67 3
1393
# $%
-٣٣١ ٣٢٣
!
"
#$%
&$%
"
' (
&')* +%,
1
/*
0 12 / 2
45 ' 6
8 9 : /3 4
1 #$% < % .
)" = 0> /GIS
2 . , !
#$% *
/ GIS
)" = 0> /( ' @)45 A>
3 . , !
* B
!C") D>E FG %' /
A>
H 0> / I G J %'
4 . K KL @)45 B / ' M 0> < '
) :
20 / 3 / 1391 - :
28 / 1 / 1392 (
A=
' ( ) * + , + -./ 0 1 2 ' 3 4
. 1 5 5 6 ' # 78
9 ' : + 0 - .-%
; 6 <1 =
; 24 .
;-8
? @ ( A B C 6 D 78 4 C 4 4 /
. 0= :;
: 4:5 -8
6 ; (8
? 2 '
@ -E (8
? FG5
? 4: : 0 H I ' C 0 - J -5 .
H:
0' K:
L4:' @:D
MD ; 6 <1 # 78 45 ; N D (
; 2 $*;
2 A 0= ; 6 ' OPB
:Q8 -:' 6 ' 2 -' :
6
IRS-P5 IRS-P6
@FG5 6 ' C 6 D
@ R- S ; 6 ' 1335 : 1368 1390 @ (8 24 45 . Q8 2 $*; 6 2 -' :
6
4*
WX
? 2 / Q8 -Q8 6 ; 4 S B ;4 ' #
2
@G ) @: -:Q8 64 @W:% 1 AY 4:X
) Minimum Distance (
4 \ =5
; 2 . 2 $*; (5 ]^
6 ' CA PLAND PD
LSI SHAPE-MN :; 24: ; ; 6 <1 C
.
_ ; ` *5
@
; 4 / 5 ;
? ; 6 <1 558
* S ; 1335 @ 25
*
; 2 D 4 0' D .
@ ; 6 <1 ;
b c P$8 11
5 +
? N D ( d5
-8 4F5 ( ef; ; 6 <1 ^ - P
; .
@ 6 - @:D b : 5 8 9 H :* D
; 6 <1
b H
11 5 +
? N D ( 45
.
4
*N :
5 ;
?
<1 6
;
@= ; ' 6
; 6
; H 0= ; (
N D .
H$W8 S-h 24 -5*
: 09125697857 Email: z.komeh@gmail.com
1 .
&' K'
1 0 3 4
1 b
( j:3- 6
1 0
@ 5
# 4^
( 6 6 3 : HD :;
H b - .
@W 3
# 4^
( 6
@D : 4
@ 5 6
;-8
? ( 6 -
@3-8 Y + :1 0
<1 6
; (:
6 :;
. 0: - + : ' b :
( 6 H k X '
;
@D 4:5 -8 :
f
#l 8 m 5
6
@
; W
? _ P 5 :n*5
op3
# F F8 -^
4 6 S * D : D 4 W :B : q ,
D S * + -./
-' M;
4 )
Goward et al.,
(.1985
@ H . A ; ]nF D
<1 6
;
8 H 5 :;
? :<1 6 :;
r:( # 4:Y :P
@ 5 6 ( 6 o X @ 4 /
. N D (
@ A: .
M:D : 6 -= ' As 6 4 * A -B :(8 (:
Y 4 5 / Ak -:3 HP H
2 6 :'
-:FD R :G5 :d 3 :( op3 r( 8 t 6 : # 78 2 :(
:C 6 : 24:
; . ]nF D # : 78 :=
: 24:
@ u-:Q^
78
; 6 <1 ( H
:; ; 6 :' 5 :P
6 (
; . # : 78 :; 2
6 H R-: ' ( @D C 6 D @W 3
:B : 8 :Wd 3 C A 4 8 @ v :
:' @:
5-P b # ;w8
6 ( : b: -:
::Q8 2 $*::; :: # :: 78 6 ::; P / 4:: 1 4 t 5
? 0= :;
B :; 0 :1 j:3- @:D
` *5 Y ; \ =5 d :3 -
H ) 6 :'
@ ' :; 24 rD Y jW9
. :P
@::D 0= ::; H::1 :: ::G $W8 6 ::' P S ; S 4* ^ 6 ' 24
:;
\-:
:;
; H ; 6 ;
. @= :;
H :; 6 :; 6 :'
::F5 :: ::WD * ::C ::
6 :: 4:: '
l : ` :*5 :Y : 2 :(
:Q8 6 : +
@::
6 C 45 )
Basiri Dehkordi, 2006
(.
