بررسی غنای گونه‌ای زنبورهای گالزای بلوط (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) به دو روش Rarefaction و Jackknife و محاسبه شاخص‌های تشابه آنها در آذربایجان‌غربی

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: *

!" # $ %

&'() : 9371708 -

E-mail: zargaran391@yahoo.com 0914 (Hymenoptera:

Cynipidae)

Rarefaction Jackknife

! "# $ # %&

1 ' () +* , - . /0 123 () - 5 60 . 2

3

1 2 3 ) ! :

23 / 6 / 89 - ( )! ! :

6 / 2 / 90 (

,(-89

, - . / 0

1 2 3

4 . 5 6 7 8 9 , - ! .

; /

<= , 1 >

? @/ <= , 3 A

(Hymenoptera: Cynipidae)

BCD 3

, E /< E 0 4)F 4 = ! 9

GG . 9 5/ H IJ! ; 1389

3 A

? @/ <= , - GK

3 E / L6 E ? @/

4/ M NBK 6 , .

5= , NBK 6

; C> AD HO G . /6

E P/

AD Q B@.

) R!

40

3 0

ITG ( H O /

4 /

. .

0 . 8 0 3

50 4 8 E GV /

>

B / 4 WK 5K 5X Y F

9 , R!

E6 . - ! 3

, Q B.

. GM ,

8K ; Q /

Z 4

< 3 A. [0 .

. A J .

H IJ! ; R!

7

A ,

<= , 5/

) 4CGK -C (

,

Quercus infectoria ? @/

Q. brantii Q. libani

; / O / . 4 G.

4 ? @/ 9 , R!

Q. brantii

/ . - ! .

, 3 / H@R <= , 3 A

Andricus ]GK

Chilaspis Biorhiza

/ . GM E < ; / ,

Q /

( ! ! / Z 8K ; 86

/ 4 2 / 5 , A^ /6 / , .

; /

3 A. E <

, 5/ <= , 3 A

) -C 4CGK ( [0 . 2 / <

3

(Morisita) C

(Horn) E 3

(Renkonen) ;

(Sorensen) ;C ; /

G . A J /6 ; C> AD HO .

_G ` , 3

? @/ E 0 Z@ F ,

3

5 6 /

<= , 3 A E /< E GV 7 G! 4@a - V

, Z@ F _G ` 3 A ;

5 6 4 . / G .

,:

(- ; 7 G! :

_G ` RBK

<= , 1 >

.

(=

*+ # , ) -! ./!001) , ) 23 ! 4 ) 2

# 5 6

78 9 : 6

- ;

4 <

!=( 8 > ? &0< *+3 *+@

*

<

(Sandlund et al., 1992; Ashouri & Kheradpir,

.

2009)

.

Whittaker (1972)

'B? CDE 7E - !< " +<

#

!F *+ # , ) -!0"

, ) 7G - H 7< *I

'B?

) , ) 7 "

- (

J+ # K , )

* !L *E !<

; . +< , ) )

*; J+ # &0< , ) (

M

!J J+ # 7< J+ # K # , ) !001) ;

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)

7ND , )

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(2)

RE 20=M) .

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7 "

-

*+@ = 7 "

-

RE . - S 7 "

- K TE ) < &0B

U +

(McIntosh)

G 7<

F) 4 >' 7< !<

7 "

;

VWM 3 K 7F 6 K 6 -

*

<

. 7 <

5 8XH # *+ L &+ -!0"

VWM 7F 6 K - S 7< Y <!

* )

!H # Z0 [

!< G U

;

&M=I! !0\ *

] K6

5 <

7ND 2 G - S 7< ^!+E RE

Z0<

(Magurran, 1996)

. 3 4 ) &M=I!

- ;

7 !<

&M=I! = ](+W : 6 -

* ) F) 7G *+B 3 7 " F) *< 0 <

Z -!+ G 7 - S

7 "

- G 7_E % .

[H 7

!<

U # '+E # -

* &M=I!

*; J+ # !\ # *+ <

)

*; 0" Q / (

= !0S *; 0" Q / ! # < =

`8 <

- S Q PI Q; G 7 "

-

; @

(Sanders,

1968)

.

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7 "

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] K6

7G <

E 1956

2 G TE )

(Quenouille)

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U &

7 !<

-

*I c) 7 "

;

!; e 7 K TNI 7G -

* + ; ] K6 ?!< f E

(Heltshe &

Forrester, 1983)

.

, ) !J CDE

+< , )

*

<

? *E !< < 7G

* ) 7<

!001) 7 "

; g %B #

h @ [H > ? i3 4 8 i3 * !I

*/

!<

. +< , ) *E !< & !+><

7< M) j !$ # '+E

*

(Gering & Crist, 2002; Gering et al., <

2003)

. k !F # V@ & !)

7< M) - ;

* ) 7<

& E V@

+ ;

. V@

* !I 7_E % E & E

7 "

;

!\

* + - F< V@ *B !0"

l

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;

+ ; .

R; _ 7G * J ;

7 "

- 7ND &0<

< K -

& 7<

7ND 7G RE * F

j0G!) 7 "

-

(Lande, 1996; * =

Schowalter, 1996)

. 9 < n?

*<!S f!" # 7G

!L *B

* ! Y (< 7F 6

Q. brantii) (

Q. libani)

# ( (Q. infectoria)

7G 7+ M+

VB @ *; "

VB @

(Sabeti, 1994; *

Sagheb-Talebi et al., 2004)

.

&

7 "

; Y (< -

! # - 7 "

;

F+ -

> ? Q G !/ < -

9 < n?

