1
!"
#
$
#
% &' ( !)* +,(
- . . 0 1!$
# 2 .(- *
$ 0
# 34(
* 56 7 8 +,( 9 :
;
<.1 * :
( = +
!1 .
>?@
A '$ .% ( B
$ ( 46)
C
# : 2
*
!(- D7
E ? 60 ( 2%
@ ( .F
! %
# B (
( @ 8*
.F .
$ !FG 2 7 * $!2
# 9
@ B
<
* <
G 7
#F
! 7
G + $
( 0
.F .
"!7
# . ( H
< %
% .H * I ( ( J* 1
.F K $ LM N !7
"!7 < &
# .
F O"
"!7 %
# . ( .$!1 . * P
"!7
# .
% .H ( LM
% .
"!7 < &
# . F F ;
"!7
# .
(
!1 . ( Q$
.
% - (
B
%
* F1 B .$* R!SM :
# ( : ( .$ !7
!?K
*
# C
# 2 (
# . .1 . H!7
# ( C
B * ( <* G : 46)
# + T 7!
: U
$ V F1
# +
.1 1 !W0
. X
:* X ( X F1 X
* F1
$ %&' ( ) * + # ) , .
1388 1 16 ) 3 :(
62 - 67
9!
: 26 / 9 / 1378
< = >#
: 22 / 1 / 1388
? @ : 15 / 2 / 1388
X8*34( <.F4 !$
6&$ <*
# 4 F $ *
< & $
# .F)
V - :
< & $
# .F)
# <. $ : :
6&$ <*
# 4 F $ *
C 67 : 09151132538
#$* " 4 [email protected]:
.
<.
K47 `G
# I ( a ?7 .$*
#
4$
( %
!1 . 7 !F 7 b
G!F ( * * (
# KF
<.1
"*
H!S
# K$- 2% c ( C
+
d K)
( a ?7 .F$
) 2:1 ( X
g(
% 0 !$
4(
*3 7 8 56 +,( 9 )
I 1
1 ( ( !)*
-
1
.
K$- .
( .d )!7 6
! +,(
* C
A . !"
+,(
) I 1 2 ( -
# O
<.
) 3 - 5 (
* I( !G
&
J !$
2
* :
$ *
3
# 8 !6 : :
45
.%
:
6
(!$- j$ 7 : 7 !
# 8
7
40 j$ 7 : 7 !
# 8
8
0
*
j$ 7 7 !
# 8 (-
#
9
M 4D7
# 9 (
!1 ) 6 - 11 .(
8 U
4 l F( *
OSG F1
40 ( * O)!( *
1!%
2$
!1 ) 12 - 14 .(
*.0 U
M 7 !( A!
# m
* n
% a! (
@
g
( < *
!H
(
# ) 15 - 18 .(
%
!H
* B
. 7
!
L
( $
. 7 .%
C
#
: 2
!
!?K ! B
.$
) (
# +
!?K
# C 50 7 100 (%
( : C
!?K
$ ?
# 4 ) 16 .(
4 *
# SSM (
# :C
D(
4
!?K
!
! :
!?K
=* IH 0
%
$ ( 4
#
?
( * 7
! U2 .$ !7
C
# 2 .F
.
=*
%
$ ( J!F ( .
pF%-
$ ( : <
% 1 !(- :
<.F
$ (
*
$ ( *
=* C 62)
% ) 15 : 19 - 22 (.
Aphasia1
Broca Aphasia2
Wernicke Aphasia3
Global Aphasia4
Conduction Aphasia5
Anomic Aphasia6
Trans Cortical- Sensory Aphasia7
Trans Cortical- Motor Aphasia8
Trans Cortical- Mixed Aphasia9
1 - ! "
) 36 (
2 - () *+,- ! "
) 36 (
q
" $ :
&" % C r$
.F$
; C )! ( 4 "* .1 *
C 7 . $ (!
# C B 46)
# + 7!
: B#
+ T 7!
d 7 !@
.1 )! ( 2#
! c .d
< .$
.