@P @ @3-8
\-::
' :: + 0:: - H ::; 6 ::; ::;
64 WD H: :; A: W 8 @: =8 -*D :1 H 8 -: :; 6 :<1 8 : B @ ' + 0 - @ . f
; @*1 + Y x .
@ 5 6 :C 6 :D 6 ' 78
*^ :; 6 : % ^ 6 '4 @D ]nF # H :; 6 :; 6-:d. 45 r* ;-D D D
8 8 w Y , 4 '
)
Sotode, 2010
(.
1.1 . '
#" PQ "
&! R*
Haack Rafter
) (2006
; @ (8
@FG5 6 :'
::C 6 ::D ::Q8 2 $*::; ::
2 -' ::
6
P8 c S ; H 6 ; P / 6 :'
1978 2000
45 8 D 6 # 78 ; @ S y5 :=
24:
4 :;-8
? 4: *^ 6 (: b : .
Shataee
)Abdi
(2007
@ -E (8
? FG5
? :C 6 :D
-X o ^ ;
\ ^ *:; . *; / 2
6 :'
24 = ;
ETM+
4:5 D 2 $*;
.
Faizizade
) (2008
0' K
? D 2
0= ; 6 '
C 6 D # 78 6 ; P / b
6 (:
@ . f
? c 8 ( ; 6 <1 # 78
5 16 @. ; ) S ; 1368 :8 1384 ( :^
@ \ 4Y b H ?FG5 ? (8
:C 6 :D # 78
:: 8 (::
::D .
Grami
) (2011
::F' K ::
- B
» :C 6 D # 78 ?:Gf
:W GB 4:5-*+
S ; 6 :' 2000 :8 2010 :Q8 2 $*:; :
ETM
0= ::; c:: D @:: ALI
«GIS
@::
?:: . f ::^ @::Gf H:: # :: 78 .
Latrop
P ' )
(2006
@ . f
-D b 6
5 *: '
} - - 5 ; 3- 5ـ
@ 6 + :D @: 5
:E 6 :'
) rFt 45 ( 6 # 78 24 / A 5 * # ,
C 6 D
D / ' 8w 4 2 D 45 .
Khazaii
Azari
) (2008
H :; 6 :; j: n8 ;
-X : n / 4 $:;
2 $*:; : @= :;
6 :'
\-
*^
@D 454 ; @= *5 H @ H ; 6 ;
@= ;
H ; 6 ; 6 '
-8
@ 5 6
6 X ~ $X 6 4: 6 :D :
H D 2 $*;
. P ' Lee
) (2008
@ -:E
2 $*:; : 6 (: b : 6 :; *n; A W 8
@= ; 8 @ X @P. + 6 ' H d5 J-
S-% D @P.
\- H :; 6 :; :;
@ 5
: 6 X 6 ( 6
8w 4::
4::5 D . ::P ' Wang
) (2008
@::
-::E
6 ' 5 H 8 4 ' 78
: H :t : 8 6 M
2 $*;
@= ; 4: 8 H :; 6 ; 4% 6 '
d5 : @P.
H 4:5 H d5 : @:P.
@:P8 @:P8
454 :; @:= *5 H: @ -5 J- 8 ]^ +4 H d5 0 1 @D 45
@:P. 4 8 0' D @P.
H d5 :: 0' ::D
@::P8 :: d ' +4:: @::P8
4: *F H ; 6 ; .
Safiyanian
:P '
) (2010
:: 6 :: \ ::+ H ::.
