

2 . 0 &

/2&'a 3 3

. 72 ' / 8& 3 .4

7V \V2& 1 I 76 3 &B & (% \2'%

/ 4 4<1 . '+24>2 & @ 42 '%

1V " V# $% & " V@0#& &B &

& \V2&

'2BH:&

. & 1 3B6' / C& Q=< 'a P2&

` t%

\2&

>$

7 '$ &1V<

1996 6 b 16 1,6

% 1,6 b2 7 'ZI &

ka' }t /V ƒ V5: & &

7

& 4 24$% 7< QF •1R8

) El-Nawawy, 2003:71

.(

/ & />2 42 '%

/9 8 ˆ&4 & '$, . &B & \2'%

h>$V 'VZI 3'V$8

'2BH:&

&

. \2&

x8 & P & 7>$

7*'E 1 /2 3&

V$8& QVF. 3'Va

1. Non-bias

2. Arab neo-nationalism 3. Islamism

4. Private Capital

(8)

! "#$ %&1392

y2'C / 7 '.

7$< 9

% 4 U*1 Q=<

'o}p h 8 (V < bV 16 1V,6 24$% 3

/ B6' 7 'ZI

V 7=Z(

>$V 'V>2 7Z & .4(6 P2& 3&

h 'V2BH:&

% 7 >< \2& ' &1 'ZI &'$

t 7 & 4 6 76 4<&

\2&

/ : Y* : & = 7>$

4V(6

$I 7>$ \2& rA&1 ' & \2& 7 $:& 76 / & ; < n1

V 9 3 1,6 "&' ?%

& & &'* 42 '% 3 9 g'@

)

Steinberg, 2012: 3-4

.(

7 72 1 1,6 :B(

h ( . h

=Z( ;

h /V 1 5 V & 3& & &1V 7< 8

& 1 9

. 7 3 1#

>$ 76 h /YV &1V ; 7V -V2 V+< B < '2BH:&

7 7 &

5<&

š

& \ A '6 ‡1P< @& ; s F / & ; V< 7V u1 ' $8& D >Y<

V

> n1 7 ; 2'9 4V< \V & 4 & , : 7 @ 7 *'a

) Al-Abdeh, 2012: 21

. (

/ ,< 72 1 "q15% 7Z & 'ZI rA&1 g'{ 1 1,6 \2& 4

V, 2j

/ <' & 4 &

4 %

& &

\2 / /Y >$V /V(Y2 1V8 'V< " 4VI & P & (6 4(6

h

V?< 3 &4V<&' 7V 72 1V V?< VP: F & /% 5 % / /: /< $ ,. '2BH:&

4,F @' 72 1

) Khatib, 2013: 422

Al-Abdeh, 2012: 21

.(

h>$

I '2BH:&

72 1V 1V,6 "q15% $ V

Q V. /<

`.

. & / ' I 1,6 \2& / & ; < L ' &

/ & ; < ' & $I

>$ 72 1 3 h

'2BH:&

/V8' 7V ( & / +<& / '@

J1=E / &'61 ' ?< " @1A1 †VC1R8 g'V@ 9 / 0 & /2&'a ( ',

' 76 7 & /Y 72 1 1=E ”I < & 72 1 :

J ', 1C&

1 bV %&'6

3 & ; 4(6 /*'Y \2 ( 3 .

7 <' i 3&' s F 3

\2&

>$

h / +<& / '@

VV2'9 'VV ?<

s: VVF 3 VV 'VV?< bVV2 & 'VV%&'* 1

/VV 2 3 'VV / | VV /VV ' 7VV

1 .

2 .

3 .

(9)

! "#$ %&1392

J1=E / &'61 ”=< 1•

& & 7 8& '. 72 1 ', h

& 4V & , 1>E

; / C& @ / /= %

'6

) Ghadbian, 2008

.(

j& " &

7 3 1V 7>$V \2& 3'$8 2 ', ( $8& 7 * 6

c0% &1a B < 72 1 1,6 / ?< 4 ,6 Q: 7 7>$ \2& & &ka

g1 U2'# & 1,6 \2&

72 1V | V 3 V &

V 'V2BH:& . 2004

&Ba

: ; /

1VP@ V 72 1V ` V . dV 1% /V VY* •(. 3' + /.

\ 'V .4V(6 & ; & <&4V< \V2& V% V &18 72 1 : & :&

D V &

\ 1P@ " = =5%

7 <; & 'P< 7Z & \2& :&

P V & V :

y C <' (2& & L ', B ; 7 3'+2

# 8 Y* ' : & L V* 3&'V Q2 V

J1=E 4 ' + ',

\2& ' 0@ .4<&

Q<& 4 E 1Y 3 1V 1V ;

3q19 2003 7V u1V ' `V>@ & &'I '9 7 (%

&

V . y VC /2 BV ;

' + V 1V,6 \V2& ` V . d 1% <' (2& U, ' 72 1 3 '6 .4

\ 1P@ 76

:&

7 6 5 &

/ 3 7V<q @ < D V &

/ c &Ba 72 1 4(6

.