0 6H B
# C
!$
% B#
+ 7!
:
B#
+ T 7!
*.
C D 4(
# E 2 2#
d s !(
! 2% :.%
2#
"#
!
* - U 7
27 C t&
: ( ." * < 2% .$ !7 LF
* 8+F(
. j
d .F;
# D : 2#
"#
!
* 7 U 7 .
- j
2S7
# 9
$ ( * .1 B
# + B ( .FF
.
2#
8* 46)
$ ( NDB (
*
)
# u ( .
* <.1 * :
" B ! <.1 O?
#
!"
"#
?2
# U +,(
#
!1 . 46)
d*
2#
) Fq2%
# u ( ( 9% C( * (
9$ !7
) !7 Iv(
# u * L$ % * 9$+
» ----
« . 2#
+#$
* 0
.#6D7 .
% .H jy
&
Iv(
» A
« :
» T
«
* ...
$#
+ 27 * C
.1 . 27 I 2#
6D7
# . 0
.1 < ( 9 7
$ 26 9
# +
.F 7
X
: !QF( C
!S7 .
* ( < $
* .1
$ - 9
# + ( z .
. j 27 .F;
:C . 46)
!S7 - 9 2#
#
<.
( .1 . - A $ q$ F;
2$ @
*- : O" I 1 < &$
% 6D7 * (
# .
0 O"
%
*:
- 9 (
. 7 !H
{
% L
! :
! 7
>
( 1 ) * .
<+
( B .
27 C ( (
#
<!
0 : %
# : $ ! WG
* . 7
7 26
!;
» ( ( «
*
» « K$- 7 2#
0
! 7 : ( B X F1 60 ( jy .1 J* 1
.
C 60 ( 3
7 2#
#
<.
(
* * .1 .
» 6 «
»
$
« ( { .
. A
*
! 8 B . 2#
.
( 27 :8 B
» « ( <
:
: I,
C 67
* ...
. 27 ( C
# : C
" 0
# C I B * B
%
( .
= !(-
%
!H : B
# L (
#F
% F%z 2#
*.0 j * * .1 8 B 45
$ ( 46)
: c r( !)* *.
) 3
( ( ( ?rH .
- C : 46) 2#
A !)
d* * *
#
<.
.1
»
| ? ; « !) :
»
%
# q
« .
2#
0 'K"
6r(
$ !
# + B *
3 C
( { 'K"
. 2#
* .$ ! !F
$ C 1!$
# + 27 C ( .F . C .F; %
*
4 * !1 <.FF
.
$ .$ ! *
# +
7 (
X 26 8 v( !@
» «
» « ( .$ ! . )
"*
# C
26 .
»
« (
*- .(
d* (
( * ( .% !
C
!H * d 26
LM .$ !M LM :
- (
.$ ! .
2# ( d*
+#$ 2# : * F 27 8 0
3 ( {
.%
.
!"
1t
"
# I
* G @ F( ! *.r(
% -
% :
U ( B
6 4$ !7
#
* A!6G
O0 H !
!1 Q$
.
= 4 (
% - C : %
A!6G
g.1 SSM7 .$.1
.
mSM7 s
:
* .$ (
G @ SSM (
# C A!6G
. }B !QF(
C
:I (
<.
7 A '$
Dr
# D
( !H
# 1 A*+" *
SSM ( I( 7
# C 1
%
~ s( b6 M(
( 1
!
) 23 - 25 .(
F1 1
% 26G E ?4$
.) .
;
U
( * ( 1
SSM ( .$ !7
# C
1
% Dr7 ( b6 M(
# D
"* .$
!F%
)
< &
- (
# A!6G
?7
##
C F1 *
<. $ .
*
* 1
F1 OSG * F1 :
62) 1
% F1
A!6G N?7 ( .F 4%
1+
( - 4 * A!6G * * .F1
B
%.F
"!7 a! (
# :.
$ * * c
# +
•
% % ( -
.$
.
% (
# 2
% a! (
1
!(-
*
2
# 2%
#
€!B
< "
< * :
$ r D7
E ?