::,/
*Y 6 ::Q :
6 :; 6-:d. : 78 : 5 c m-.-D B *3 (
• D *: 5 H :; 6 ; 6-d. D 4
S ; ($% ( 6-d. . 5/ @ L4' H 6 :'
1334 1386
2 $*;
@= ; GIS
6 ' 6 ;
*^ H ::;
4::
.
Theobald
) (2010
@::
-::E
6 ; H n8
S ; P / 1992
:8 2030
2 $*;
@= ; ef:; H ; 6 ; 6 '
H: @:D 4 :; @= *5 H @ MD @= :;
:' @:
-:E
2 $*; H ; 6 ; - -
@ 6 -:
@: @:D
?W ; / : 2 d* -8 ,q:
: -:3
H :; 6 ; 7*
2 4:5 1 6 : + :<
) 0= :;
• D ( H n8 b .
0' K : 5 :C X
` *5 2 $*;
0' K 2 : 6 ' 24:
: 4: Dw8 :
; D A% X ` *5 Y
@ 6 + D 2
6 :'
0= ::;
) ( RS
:: 1 73 # ::BM r*:: ;
) (GIS
<1 # 78 45 C 6 D # 78 :; 6
MD :C :; L4' N D ( ?5 :;
:W 1
MD ; 6 <1 @ . f N D (
24
; .
2 . )' S
"
1.2 . KT%' U
&IV T'
4 5-5 Y N D ( :;
17540 :*P'
35 -D (8 o 9 6 * -W D y'
:
? -: 3 W:C
@W W;
S 3 6 D . 3
j ( S : - B
o- 3 @ # Q*n
΄ 1 73 41 35° 53΄
35°
€ B .
50΄
50° 02΄
51° :Y Y : S-
24
; ) AP 1 ( . J $8 ;-*
(: H:
ef:;
1321 *
; . : . *:; :D @D N D (
; : . # :B $8 @: Y : S : S :
45 ( @ o- 3 S : D @ o 9 M @F
(:
H PF *:; @: • ( 4
:(8
4
; 24 . H:
: Y 6 :' v :
:' :
=F C 2 -:
@:D 4:5 :8 w H / o/
:' :
@ 4:(B
S 5 D - / 6 ' 2
:;
:(* b : H: @: @:D
4 2 45 .
@ ;-8 ) * + :(t sD 4:X @:D 6
:
/ @' ` N D YM ct-D ( p+
MD @ J-:C- *:; H: 2 :D A 4: 8 (
24 B 4 4(8 @D 6 24
' F
? @:D :; (:
v GW8 ( 4:
. @*: p+
v : :' : Y 6 :'
A PF8 ( ‚W*n 45
;-8
? ( j :;
H H*1 H v
' 9 : :*P' :' ` 24
N :D ( r X 2 4 @D : -:3
:( 8
4X 1200 245 Y v *P'
; .
<=
1.
&
9 ? @ 3&
AB) / 3 A6
/ IRS-P6
2.2 . S "
H 0' K
6 D # 78
C : N D (
2 6 ' 5 1335
; 8 S 1368 1368
S :; 8
1390 2 $*;
2 0= ; 6 '
1 73 # BM r* ;
@ . f 24 @:*1 + :Y
6 ( ; 6 <1 # 78 45 2
:' -Dp: 6
; 24 ; .
6 : -:E H: @ : (8
? :FG5
?
<1 '
; 6 2 $*:;
2 0= :; 6 :'
FG5
@ 5 :P : Y- 6 :' *: +
:; 6 ' :<1
6 Oy:; 4: @: (8GIS
@:FG5 6 :'
C 6 D 5 ;
? : 1 73 # BM )
(GIS
@ Y .
Patch Analysis
? @*1 +
\ 5 :1
Fragstats
8 w 4 D
# 78 N :D (: ; 6 <1
@ W ;
? / @ R- # QnF X : A : :'
/ d*;- <1 -8 '
4 .