>$ J&4R '+2 h

g1 '2BH:&

7V @ 'V 1V,6 \V2& | 3

/ & ; < L ' & Q . 72 1 : Q> V,6 7V u1 ' 1,6 \2&

7V u1V ' 3 V

F< 3'2'E U * '%

& 7•<; . & ($: U '2 c &BVa $8&

V 3 'V, (

/ ' 7>$ \2& 3'$8 2 42;

p q 7 V & /Y 7>$ \2& & &ka

V V% 4V<&

’ B <

\ A U, " ' \ ˆ0 8& /2 VH2& 'V ?< /*&4 & 7 ; 7 4 ,F U @

gBE = 'a \ ˆ >

'Va ($: •&

VE \ V \ V(• /< V($: 3 V gB

•&

$9 s Y‚% 2 < 72 1 : h

4( 2 =

) Ibid, 2006

.(

…&'V @& n1V H2& ˆ4 'ZI 3 1 4A rA&1 3 & '2BH:& h>$

V

(10)

! "#$ %&1392

…&' @& n1 L ' & Q . 72 1 V

/ & ; V<

1V,6 \V2& V 3'V$8

/ : ;

» / @

…&' @& n1 7><; { V

/V: 7V *'a&'* & 7V< 8 3 1V,6 'V &'

/ < , 7 72 1 1,6 / 0=<& O 4 4 & /< ,<

V . 1V8 /Va-2 \2'V%

d2&'V \ V(• 4V * 4$ V 1>E `<1% 'R 1,6 1• 72 1 1,6

& 3 R I& 4 .

« \2&

7>$

V 2011 V & &

h /V c &BVa \V2&

: ;

» 72 1V

"1> / . ( 6 . & &'I' 1

4 @ 2q g0V=<& n1V V *& & 7 4@

<&'+ 16' ' 0@ & 72 1 h

/+ V 9' 7V 9 & / &1V@ 1V,6 \V2& V:

` | "' (• 1 9

/ 72 1 /$ k ,% \ 4(<&

/ & ; < n1 {;

72 1 15

D 2011 'a

1,6 \2& 7 y 3

2& 7 9 & '+2 3 1,6 d 1% <; y %

>$ 'ZI '@ 45 "q h

BV < '2BH:&

/ & ; < n1 L ' & Q . 7 ka 1•

$V < 7< R8 rA1 ‡ F%& 1,6 \2&

YI& s2'5% & '6 /Y 4 & , : 7

’ B

>*& 1 < /2 <

/ 1 @

8 a4((

4 J1 18 &1F: 9 & 1 /< Z )

'*

1390 : 3 .(

7 9' h>$ \2'%

7V u1V ' 72 1V 1V,6 r2 I 3'$8 Q 1. '2BH:&

' & ,< : ‹ 1P(

7>$V \V2& . & 1,6 \2& ' = 4 & , \ VA

<

a 42

" 1C " E0C& \ *' 1< VI 4V<&'* 7V 9 & 1V,6 /V V?< 7 *'a

B@ 1,6 \2& ` H " F <& / &

2 = 3 &ka& 4 & , 3 1V 9

g1 /Y " F <& 3 &Ba' 'V mV2'F% 1V,6 \V2& | V 3

V:

& 7 & 72 1 \2& .

'2BH:& h>$

/ & ; < 7 u1 ' 1a <1a $8&

\V2& 3

/ , 7 1,6 3'$8 2 7Z & \2& . 18

7>$ \2&

/ 3'$8 :4 21<

8 & 4 & , `>@ ' &

/ 4 , 72 1 1,6 3 (6

1. Kingdom of Silence

(11)

! "#$ %&1392

4V . ' d 1% `>@ \2& '+2 q E & & 4(F$: E 76 7 F2 / 1 8 . 7 V,{; 1V,6 \2& ' 18 7 72 1 1,6 3

4V< 1 & V <; 7 & " $} 1I &1 <; &'$ 76 / ' & 4

„ V &

7 P ' 72 1 / ?< 3 ' < Q% & 1(6&

60 8 & …' Y 3

/ I 7 1,6 \2&

4(<

) Macleod, 2012

. (

$8& \2&

/ & ; V< n1 L ' & 7>$ \2& 76 & 1 , 7 , $8& '2 V

; 7 & /Y 72 1 / 8& )(9 72 1V œ &1VE 7 <& / 8& C& Q$(9 b2 &

& & &

h n1 h>$ \ (• .4 ,< / 0 & 3 &4 / & ; V< n1 L ' '2BH:&

V

c &Ba (6 72 1 1,6 3

7 1,6 \2& & 18 = L0V#& +2 . &1(@

/< V

, <& 7 &4I&

†V‚Y '2 VR% mV: Z 7>$V / : 4VA V &1@ dV 1% /V Y9

3 V

2 s F /@ 9&

& \2& . & '6 / <' (2& 3

\2&

V$8& V* 2 7>$

/ & ; < 7 u1 ' '2 R%

5PVC & 72 1 1,6 3 7>$V "

7V 9 & /@ V 9& 3 V

@ & QF. 7 g1 %12 h

/<12B21 % 1$2'% & <;

V,* Q2&BV*& V 9 1V8 2

>*&

1 @

& '6 @ 72 1 : 4A ' /

) Trombetta, 2012: 7

.(

g1 191 4 &1 '+2 &

h>$ 3 BH:&

'V2 /V &1V%

&

\V2& 4V2 '%

7>$

t =*1 1

& V,< 4V ; 6 < /V &' & '‚8& `Š (@ /*16 2

2 (9 g <& ( & 3& 1 3

E /+(9 7

V 3 72 1V V: 7V /2 V

/ c0% 1 42 * / 7 8& '. <; 7 7 & & 76 ' < &'2& b % Š2 3

. 1

/ l I "D* <O . & O" $ %

\2&

'V6 /YV &4 & & (@ /*16 3 (, . y C O'# 3&'9& /. 7>$

;

> &

i 3&' .4 ,< 18 72 1V &'V5 VE 3&' (@ /*16

30

\| j 2012 Q=< /: = <& : b2 (, . '6 &Ba' / ,< 1<j ' /(2'*;

(12)

! "#$ %&1392

& 4 & , P: F =*&1 e' , O'V# \V2& V 7VZ& V ; . 'V6 7|& & ;