&" < * 7 . (
( . . 2%
#
C 7 - < *
# L C
< * :
$#
< 2
% +,(
SSM7 !F%
<. $
3$
$ * % * .
#
< 2
c ( !H
( 8 F . 8 2G .FF
) 27:26 (.
"*
< * .
&"
:
$#
< 2
" B 8*34( •;
#
%
$ (
!1
*
< 2#$
&
(- A
#
!@
?@
# 2$
.1 . I?d 7 C
- ; +,( :< *
# O
27 !1 C
# 2 (
$ !7 !7
$ g.0 7 *
Language Acquiring1 Language Learning2 Lateralized3
- ( .$ *
# O . . +,(
C
< *
.1 : - E 2 0 2• !@
$
#
< 2 O" ‚ )
<.KG (
d 8 2 0 * .$ ( .% !
$ !7
$ 4
#
! 9 .1 .%
) 29:28 .(
<.1 = + 2#
:
# L
$ r < *
;
+,(
.1 X F C (
8 2 0 E * !S7 !7
!?K * X
$
#E
!;
C ( C
#
?@ !@
#
!)*
:
(
(
=* 2% c !
% F <
"* .
# C
( B B ! :
( ( 8 2 0
3 .1 7
) 31:30:21 (.
( D(
4 7 ( .d
!?K
2# C
&$!&; .1 A '$
# (
(
!1 : Q$
%
R!S
# 8*
!)*
: Q$
@ 1
#
<ƒ )
32 (
< K M I0 4$ !7 - C 4) I (
C
# 2
.F U2
.
12%
.1 < ~ 1 $!
: 2#
6D7
# .
* ! ( % * O" 0
B ( = I
.1 C I2G B
#
. * .F 7
C 7 7
# O
A .$
%
!
* .0 7
"!7 !7
# .
% .H
.F B .
„ @ : &
c ! .$*
# 8*
7 7
# O I0 (
# L
$ : 26 U7 :
*
26 ) B &67 ( :
$ !@ 2)
%!& * E ?4$
$ !@
(
t ) 6 .(
< ( c !
% .
!7 60 ( :."
# L
$
"!7
# .
!S(
% ) 62)
» -
« ( :
( H
%
»
?" *
2
« F
» :T : A
«
. *
P
3
% F
» :„
:V
=
* ...
« ( ‚- .F
. c !
"!7
# . ( H
% .H * I ( < % J* 1
( K $ LM N !7 .F
"!7 < &
# . F
C 1
F ( l7
# . Q$ I(
#
<ƒ
$#
4 X Q$ %
…
…M … C… 2(
D0
# D
* .1 1 !
! !(
B
% 4) < K -
. Bilabial2
Fricatives3
O"
"!7 %
# . ( . * .$!1 P
"!7
# .
% .H (
LM
% .
"!7 < &
# . F
F ;
"!7
# .
(
!1 ) 33 .(
C 1 Q$
C
!?K I0 (
# 2
?(
4 *
# 3(
.
% .H (
!7 .F J* 1
"#
.
K$-
# 2 I ( :
"
# I
% -
# 2
# 2 4B * = 1 $
- ) 35:34 (
.$* C 2(
* .F† ( 0
!1 bd! ( .
!(
C
# 2
$#
+ :
!S( C CM
» -
« .1 J* 1 X
7 26 jy M $
( H .1
%
?"*
J* 1 ( * .$!1
# 2
!
<ƒ * .1
%
»
!(
« :
» «
*
» ( ( «
* . ..
"!7
# . .F .
27 C ( 1
# : (
#
<!
0 : %
#
$ !
* ...
9 C%z 9 2#
26 4$ !7 * .1 8 B
#
"!7
# . .F .
) c !
# :
8*
.G !d C
C 2 7 .G !d
# 9
@ B
<
( F1- j ?" .F
#
$!2$ *
%!&" * %
$ :
~ H (
!1 ) 36 .(
2# C
$#
+ 2 7 .