: 6 @ / :;
@:FG5 6 :' 6
:<1 ' 6
6 ( ; O:PB
S :; -:' 6 :' 6 :'
1335
1368 2
2 -' 6 ' 6
IRS-P5
S :; @: R-:
1390 6 ::
N n*::;
@::5- 5 :: - / 6 ::'
@G -:Q8 64
IRS-P5
-:Q8 2 -' : 6
IRS-
S :; @: R- P6
1386 4: 2 $*:;
. H : I '
\ 5 1 6 :'
ArcGIS 10 Fragstats
EDRISI Andes
ENVI 4.7
FG5
? 1:50000 : N :D (:
@ :
6161I
eW 6 ' 5 1 73 ;
2 $*;
4:
.
@Gf HD ; 3
S ; 6 ; /
1335
? ; 5 3 4 ƒ *
6 : ; : /
S ; 1375
S ; 3
1368 / : 4:
Oy:;
::
S ::; 6 :: ; :: / _ ::;
1385 4:: ƒ ::5
3 6 (
S ; H '
S :; : 3 1390
6 ; ?5 ;
; 6 <1 /
4 .
N :D (: :; 6 :<1 # 78 45 ; 6 @;
5 1335 1368 1390
@: @3-8
-3 \4B 2
6 ' 2 -' : 6 S :;
6 :' 1335
1368
@::
j:: 8 8 O::PB
-::' 6 ::' _ :: G ::
1:50000 1:40000
H S ; HP:; O: @:D '
c * ?5 ;
H : @: \ 4:Y : 1 73 # BM
::3 ::D O::PB 4:: 2 $*::; 4:: ::' .
::Y
@
; :. 24 / O:PB H
4 / 10 H : :*
73 / 2 e Q8 6 H I ' - * b Y
@: \ 4:Y 8
‚ -8 D OPB -:Y S4: :;-8 -:' 6 '
4 J $8 (5
@FG5 6 :<1 C 6 D 6 '
::;
454:: @:: (8 X ::
6 ::<1 ' ::; 6
]nF 4
. 6 ?FG5 ? (8 S ; ; 6 <1
1390
2 6 ' 2 -' 6
IRS-P5
24 = ; @: R-: PAN
\ 2
1390 4 2 $*;
) AP 2 ( 2 6 '
2 -' 6
IRS-P6
4 = ;
LISS- III
@ R- \-:;
…/
2 ::
1386
@::D -::Q8 6 4:: t 64::5 ::;
6 ::
o n*5
@5- 5 b 6
@G -:Q8 64:
IRS-P5
@*1 + 2 ( 4
.
… @:D ; D 6 '4:5 o :n*5
j;
6
@G -:Q8 64 : (8
? 6 :D @:FG5
C _ ; :
:$ _ :P 5 6 :'
\ +-* ' # -% '45 d* ' 6 '
1 + .
<=
2 . AB) 3 A6 / IRS-P5 2 , 1
@:P @: @3-8 (5 ]^ :
6 :; 6 :'
:: H ::;
::3 \ :: 8 6
P m-::.-D ::P 1
1 73
; D 45 +
'4: 1 AD
::; 5 ::: 5 :: 6 ::'-d.
)
Naveh &
Slimeberman, 1993
( ]^
6 ' _M:D ef;
1
1. Total Area
@::P. rD ::8 H ::; 6 ::; X :: 4::% 1
2
H ; 6 ; AP ]^
† : ]^ 3
H :8
4@P.
d5 @:P. AP: ]^ H 6 :<1 :C 5
; MD N D ( :;
4:
@:D S 4:3 1 @:
H e C-8 ]^
; 24 @*^ ' .
C &D 1.
98 % 6 9 '
: % / % / 6
3.2 . 'M , W
2 6 ' 2 -' 6 3 H ;4 ' ‡ . IRS
4 * ' € -B HP .
@ : : Y- *:;
:; 5 @*1 d5 Y -^
:WX
? 2 : / 6 :;
:: + \ ::=5 ::Q8 6 :: ::;4 ' # ::Q8 .
H . f
? C X
@ l 8 f 6 ' FG5
?
1:50000 eW:: 6 ::' 5 :: 1 73 ::;
) ::
2 $*;
P
? 2 ' (
@
?.