; •2 < 3 (, . '2BH:& h>$

) 2012 ( /V c &BVa :4V

» 'V O'V# \V2& " 1VC

† 52'C (5C & & 4 &

h / < n 8 3 .«

h & &

c &Ba \2&

4 ;

» : y2'VC' { ˆ&4V &

VP: F 7V F +<&' & 72 1 : P: F b O'# \2&

7V6 /% 1VC dV=* 72 1V

† 52'C / =*&1 O'# \2& &4< /: = <& : /2 9 4 & 1 0@& ;

4((6 .«

3'$8 2 \ (• 7Z & \2&

'2BH:& h>$

\ 4V E /<&'(FV 7V ( V &

; 9

F< /< } / /Y 7E / ,< 'ZI '2

/ 42 * ,< 7H <

D & \2& ' . & O'# \2& &

7>$ \2&

/ 7Z & \2& 18 c &Ba :4 21<

3&'V 7V6 'V6 7 C1% (@ /*16 7 7E / ,< 4 E t

V2 1

V ( & 3& 1V & \ V(• 3 . 1V V| I /< g1 72 1 18 V \V2& 1V,( P R* 7 ( & % &18 45

7 'A E E 76&' „4(6 / ?< : 8 72 1

< : /,6 1V9 V

/ (@ O'# 72 1 18 E

& 1$I I' { 42 * .

7 '‚8& 45 (@ /*16 3 PY & $<

3'V2&BH:& " Š2 / &' &

7 &

4(2 < &1(@

VR* VE 3&'V V \2&

7V•<; .4V2Ba' 72 1V | V

>$ '>2 h

7V 72 1 1,6 "0‚Y E 3 U *1% E& 7Z & '2BH:&

/ , , 7 7>$ \2& $8& ' & \2& 76 1 > /( 4 15 ' 18

/ / •1R8 \2& '2BH:& . 18 :421a

<' ‘ 76 7 *'2k. & ' & \2& / &' &

7 72 1V &'V5 VE 3&' 3&

18 3 PY & & `. (@ /*16 ! &4< 7 ( t

VR* VE ' /($ Q 2 1

& 72 1 &'5 t

\> ' { 2 1 1V9 34V & 7V sC \2& .4<&181

‰4(6 R* E & 72 1 &'5 4<&1 / &' & 76 &

1. Mission Impossible

(13)

! "#$ %&1392

7 " & D & ' 3 '$8 7 * 6

h>$

'V2BH:&

7>$V \V2& 7VZ & \V2&

t H<&' B: ' (• 7 <&4< > B9 3B 72 1 & / &' & 2 1

% / ?< : 8 t

/ 4 6 .

c &Ba B ' & Q 7•<;

3 \2&

7>$

V, 7V 72 1V 1V,6 1V

/ 7 ( & 3& 1 7 -2 +< 18 V:B(

h 'V6 dI V 3&'V 3 &BV &

>V ; VH(2& . V & /V$ : 4(< 1,6 \2& &'5 E 2 < 72 1 1>E /V*0 |& 'V m< 9 & / ?< : 8 U2'# & , : u1= 7 2 % 'ZI 76 &

<q ,< 'ZI ' & . & 7=Z( / '@ 3 1,6 ˆ0 |& 7 ( & 3& 1 7 h

/ 1 @ r H

2012 : '6 0@&

7V 72 1 &'5 E 3&' ( & 3& 1 76 /Z2&' E

\ VP ‹ D V & ' / 2 / '@ 3 1,6 4 h

/V /< V <&

/ ?<

V 18 E 31 9 4 1# ' '6 : 8 72 1 18 / ( &

' & \2& !4<' + 72 1 &

3 1#

($: 76 h

1970 V *& J P%&

=*1 /E'#

B ; 'o}p 1 4 &18

) (.Ibid

^G I "D* <O . 0 (" E 9 &

I

@ m 9 n ! 2

<

" $ $.

'>2 1 7•<;

'2BH:& h>$

'a $I /V V, 7 y 3

1V8

2 (9 \ *'a 42 < 19 /P<

3 ’ BV = <; /+(9 sV2'5% /2 V <

&4I& 7 u1 ' $8&

3 . V & / : 3 ' <

% t n1V L 'V V V@ & \V2& 4V 2

/ & ; <

'a 72 1 Q% & 3' a 72 1 1V,6 \V2& V8& y 3

'2BH:& h>$

18 3'$8 2 / &Ba : & ;

4E b2 V 8 72 1V 'V Q V.

V 7V V 1V,6 \V2& 3

&

VV . y VVC /2 /<1VVa'a 'VV G% 3&'VV 3BVV ; \VV2& 7VV6 4VV< bVV %&'61 3 VV

& . /2

< ,E 18' h

'V V,6 1V,6 \V2& / V?< 3 ' < ` .

(14)

! "#$ %&1392

/ @ & 72 1 : !4 &' 'a 76 4(6

91 / 2 '% 3 1V,6 \V2& 1

/ 7 = 'a 19 & 34 &1 & 4(6 2 '% 3

7 V &4< 1V9 1,6 \2& /

/ 'V 18' 2; . & ' = d8 \ > /. 4 & , 2j 42 '%

" 4I 72 1 / : 3 ' <

72 1V 1V & V: 8 7V 1V$H & ’ BV 3

1>E 6 2; ‰ '6 4 &18 1V8 " H< 3&' ; 31 @ < $ ,. 72 1 2j /

1,6

‰ '6 4( &18 /< 'I & ,

/ 7Z & \2& 3'+2 '$8 \ (• '2BH:&

:4 21<

» 72 1 : 'Va

3 V

/V 1,6 \2& 7 75 & '6 & 7 & 4@ =:& 7 9 & /9 8 \V2& /V: 4V(6

@ &

6 & /: E 7V & <; J&'@ /P \24 H 7 O0 & 72 1 18 7

$ / 2&4 J&'@ 1 7 @ 4(6

«

) Phares, 2012

.(

\2& '+2 J&4R '2BH:& h>$

< V,( V,6 $8& D >Y<& 7 u1 ' h

7 ' 7:1 ' 6 16 < •1R8 V

& />2 18 V \2'%

V2 (9 V

@ 7V

'C Y ~2 % 2', V

&

7Z & \2& . '2BH:& h>$

) 2012 ( / : ;