# 9
@ B
* <
( 27 I B 8 B
»
«
( <
. ( !2$
P B 6H B - .
$
&
#
!7
!)* c ! N
:
G 7 0
#F G + $ 7 X
2%
# C
"#
I 1 !W0 !H NDB . c !
# d
K$- A $
#
* *
# C 1 * <ƒ * Q$ !(
.F d a ?7 X
F C 2# C
$#
+
* S7 . (
#
<!
*
0
#
$ !
$
$ ! B 7 .1 <
K$-
* 0 7
.1 .
= + < 0 1!$
U $ ( .$*
?( 2#
: A '$ A*+" ! -
1 #( " s(
R !( C * .% $
&$!&; ( % - y J! !( C C##?7
* .$
( !(-
O F( =* M $ .$ !7
.1 3( !(-
.
#" $ :
1- Fasold R, Connor-Linton J. An Introduction to Language & Linguistics.1st ed. USA: Cambridge University Press;
2006.
2- Lyons J. language and linguistics (An Introduction). 1sted. USA: Cambridge University Press; 1990.
3- Steinberg D. Psycholinguistics: language, mind and world.1st ed. England: Longman; 1991.
4- Andrews D. Neuropsychology: from theory to practice.1st ed. UK: Psychology Press; 2001 .
5- Costa M, Brookes SJ, Hennig GW. Anatomy and physiology of the enteric nervous system. Gut. 2000; 47(Suppl 4):
iv15-9; discussion iv26.
6- Aitchison J. Psychology of language. translated by: Hajatee A. 1st ed. Tehran: Amir Kabir Publication; 1984.
[Persian]
7- O’Grady WD, Dobrovlsky M, Aronoff M. Contemporary linguistics: an introduction. Translated by: Darzi A. 2nd ed.
Tehran: SAMT; 2005. [Persian]
8- Garman M. Psycholinguistics.1st ed. England: Cambridge University Press; 1990.
9- Wagner AD, Shannon BJ, Kahn I, Buckner RL. Parietal lobe contributions to episodic memory retrieval. Trends Cogn Sci. 2005; 9(9): 445-53.
10- Preston AR, Gabrieli JD. Different functions for different medial temporal lobe structures? Learn Mem. 2002; 9(5):
215-7.
11- Edelman GM. Wider than the sky. Translated by: NileePour R. 1st ed. Tehran: Niloufar Publication; 2008. [Persian]
12-Sarno MT. Acquired aphasia. 1st ed. New York: Academic Press; 1981.
13- Kraus N, McGee TJ, Carrell TD, Zecker SG, Nicol TG, Koch DB. Auditory neurophysiologic responses and discrimination deficits in children with learning problems. Science. 1996; 273(5277): 971-3.
14- Hillis AE. Aphasia: Progress in the last quarter of a century. Neurology. 2007; 69(2): 200 - 213.
15- NileePour R. linguistics and language pathology.1st ed. Tehran: Hermes Publication; 2001. [Persian]
16- Raymer AM, Beeson P, Holland A, Kendall D, Maher LM, Martin N, et al. Translational Research in Aphasia:
From Neuroscience to Neurorehabilitation. J Speech Lang Hear Res. 2008; 51(1): S259-275.
17- Friederici AD, Fiebach C, Schlesewsky JM, Bornkessel ID, von Cramon DY. Processing Linguistic Complexity and rammaticality in the Left Frontal Cortex. Cerebral Cortex. 2006; 16(12): 1709 - 1717.
18- Varney NR. Linguistic correlates of pantomime recognition in aphasic patients. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry.
1978; 41(6): 564-568.
19- Ghandeharee S. The comparative study of 200 patients suffering from aphasia according to type of aphasia,sexuality, from 1993-2007 in Ghaem and Valieasr Hospitals. [Dissertation]. Iran. Mashhad Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. 2003. [Persian]
20- Zandee B. language learning.1st d. Tehran: SAMT Publication; 2001.[Persian]
21- Azimee Rad N. Return to life after a stroke.1st ed. Tehran: Kamal Publication; 2000. [Persian]
22- Robey RR. A meta-analysis of clinical outcomes in the treatment of aphasia. J Speech Lang Hear Res. 1998; 41(1):
172-187.