FG5
? \ :=5 6
;4 ' # Q8
4: 2 $*;
. @:
0 :1 -:E
;4 ' e Q8 Y )
A: P c: :* D :f^
(
1. Patch Density
2. Perecentage of Landscape 3. Landscape Shape Index 4. Largest Patch Index 5. Shape Index-Mean
4*
r 1 E5 - 6 ' 4
4:3 N :D (:
4 y;
) @: ;4 ' e Q8 O 4: t
@:W 3 6
3
? \ =5 c 1 +
.
@D =5/
WB @ c:8 64:5
-Q8 -
IRS-P5
:P @:G :G1 64:
)
@W% 1 AY 4X 6 - R-f^ 6
-:3 7
H : G
? ) H:
:;
:' 6 :
) j;
H 8
@G 64:
) :% 1 AY 4:X @W
2 ] nF8 4
@G ) H: : 64 # -:%
1 + :; 6 :<1 # 78 ; @P @ @3-8
@Gf W% L4' H
@ . f - H R :G5
- / H 0 - J-5 _ ;
b:
4:
Q8 ; 5 4
Google Earth
2 $*:; :
6. Minimum Distance 7. Parallelpiped
* c ' 6
; 6
; H
‚$n ˆ
@= ; 4X
? 78
#
ef;
_MD
TA
*X
; 6
; H
@D
;-8 c _MD
H S 7 24
; .
@= ; 6 6 F5
D 8 j
; 6
; H
; .
*P' TA>0
rD 8
@P.
PD
-d.
6
; 6
; H F5 2 d5 4 8
@P.
4X ef;
) ' 4%
*P' (
; G
?
; 6
; H ˆ-f;
‚W*n 2 ; 8 4 D . 4 8
@P.
' 4%
*P' PD>0
4%
X
; 6
; H
PLAND 4%
X S 7 24
; 6
; H
@D
;-8 c _MD S 7 24
; . 4%
PLAND
< <
0 100
]^
AP
; 6
;
H
LSI
5 _MD
@ AY 4X HP
6 c
_MD sD 4X
=8 ) d* 5 (
;
@D 5
• $8 4*1
@D _MD 8 4X HP c
@P.
2 F1
@yD 24 4 .
@t ' _MD 24 D 8
- H
@= ; 4 4 1 0 4 . 4 4X LSI≥1
]^
†
@P. H 8
LPI
; 6 ; 64%
† ;-8 @D H P. H 8
?
S 7 c @= ; H ; 24 2 45
2 ; 6 +
; + t .
4%
LPI
< <
0 100
d5 H ]^
AP
@P.
SHAPE-MN
;-*
I +4 AP
@P.
; 1 0 4G H
@= ;
@
# -%
4 5 AP
@P.
rE 5 8 - . 4 4X SHAPE−MN≥1
o… D d5 Q8 6 '4:5 j D 8
(R:5, G:4,
( B:3
-Q8
IRS-P6
4 o n*5 45
.
3 . X, !
N :D ( 3 S :;
6 :' 1335 1368 1390 _ ;
S ; 6 ; / 1335
? ; ƒ :5 4:
:: 3
@::
j:: 8 8 14526 778840 1608561
::$5
; 2 - )
AP 3 .(
<=
3 . A '
, 1 D * ()
C % 2 / 6
1335 1368 1390
_ ; ` *5
@
; 24: / :;
@:FG5 6 :'
6
<1 ' ; 6
@ (8 24
<1 X '
:; 6
S ; 1335
8101873 :*
: 4:X
67 4%
X ( S :; H - @: @:3-8 :
3 N D ( HD ;
5 ;
? : ; 6 <1
558
* @ 4 / ; 4:X 4:G H: @D
22
5 (3 45 *;
\MB 24 4: * AW ;
) S 20 8 25 : * (
:;
. A: . H : ' @:
N D ( S ;
1335 v ( :; 24: :1 .
` *5
@
; 24 / S :;
1368 :F5 4: ' H:
;
; 6 <1 0 1 -3 @D : @:D 6 (
33531692
* :; 6 <1 - -Dp S ;
( 8 35 4%
X (:
24: A : 5 :;
?