/ 42 '%

RF, \2'%

h

…&' @&

3

<1,8 72 1 V <; 1V BV ;

V ?<' { …' Y ' 7 72 1 Q% & b 7 E & 7 ka & . &

&4@& \ (• /<1> U# ( xF, A' Y 3

\2'%

&4VI& \V2&

V

& 7:1 œ &1E . & 7:1 ' ,6 7 u1 ' 25

/ 2012 7V6 4 L '

Y 3 1 A' Y ;

» / U, 7 3 7 2;

« V 8 7 3 V

4<4 ; ' \2&

…&' @& \2&

1V8 e V8 7V 72 1 Q% & / ?< Q(6&

\2& .4 4 ,6 100

76 / ?<' { 7 V,6 4V< 1 V6 16 V<; & /V <

Pa 7 .4<4 h

\2& 72 1 : " = 2 (9

'a d 1%

/ V 2 '% 3 V

7 *'a " 1C

„ &

c &Ba D & ' &

3 V,6 \V2& @

1 72 1 : + &

4<&

.

: 1< 1 \2& 3'+2 c &Ba 7>$ \2& \ (•

» 3& 1 V ( &

(15)

! "#$ %&1392

7 72 1 Q% & d 1% 7:1 ' /<1> U# ( 7 7 E ' ,6 h

bV< % V

O0 '6 1>5 & \ +( 3 .«

/V , 7 $8& \2& B ' & Q 7•<;

c0V% 1V8 'V2BH:& h>$V

7V

& & : 7 7:1 ,6 L1I g <&

76 & /: E \2

\ ‘

/ :&

% 0@& & ' & \2&

t V,6 3&'V /V B: 72 1 : 76 '>P% \2& \ (• . '>< 4 2

1VR8 Q2&BV*& 7VH < bV 16 ' V \V2& V6 16 < 3 @ '

\ / 8& 3 ,*

&k: < YI& & 7 &4< / :&

'V2BH:& h>$

1V5

3 &B & ,*

/V V$< 3 & \V2& & 72 1 : ' †VRF, .4V(6

\ V & V

'a b2 B< YI& 7 œ &1E \2& y 3 . & '%

'2BH:& h>$

; % 7 & /Y 72 1 & ; Q% & $I QYA&1 &

3& &

<4 h y C / ' y C ˆ&4 & m #

7>$V \V2& „4 ,< 7< 219 )

2011 ( /V &Ba

: & 7 1< 72 1 & ; Q% & 1

» UV5 3 & ; QV% & 3 V‚@& ˆ&4V & \2'%

y VC / YVA 72 1V g0V=<& n1V '$, . ' & L * ; 7 4 V & BV ;

/ 7( \2& 3'+2 c &Ba '2BH:&

: ;

» D & ' (F

72 1V & ; Q% & &'*&

<; 7>(2& : o Q% &

7 1 . & ; Q% & 7 '6 e'% & / D V$: <; 76 & \2& 4<&

4< 1 y ' { ' 7 '6 b 7 1$H / Q% &

'$

2012 E '6 c &Ba ' 2 3 &Ba'$8 7

3&

VŠ 8 bV2 3&

U, ˆ&'#& \24*&1:& a & 7 4 28

Q<&

1 ; .4<4V 7 V,6 V Y bV2

7 '$8 \2& '2BH:& 2 : &1V(@ 5% 3'$8 2‡ & 6 " 1C

» P V & 7V 1% V<

O0 & 72 1

& & &4, /2 3 «

† ( A 4 ; 7 ,6 &4Y%

& a4 7

9 'VP<

'6 =< 72 1 3 < 3 &Ba'$8 & =< 7 & '$8 \2& '2BH:& . '6 s2'5%

; V=< 7 &

† 521 % E \ @ /: „ & $ < 1 7 3 &Ba'$8 \2& &

& 3 &BVa'$8 \2& $8&

(16)

! "#$ %&1392

& 7 <& ( #& I' {

„ /: E V 1 7V & 7V} E \V2& 3'V$8 r ( 'i6& 76

.4< 1 '6 g1 ( 72 1

\ (•

24 '$

2012 '2BH:& h>$

V,< '2'V 3&'V 'V &

V:

76 '6 c &Ba 72 1 e' /2&1< < b2 7 /2&1 & $

& Q 2 P E 90

\%

7 ,6 4<4 / 8 \%

„ 7V % VH<; & 72 1V 1V2B21 % 76 34( * &

/ 2 >E & /% P & '6 ( :& '+ &Ba " E'* 4 E& .4(6

7>$V Pa 3 V

& 9 3'$8 7 9

'2BH:& h>$

QVF. 72 1V U# V( /V8' & / Y9 3'2 R%

/

=Z( 7 u1 ' '2 R% <; & />2 76 4((6 h

. V & E ' ˆ&'#& 2 P E

& / < & 1a 2 7 E & 3'}& ‘ '2 R% \2&

E h / < 4 , /2&1 r V( . 1V

R% \2& 76 3 9& 4< '6 0@& 72 1 3'$8 /V & V,< '2

7V u1V ' 1V

7 V,6 72 1V QV% & d 1% 7=Z( 7 7 E +( 76 & 3 1 s: F y &'*&

4 P: F & .4<&

U24VR% & 1V8 3 V@ & 4V< '6 /Y 18 7 < '6 7 ,{;