Robey RR. A meta-analysis of clinical outcomes in the treatment of aphasia. J Speech Lang Hear Res. 1998; 41(1):
172-187.
23- Jahangiri N. language: a reflection of time, culture and thought. 2nd ed. Tehran: Agah Publication Company; 2008.
[Persian]
24- Bowman AW. Interdisciplinary research: the importance of learning other people’s language. AStA Advances in Statistical Analysis. 2007; 91(4): 361-365.
25- Carstens-Wickham B. The Atomic Era: A new interdisciplinary course combining physics, the humanities and the social sciences. Phys. Educ. 2001; 36(3): 212-217. doi: 10.1088/0031-9120/36/3/306.
26- Cramer SC, Koroshetz WJ, Finklestein SP. The Case for Modality-Specific Outcome Measures in Clinical Trials of Stroke Recovery-Promoting Agents. Stroke. 2007; 38(4): 1393-1395.
27- Chiswick BR, Miller PW. The Critical Period Hypothesis for Language Learning: What the 2000 US Census Says.
Discussion Paper No. 2575. 2007. Available from: http:// www.ftp.iza.org/dp2575.pdf
28- Richter M, Miltner WHR, Straube T. Association between therapy outcome and right-hemispheric activation in chronic aphasia. Brain. 2008; 131(pt5): 1391-1401.
29- Jellinek EH. Babington's aphasia-overcoming left hemisphere trauma. J R Soc Med. 2003; 96(1): 23 - 27.
30- Hall, RA. Linguistics and your language. Translated by: Bateni MR. Tehran: Cultural and Scientific Publication Company; 1971. [Persian]
31- Modarresee Y. Dabirmoghaddam M. The stages of Persian language development or first language acquisition.
Proceeding of the 3th conference of linguistics; 1995; Tehran. Iran. Allame Tabataei Publication: 1997.
32- Chomsky N. Language and mind. Translated by: Safavi K. Tehran: Hermes publication; 1999.
33- Yule G. The study of language. 3rded. USA: Cambridge University Press; 2006.
34- Laska AC, Mårtensson B, Kahan T, von Arbin M, Murray V. Recognition of Depression in Aphasic Stroke Patients.
Cerebrovasc Dis. 2007; 24(1) 74-79.
35- Dronkers NF, Plaisant O, Iba-Zizen MT, Cabanis EA. Paul Broca's historic cases: high resolution MR imaging of the brains of Leborgne and Lelong. Brain. 2007; 130(Pt 5): 1432-1441.
36- Harley TA. Psychology of language. 3rd ed. USA: Psychology Press; 2008.
Abstract Case Report
A survey on language re-learning process of a patient suffering from Broca aphasia
JA. Faroughi1
Aphasia is a speech disorder which is caused as a result of a lesion in the frontal or temporal lobe. In the present article, a patient suffering from Broca aphasia, caused by a strike on the area responsible for speech in her brain, is studied. In speech therapy sessions of this patient, it was found that, this patient passed the same stages as learning her mother tongue to re-learn her language. For example she used overgeneralization, moved from concrete learning to conceptual learning, articulated the simpler consonants first and moved from sounds which are produced by the lips to the ones produced by glottis. It seems that if the speech therapist is aware of the findings of psycho-linguistics, especially the first language acquisition process, it can help to improve the condition of these patients. At the end, it suggests that a linguist accompany the speech therapist and physiotherapist in speech therapy sessions.
Key Words: Aphasia; Broca aphasia; Mother tongue; Linguistics; Psycholinguistics
Journal of Birjand University of Medical Sciences. 2009; 16 (3):62-67 Received: 16.12.2008 Last Revised: 11.4.2009 Accepted: 5.5.2009
1 Corresponding Author; Assistant Professor, Department of English and Linguistics, Faculty of Letters and Humanities, Birjand University, Birjand, Iran. [email protected]