; 6 <1
S 5
43
* :F' D @:D 2 -:
515
* S :; @: : 5 1335
@*:
; . S ; 1390 r'
@ r9
<1 0 1 '
:; 6
@
4X ;
40749629
* :<1 ' :; 6
( 8 23 4%
X ( 2 A PF8 :;
. :
_ ::; H::
5 ::;
? ::; 6 ::<1 S ::;
1390
MD N D ( @
25
*
@*1 0' D A : @D
}
<1 ' '
; 6 6 ( -
:*. :D
: - / 8 4^
v : :' H : :B 6 :'
4 ( N D
; ) AP 6 ' 4 8 6 .(
<=
4 . GH' I
&
5 J -. 2 , 1 6
! % /
C % 1335
<=
5 . GH' I
&
5 J -. 2 , 1 6
! % /
C % 1368
<=
6 . GH' I
&
5 J 2 , 1 .
- 6 ! % /
C % 1390
@ ?= *5
; C ; 24 /
<1 ' :; 6
@ 6 c P$8 11
Gf
? 6 (:
:Gf
? 0' K:
S ; 1390 Q8
IRS-P5
?5 F5 @:D :; H:
?5 ; ; 6 <1 b : 3 H*1 + E5
11 @::5 +
-::^ 5 :: P :: -8 :: 5
) S 4::3 2 (
@ 6 - @D ?Gf 4 ?5 ; ; 6 <1 66
* :
?Gf 8 ?5 ; :; 6 :<1 2
:*
: @:
j: 8 8
; 6 <1 H * D H *F 45
.
C &D 2 . ' % I K ! % / -.
11 ' J I 0, 1 2 ,
Gf ? 6 ( X
)
* ( 3
)
$5 ( 5 ;
?
<1 6
;
)
* (
1 2788909
123512
6
/ 22
2 3034034
121738
9
/ 24
3 4875528
153250
8
/ 31
4 13567911
205501
66
5 1809860
189177
6
/ 9
6 2432024
210689
5
/ 11
7 5351216
201280
6
/ 26
8 181307
89254
2
9 728970
98568
4
/ 7
10 5116203
140306
5
/ 36
11 3164941
61598
4
/ 51
<=
7 . L ! % / -. 2 , / 1 K MA C % 6
1390
4 . YL
&$ !
*
- 5
<1 -8 :; 6 <1 d*;- ;
@:D :
2 $*;
@= ; ' 5
@ @:; H :; 6 :; 6 '
5 : 1335 1368 1390 H :: @:*1 + # -::%
4 t ' @D ; H _ ;
= ;
? 6 :<1 X : CA
@; ; :; 5
24:
M:D N :D (:
; @* 0 1
; 6 <1 4% . H
S :;
:'
)
PLAND
( F5 F' D 45 4'
. :d # : B @
:: (:: ::; 6 ::<1 X :: 0 ::1 H :: \ l -::8 :; @* 45 -3 / HD ; 3 .
:d 6-:;
A% X ` *5
= ;
? F5PD
4 '
; H : -8 @D S :; ; 6 <1
1390 @: : 5 2
A: Y 6 :'
* + ( j;
@D 24 8 d5 :
4:5 -: ( ? :;-8
+4 D E5 (
; . : ?5 :;
4:5 :; 6 :<1
::; @*:: ::F' D .
::
::G _ ::;
@ ::;
4::
@= ; 6 '
LPI
:; 6 ' :<1 5 :P X @DLSI
ef;
:F5 H :; 6 :; AP:
: 4: '
• D 4G H *F - ; 6 <1
S ; @ R 1335
) :
4X * ; 65
( AD X 4%
( 2 - :;
@:D
S ; 1390 @ 2
@*1 0' D 4%
; . . :X H
@D ; +4 D @* F 1 45 ; 6 ' <1
:;
0' D H S :; ; 6 <1 +4 D E5
1390
@= ; _ ;
SHAPE-MN
; ) S 43 3 (.