4((6 '$8 3B6' 4E& ) 1391

'a & \2& .(

j 1V y 3 7V21<&

2013

™ . h 1E & /(2B(

7} E \2& 4< '6 'HP( U, 11

7 ,6 'P<

'VP< V

4 &1 % .4<4 / 8 'V2BH:& /: & 4 & P: F / 2 '% &4I& ' :q

) 2013 (

& 6 \ A '6 0@& 7Y9 * U @ &

»%

:1wV /V 'a ‘ 1(6

4( *'2kŠ< & HP<& \2&

. «

& &

h V2 (9 \V2&

V V 2 '%

V 16 7V21<&j 2013

h E 1 m E & / + &18 ; /V# 4V< & &'VI />V 1

83 7 V,6 1HV,<&

'2BH:& 4<4 : Pa 7} E \2& @

» VP: F 72 1V : )\ *'#

( V:

'+24>2 7 &

/ 0 7} E @ &1(@

4((6 . «

21 1a;

2013 hV E 'V}&

V 1E U# V( 7V /2 V h

UV, ' V

7=Z(

7 3&

7#1I <

J VP%& \V2& & `V. .4<4 7 ,6 72 1 ' ?<' { & 3 &4Y%

(17)

! "#$ %&1392

$$V /2 ( 3&' / ' & Q .

'V2BH:& h>$V 7V} E \V2&

7< 3 &

i E 7 7 'A 18 3&

V & '6 /Y 72 1 :

/V*'Y 7V E \V2& m$ & 1,6 \2& / : 3 ' < † 521 % V(6

h>$V V & \V2& .4

c &Ba '2BH:&

\ VA 'V6 "1V@ 72 1V V: 4VA ( 6 & s F 3

E g <&

h : 7 /2 E " 'A

h $(% / V?<

& 4V & V, V2j 7V @ /V

% 7 <' / E . & '6 7 91 †q V E& 7V6 3B6&' 7>$ 2 /<12B21 % 3

1V

E h 3 ' <

; / rI& /2 >2' /YV mV %'% \V2& 7 '6 xF, 4<1

'V6 V &

4(6 7 91% 72 1 1>E 7 $(% " 'A 3&' & 9 / 1 @ >*&

.

^G I "D* <O . L81 9 &

/ " " 3

" ' / )% \@ &

rA&1 '2BH:& h>$

c0% &'2& 7 $ <

4V 72 1V &'V5 E 3&' Q2

& &4V( 7>$V \V2& < $ ,. E 76 & ; '+< /9 8 3 1,6 : 8 c0% \2&

1(,8 <&'2& 3 (, . 4( <

`<&'P(6 &'2& . V ,<

3 V

% 4Y 4 6t

\ ,218 ' P: F 1>E 3 &

/Y &1 '6

&

VE 3&'

& 72 1 &'5 y C / E

V & .4(6 &4 . /9 8 3 ' < : 8 4 E \ @ B ;

'2BH:& h>$

7< V V g1 &

O'V# \V2& &1V 1V8 3 V 9 & V

&

/ 3 &B & 42 * r* ( \ t% 3&'

3 1 9 / &'2& / 0 &

VwZF% 7V 7VH < &4(.

h

c0%

&'2& 3 /

& '.

& / I . '$ V &'2 2012

V QV O'V#

VE 3&'V 3&

; '2BH:& '6 7|& & 72 1 &'5 R*

7 '+2 '$8 2‡ &

b2 &1(@

V & 6 '$8

/

\2& 42 * : & &'I / 2 & 1 7<1a

»

†0$I &'2&

> &

2

‘ /: 1 '6 7|& & / &4V6

/V &4V I 4 & b2 B< 45 & &'2& &'2 „4,< 79&1 1 $= & <; &

...4V((6

«.

/ 3&' '$8 \2& h & &

9 8'2 & =< 7 &'2& O'# & ,< 42 * h

: Pa &'2&

» 'V &'V2&

(18)

! "#$ %&1392

&' & / &4I&

4I 4 & •PE 3 / H<& "

4 .«

\ (•

&'V D0V9& 3 &Ba' 3 (}&

4@

4 Y%

2012 V6 1 V V & 72 1V &'V5 V & /YV &'2& &' %

1 \2& /: .4 &'I D09&

'2BH:& h>$

/ :4V 21<

» 4V@ V ,<

&'V % 4V Y%

& 7 <&1 <

4V 2 V 72 1V &'5 E 3&' / E .

« 7>$V \V2& \ V(•

) 2012 (

3'+2 c &Ba : & ; 7( \2&

7 &' % / c0% &'5 E 3 9

|& & 4(6 h bV 6 7V / V?< /: V 3 V

' 4 & , 2j 'V + & 72 1V ŽVY V2j u1=V 31 9 4 1#

. &'V2&

7 4= 4 & 2j u1= 76 & L1A1 \2& 791 \ (•

' 3&

1V8 6'E 3&

1 4 &18 1>E 3 &4<&' 9 &'2& '

) Brahimi & Joffe, 2012 (.

<;

• c &Ba \2& B ' & Q 7 / /2 < 18

V 4(6 V 'V2BH:& 3 1V5

c &Ba \2& 7>$ \2& . & 72 1 $I >2' ; 'ZI V% 'V6 /Y

3 = & 7 1>5 & &'2&

?<

, 4 &

V>*& 7V & V,<

1V8 a4V(( / 1 @

\2&

.` & Q<&45 >2' ; , (% 72 1 y C O'# 76 4(6 =:& \ (

*$-1 2 $0 7< L&1<& 76 3'R@

hV# E& V 'V &' 'V & 1V8

<&' V a : V@

4 QV=< 4V<&

P+

7< B +<&

3

&1 3&

& "q1V5% 3 H /V /V+( '* /@ V 9

(* . & '2k. < ><& / ( & / E 7 7< 3

48 3 &B & 7 i V 1>E 7 @

V

/ @ m: I / ?@ /2 <&1% & 4(6 9 3

1VR% 7 / 7V,24<&

3 V

<&

& 18'

&

7< . 3

&1 3&

4 7 C * 3 V /< V /< V>

& &

' \ ' 4<&

7 8&4<& & & & />2B * 3 7< V ' d % D & \ ' .4<&

V

: / ˆ&4 & '$, . 3&' / & '$ & b2 / g1 5

. 1

& / '@ 3 1,6 / "q15%

2013 /V B < &

\V2& 3 V & &1V%

(19)

! "#$ %&1392

%t 7< & 3'2k.' } ' 1

7< . & &'I / " V E& U21,% B +<& H2&

/ / ' 1>E 24A 7 & <; 4(<&1%

7 1 ( :B(

h V 9 3 V,* &B &

t%

E r* ( \

; 4((6 @ <

g1 /2 < 7•<; . 72 1V œ &1VE 3 V

d 1%

'2BH:& h>$

/ 4 , 1V5 \ (6

n1V 1V# 7>$V \V2& . V &

† $ < '6 /Y 'R / ' g0=<&

h< b2 21 /

7V< # 5 'V6 •PE & ˆ'#

/ & ; < L ' & „4(6 @ 3 &BV & 'V & 'V6 c0V% 72 1 / 8& )(9

, ?< 7 7 'A 3&' 18 E ˆ&4 & 9 4V &

1V{ \V2& .4V(6 P V &

7<

1 & 2 E ˆ4 3&

7V < 3 &4< V & 3 1V V. 'V2 & 3 V+<

5C \ Y% \ &ka (6 7 &ka 7 $8& =

c &Ba 3 9 3

\= V

† ‚Y D ( < &'*& 7 ' { 3 1|42

L 9 & 4(

4(6 V 1<' 'VZI V: '?( & .

† = 72 1 4(2;

7 1,6 \2& & Q=< 7E / V &18 /V 2q

. & 72 1 ?< u1=

>$V V \V2& : \2'%

h œ &1VE V$I 'V2BH:&

/ , 7 1* 7 B < ; & ', ( $8& 76 72 1

; 18 &

'VZI 1V,6 7V6

& 45 '@ (6

=Z( 45 "q 2& b2-%&' 7 7

/ g E 'V & \2& &k: 42;

" P '2BH:& 6'E 15 76 7VP 8 \ 4V E xFV 'VZI V: 3

; /< } p /: / E 'ZI U ' &

V <0=@ & 4V 7>$V \2& ` . V &

5% 76 1#

c &Ba 3&1 5

% & /2 @ & \ ( 72 1 $I ; 3 t

/ 4 2 .4V(6

4: 6 1 & 1 1I 7 )

2012 ( /( <&j ; D ( 6 'V & " VG $% " & 'V2BH:&

'V2 B 1Va ˆ j 76 & 7 *'a Q . 72 1 &'5 & / & 'ZI / P2& /< 9 )(9 ' " G $%

. '6

(20)

! "#$ %&1392

H7Ĥ ^%

/ * r ( .s:&

/ * r ( .s:&

/ * r ( .s:&

/ * r ( .s:&

42 /2 A A 4 5

) 1382 (

» . '''' / //

/ 7< Q=<

7< Q=<

7< Q=<

7< Q=<

" c 1 ;

"" c 1 ; c 1 ;

" c 1 ; /<4V 3 * 34< ' 3

/<4V 3 /<4V 3 * 34< ' 3* 34< ' 3 /<4V 3 * 34< ' 3 .«.«.«.«

7 ( R*

&'2& / 0 & 3 1 9 3 &4C QH( Q -.

&'2& / 0 & 3 1 9 3 &4C QH( Q -.

&'2& / 0 & 3 1 9 3 &4C QH( Q -.

&'2& / 0 & 3 1 9 3 &4C QH( Q -.

: &' % 33

.

/< Z '*

4 5 ) 1390 (

».

7<7<7<7<

V% QV=< '@ 'ZI 3 V% QV=< '@ 'ZI 3 V% QV=< '@ 'ZI 3 V% QV=< '@ 'ZI 3 tttt

/<1Va'a ; ' } /<1Va'a ; ' } /<1Va'a ; ' } /<1Va'a ; ' }

7V< 8 3 V 7V< 8 3 V 7V< 8 3 V 7V< 8 3 V

BV6'

\ " Y: Z / :&

y C ] IPSC / ' 5 / 3 / 91 [ : 2 http://www.peace.ipsc.org/fa

/ : . * )

2012 (.

»

! '6 dI & '2BH:& 72 1

! '6 dI & '2BH:& 72 1

! '6 dI & '2BH:& 72 1

! '6 dI & '2BH:& 72 1

9' Y< 4 E / :&

'H(.

'H(.

'H(.

'H(.

....

147 .

4 5 /< I'*

&1F> < A' @ 34 7< &

) 1392 (.

» 1,6 3 &42 3'$8 Q 1.

1,6 3 &42 3'$8 Q 1.

1,6 3 &42 3'$8 Q 1.

1,6 3 &42 3'$8 Q 1.

72 1V \2'5 72 1V \2'5 72 1V \2'5 72 1V \2'5

: Y:& 7>$ / * 2 : Y:& 7>$ / * 2 : Y:& 7>$ / * 2 : Y:& 7>$ / * 2 .«.«.«.«

)( '* " Y: Z )( '* " Y: Z )( '* " Y: Z )( '* " Y: Z ----

" # $% &

" # $% &

" # $% &

" # $% &

.