&D C 3 . L * () ! % / -. N O %
98 %
C % : % / % / 6
/ 6 1335 ) 1390 0, 2 , 1
2
CA
)
*P' (
PLAND
) 4%
(
PD
)
*P' 4% ' @P. 4 8 (
LPI
) 4%
(
LSI
) 4X 4 (
SHAPE-MN
) 4X 4 (
S ; 1335 48 / 809 55 / 67 25
/ 1 65
89
/ 8 85
/ 1
S ; 1368 3353 47 / 37 08
/ 1 14
/ 6 83 / 11 55
/ 1
S ; 1390 92 / 4069 27 / 23 28
/ 2 96
/ 2 71 / 28 54
/ 1
` *5 H*1 + E5
@
; 24 / G
? / '
@:EXM : :(3 H :F F' K ` *5 H ` *5 @D - 0' K
` :*5 : L : c:
0' K 6 '
Latrop
:P '
Fazizade
) (2008
D @f 2
0= :; 6 :' :D
A W 8 @ =8 1 73 # BM r* ; 2
' 5 -:n ' H ; 6 ; # 78 ;
.
b: G 8 :F' K ` *5 d L
Khazaie
Azari
) (2008
@f 8w
P 4 6 p D
2 $*; Y
@ 5 : * H :; 6 ; 6 '
@= ; + :; : 5 H :; 6 :; 6m-.-D 6 '
; .
REFERENCES
1. Basiri Dehkordi, F., 2006, System of environmental management in the West-Esfehan freeway by landscape index. The Environment School, Tehran University. (in Persian)
2. Faizi zade, B., 2007. Comparing the methods of basic pixel in the provision of land use maps.
Master research. School of Literature and Human Science, Tabriz University. (in Persian) 3. Goward, S. N., cruickshanks, G. D., Hope, A.
S., 1985. Observed relation between thermal emission and reflected spectral radiance of a complex vegetated landscape. Remote sensing of Environment 18, 137-146.
4. 4-Grami, V., 2011, Landuse changes in area of Gutvand Ahili during 2000-2010 with using ETM & ALI image by remote sensing and GIS.
The GIS and Remote Sensing group, Shaid Chamran Ahvaz University. (in Persian)
5. Haack, B. N., Rafter. A., 2006, Urban growth analysis and modeling in the Kathmandu valley, Nepal, Habitat International, Article in press 6. Khazaii, N., Azari Dehkordi, F., 2008.
Evaluation of landscape damaging in the banks of Sefidrod river by ecological indications of landscape, The programizing and managing group of the Environmen, The Environment School, Tehran University. (in Persian)
7. Latrop, R. G., Tolloch, D. L., Hat field. C, 2006.
Consequences of land use change in the New York- New Jersy High lands, USA: Landscape indicators of forest and watershed integrity.
Landscape and urban planning, Article in press.
8. Lee, S. W., Ellis, C. D., Kweon, B. S., Hong, S.
K., 2008. Relationship between landscape structure and neighborhood satisfaction in urbanized areas. Journal of landscape and urban planning, 85: 60-70.
9. Naveh, Z., Slieberman, A., 1993. Landscape Ecology, Theory and Aplication, 38 PP.
10. Safianian, A., Mokhtary, Z., Khajehdin, S., Ziyaie, H., 2010. Evaluation landuse shape and size changes in city of Esfehan by GIS and landscape index. Geomatic 89. (in Persian) 11. Shataee, Sh., Abdi, O., 2007, Land Cover
Mapping in Mountainous Lands of Zagros Using ETM+ Data ( Case Study: Sorkhab Watershed, Lorestan Province), J., Agri. Sci.
Natural Resources, Vol. 14, No. 1. Pp. 129-139.
(in Persian)
12. Sotode, Ahad., 2010, The application of ecological health in the indexes for the determination of urban development in the biome of Turanian-Iran. The programizing and managing group of the Environmen, The Environment School, Tehran University. (in Persian)
13. Theobald, D. M., 2010. Estimating natural landscape changes from 1992 to 2030 in the conterminous US. Journal of landscape Ecology 25: 999-1011.
14. Wang, X., Zheng, D., and Shen, Y., 2008. Land use change and its driving forces on the Tibetan plateau during 1990-2000. Journal of catena 72:
56-66.