&'+2 \ 5 2 1 a )

1384 R% (.

R%

R%R%

d8 3' a d8 3' a d8 3' a d8 3' a / : /, / : /, / : /, / : /, ....

. >2 : &' %

/ @4 5 3 F )

1388 (

» . 7<

7<

7<

7<

9999 R% / 1 @ >*& 3' a R% / 1 @ >*& 3' a R% / 1 @ >*& 3' a R% / 1 @ >*& 3' a

/ 1V @ 3'V a / 1V @ 3'V a / 1V @ 3'V a / 1V @ 3'V a

g V 6 g V 6 g V 6 g V 6 1V @ V 1V @ V 1V @ V 1V @ V

/@ 9&

/@ 9&/@ 9&

/@ 9&

. 24 .

'$8 3B6' 4E&

) 5 / 10 / 1391 (

».

7>$ /8' \ { '2 R% 72 1 12B21 % 7>$ /8' \ { '2 R% 72 1 12B21 % 7>$ /8' \ { '2 R% 72 1 12B21 % 7>$ /8' \ { '2 R% 72 1 12B21 %

'6 c * & 3'$8 3 '6 c * & 3'$8 3 '6 c * & 3'$8 3 '6 c * & 3'$8 3

:

http://www.khabaronline.ir/detail/266034/World/middle-east

r ( .g r ( .g r ( .g r ( .g / +<&

/ +<&/ +<&

/ +<&

Adsera Alicia and Others, (March2003). "Are You Being Served? Political Accountability and Governmental Performance". Journal of Law, Economy and Organization,No. 2.

Al-Abdeh, Malik, (2012). "The Media War in Syria". Majala Magazine. Archive Article 55234370, Saudi Research and Marketing Group, at: http://www.majallah.com/eng/2012/10/article55234370 Albunni, Anwar, (2006). "Six Detained in Syria Crackdown". Aljazeera. [Accessed on 16 Nov2012] at: http://www.aljazeera.com/Archives/2006/05/20084915658444464.html Aljazeera, (1 May 2013). "US seas Evidence of Chemical Arms in Syria". [Accessed on 22 Sep. 2013] at: http://www.aljazeera.com/news/americas/2013/04/201343015944588818.html Aljazeera, (16 Jan. 2013). "Dozens killed in Aleppo University blasts". [Accessed on16 Jan.

2013] at: http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/01/2013115135151522535.html Aljazeera(4 Jan. 2013). "deadly car bomb strikes Damascus fuel station". [Accessed on 5 Jan. 2013] at: http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/01/20131445611225285.html

(21)

! "#$ %&1392

Aljazeera, (24 Dec. 2012). "Air strike on Syria bakery kills dozens".[Accessed on 26Dec.

2012] at:http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2012/12/201212231694893146.html Aljazeera, (16 Dec. 2012). "Syria VP says neither side can win war".[Accessed on 16 Dec.

2012] at:http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2012/12/2012121620915125592.html Aljazeera, (4 Dec 2012). "NATO warns Syria against chemical weapons use".[Accessed on 6 Dec 2012], t:http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2012/12/20121241462239689.html Aljazeera, (13 March 2012)."Saving Syria". [Accessed on 2 Nov 2012] at:

http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/insidestory/2012/03/20123138539834225.html Aljazeera, (25 March 2012). "As Global and Regional Powers Fight their Own Battles, Syria’s Revolutions Succeed before the Country Fall apart".[Accessed on 20 Nov 2012]

at:http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/empire/2012/03/20123221283837888.html

Aljazeera, (28 May 2012). "UN Condemns Syria over Houla Massacre". [Accessed on 20 Nov 2012] at:http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2012/05/2012527213720286129.html Aljazeera, (14 June 2012). "Annan Warns of All-out war in Syria”, [Accessed on 15 Nov 2012]

at: http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2012/06/20126211465451120204.html Aljazeera (28 June 2012), “Kofi Annan Proposes Syria Unity Government". [Accessed on 15 Nov 2012] at:http://www.aljazeera.com/news/Middleeast/2012/06/2012628423300508.html Aljazeera, (16 August 2012). "What Happened in Houla?". [Accessed on 15 Nov 2012] at:

http://www.aljazeera.com/peopleand power/2012/08/201281514382151960.html

Aljazeera, (19 August 2012). "Can LakhdarBrahimiEnd the Syrian Conflict ".[Accessed on 21 Nov 2012] at:http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/insidesyria/2012/08/20128194722163546.html Aljazeera, (29 June 2012). "Syrian Opposition Skeptical of New Annan’s Plan".[Accessed on 14 Nov 2012] at:http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2012/06/201262817158947278.html Aljazeera, (28 June 2012). "Kofi Annan Proposes Syria Unity Government". [Accessed on 15 Nov 2012] athttp://www.aljazeera.com/news/Middleeast/2012/06/2012628423300508.html Aljazeera, (25 March 2012). "As Global and Regional Powers Fight their Own Battles, Syria’s Revolutions Succeed before the Country Fall apart". at: http://www.aljazeera.com/

programmes/empire/2012/03/201232212838378880.html

Aljazeera (17 August 2006). "Al-Hariri: Syria worse than Israel". at: http://www.aljazeera.com/

archive/2006/08/2008410135332807754.html

Aljazeera, (10 Sep. 2013). "Why Intervene In Syria". at: http://www.aljazeera.com/

Services/Search/ ?q=201391055425440503&s=as_q&r=15&o=any&t=r

Aljazeera, (1 Sep. 2012). "Iran urges non-aligned nations role in Syria".at:

http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2012/08/2012831202943830728.html

Aljazeera, (24 July 2004). "Amnesty urges Syria to free detainees". at: http://www.aljazeera.com/

archive/2004/07/200849131114186441.html

Aljazeera, (20 September 2012). "Beyond Insulting the Prophet: Defying Hypo Crisis East and West". [Accessed on 20 Nov2012] at: http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/

2012/09/201292063638169981.html

Aljazeera, (26 September 2012). "Arabs Must Intervene in Syria". [Accessed on 14 Nov 2012] at: http:///www.aljazeera.com/news/americans/2012/09/201292945421649378.html Aljazeera, (11 September 2012). "Will Syria give up its chemical weapons?". [Accessed on 22 Sep.

2013] at: http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/insidestory/2013/09/201391055425440503.html Aljazeera, (24 August 2012). "Russia says no Chemical Weapons Use in Syria". [Accessed on 22 Sep. 2013] at:http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2012/08/201282445730483199.html Aljazeera, (27 November 2011). "Free Syrian Army Vows to Protect Civilians". [Accessed on 15 Nov 2012] at:http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2011/11/20111126134418367663.html Aljazeera, (02 December 2011). "Ranks of Free Army Gaining Strength". [Accessed on 12 Nov 2012] at: http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2011/12/201111226171260898.html

(22)

! "#$ %&1392 Aljazeera, (26 February2011). "Libya: A media Black hole". [Accessed on 20 April 2012]

at:http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/listeningpost/2011/02/2011226111327860400.html Aljazeera, (14 February 2011). "Egypt’s Revolution". [Accessed on 12 Nov 2012] at:

http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2011/01/2011112515334871490.html

Aljazeera, (02 February 2011). "Syria: A Kingdom of Silence". [Accessed on 22 Sep. 2013]

at: http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/2011/02/201129103121562395.html

Aljazeera, (02 February 2011). "The Arab World’s 1989 Revolution". [Accessed on 12 Nov 2012] at: http://www.aljazeera.com/focus/2011/02/201121165427186924.html

Brahimi, Alia &GeorgeJoffe (2012). "The Dilemma for Syrian Neighbors". Aljazeera,. [Accessed on 14 Nov2012] at: http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2012/02/201222613517197680.html Calderon, Horacio (2012). "AnálisisSobre Los ataques en Noruega, y La Situación en Libia y Siria".La Hisoriaparalela, [Accessed on 20 Nov 2012] at:

http://www.lahistoriaparalela.com.ar/categoria/horacio-calderon

Carney, Steven P. (2007). "This Is Aljazeera". [Accessed on 12 November 2012] at:

http://www.jiowc.osis.gov/publications/IO sphere/index.cfm

Cissel, Margaret, (2012)."Media Framing: A Comprative Content Analysis On Media Stream and Alternative News Coverage of Occupy Wall Street". The Elon Journal of Undereducated Researching Communications. Vol.3, No.1.

De Vreese, Claus H. (2005)."News Framing: Theory and Typology". Information Design Journal + Document Design 13(1), John Benjamins Publishing Company.

El-Nawawy, Mohammed, (April 2008). "Mediating Conflict-Aljazeera English and the Possibility of a Conciliatory Media". the Business school for the world Inside.

El-Nawawy, MohammedandAdelIskandar, (2003). "Aljazeera: The Story of The Network Is Ratting Governments & Redefining Modern Journalism". Communication Journal, chapter 4.

Fisher, Alan, (2011). "The Arab spring, social media and Aljazeera". [Accessed on 12 Nov 2012] at: http://www.scribd.com/Alan Fisher 1/d/64536537.The–Arab–Spiring–social–

Media–amp–A1-jazeera .Ghadbian, Najib (, January 2008)."Aljazeera Coverage of Syrian Politics". Newsletter Media.

Hall, Stuart & Sut Jhally, (2005). "Representation & The Media". Media Education.

Foundation, Transcrip-Hallahan, Krik, (1999)." Seven Models of Framing: Implications for Public Relations". Journal of Public Relations Research, 11(3), Lawrence Erlbaum Association, Inc.

Hill, Evan, (2012). "Voice From TahrirSquare".Aljazeera, [Accessed on 14 Nov2012] at:

http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2012/01/2012125722925732.html

Howard, Philip N. and others, (2011). "Opening Closed Regimes: What Was the Role of Social media During the Arab Spring?". Project on Information Technology and political Islam. University of Washington.

Kemal, Lale, (2012). "How Real is Syria’s Chemical Weapons Threat?". Aljazeera, [Accessed on 22Sep.2013]at:http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/insidesyria/2012/12/20121298055927718.html Khatib, Lina, (2013). "Qatar’s Foreign Policy: The Limits of Pragmatism". International Affairs. 89:2, Blackwell Publishing Ltd.

Lubrano, A. (1997). "The Telegraph: How Technology Innovation caused social change".

New York: Garland Publishing, Inc.

Mack, David, (2012). "Is LakhdarBrahimi the Man for the Syria Job?". Aljazeera, [Accessed on 14 Nov. 2012] at: http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/insidesyria/2012/09/201291684923304202.html Macleod, Hugh, (2011). "Assad Announced Himself Dictator". Aljazeera, [Accessed On 16 Nov. 2012] at: http://www.aljazeera.com/indeapth/features/2011/03/2011331134947323374.html

Referensi

Dokumen terkait

Manila, World Health Organization – South-East Asia Region and Western Pacific Region, 2011 http://www.wpro.who.int/internet/ resources.ashx/CSR/Publications/ASPED_2010.pdf, accessed

Network Analysis social, London: sage publications Zhang, Kaifu& Sarvary, Miklos, 2011, September 1, Social Media Competition: Differentiation with user- Generated Content, an