RE 7FB D *<!S

(Sabeti, 1994)

.

*E !<

! # & * E h c@ *(0 =) - ; 7 "

;

<

U

;

7 E *( o!H K jB L !) 6 -

5 N0N%) 2J 6

;

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<

.

Y (< - PB " - ; _ #

Tribe: Cynipini) (

J+ <

*

# - 7<

7 "

; -

< I 7+ Y (<

0 S

*

> ? #

!E !E 0

# - 7 "

; - U P" Y (< ](+W

RE . _ # 7 "!;

PB "

2= +@ E < *B "

!c%

!'<

* 6 <

? . 5 ') 2=

"

- ;

20=M)

7ND K

5 ') !J 7 "

; -

- PB "

<

? 6

" -

; RE . - PB " - ; _ #

H Y (<

* 6 2 K - @ *" #

* 6 !0S 2 K

H 7<

p + K -

2

* 6!0S 2 K * 6

(Rokas et + ;

al., 2003)

. 0 < MG Y (< - PB " - ; _ # I

*F 6 0 < 5 N0N%) < * S 4 9 7 0 # &

(Melika et al., 2004; Sadeghi et al., RE

2010)

. - S P0 # *G 5 8XH 7G *) q

7 "

-

< 6 ! Y (< - PB " - ; _ # , ) 7_E % R>6 !$ 3 [0N%) - S -

7 "

-

> ?

9 < n? +< , ) *E !<

! ./ 4 9 *<!S RI

.

!$ 3 [0N%) p 6

9 < n? +E *<!S

*<!S

)

!>M !0/

R !E ( 4 9 .

3 90 q

& *(J 6 +@ Q /

7E [H

Y (< 7 "

Quercus infectoria Oliv.

Q. libani Oliv.

Lindl.

Q. brantii

* 20=M)

; . J+

- ;

&0 3!_L

!0

<?

!_L U (

4 9 R>6 T<

5 0( 8

* !%q - ; U

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( 0 P K0=') 7<

6 1

RE ?

. E 1389

!;

7< 76 ) < J+

F)

% 7

[_H 7_E

F) K !I

40 R@

7 !<

-

" U +I!" !L >< - ; .

R@

;

<

7 H

(3)

I c)

* 2= 7< !DL (+)

!DL 7< !J

2=

)

× ( p W+

. 7@ >t F) R@ !;

50 + E

*

!+

- )

!;

R>6 # K

; - I !16 0

* K

@ 8

7 (

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; -

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-

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J+

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4 9 .

<

# 2q 3 8

&

U

; - S 7 "

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PB "

< R; _ 0 i3 4 8 i3 !\ # [H &

> ? ) j0G!) 7 "

- (

!I # '+E <

2 n - ;

!" 7_E % .

* ! "

(Southwood

& Henderson, 2000) :

N=[t×s / d×m]²

:t

!< R 0+E 6 - 8 N - #? 76 j 3

7 :s

F k !%

0 - ; 7 !<

70B -

:d

D@ N )

2 / 0 (

:m

0 J 0 &

- ; 7 !<

- B 0 7

:N

# 0 7 F)

7G RE !Gn 7< 4#v

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7 !<

70B - P0 (RV)

# !+ G 25

%

!" ?!<

.

*

! "

$ %& $

$

'( )

*+ "

(Rarefaction) :

( )

1

ˆ 1

i s

n i

N N E S n

N n

=

E(Sn)

: F) 7 "

;

7 \+ -

*I c) -

n <

!I :S

F) , 9 7 "

; 2G : 6

? -

:Ni

7 " !I F) 4 i

:N

!I F) , 9 2G

7 !<

-

:N

7 # U#

) !I F) (

- !< p W+

+E

n N) (

n : N _0G!) F)

# *) 7G !I n

* )

< *; !" #

p W+ !I N (Schowalter, 1996)

.

=N! n!(N-n)!

*

7_E % !I

- S - 7 "

- U 7<

] K6

(Jackknife)

:

ˆ n 1

S s k

= + n

:E

- S 7 "

- ] K6

:s

2G F) 7 "

; M

7 n

:n

3 2G F) - ;

7 !<

-

:k

F) 7

- ; )

7 7

7G RE -

3 # *= > ) - ;

7 !<

!; e - (.

*

,- ./ 01 ! "

(Morisita) :

( 1 2)

2 _ij _ik

j k

C X X

= N N +

( )

[ ]

( )

1

1 1

ij ij

j j

X X

= N N

( )

[ ]

( )

2

1 1

ik ik

k k

X X

= N N

CF

:

+ V@

X ij

:X ik

7 " !I F) 7F 6 7 4 i

j k

:Nj

!I 2G F) 7ND 7

j

:Nk

7ND 7 !I 2G F) .k

* / ./ 01 ! "

(Horn) :

( ) ( )

[ ] ( ) ( )

( ) ( )

[ ] ( ) ( )

0

log - log - log

= + log + - log - log

ij ik ij ik ij ij ik ik

J K J K J J K K

X X X X X X X X

R N N N N N N N N

+

R⁰

:

; V@

P0 !I 6 ! E

+ V@ 7+'" 7< 70_

.

*

./ 2 01 ! "

(Percent

similarity)

01

(Renkonen)* :

( 1 2)

minimum _i, _i

i

P = p p

:I

& = V@

P¹ⁱ P²ⁱ

: 7 " q 7F 6 7 4 i

1 2 .

7_E % - S - 7 "

- V@ 7E ?!<

4! < y I R; _

Ecological methodology PI 4 9

!"

.

*

! "

*- ./ 01

(Sorensen) :

Cs= 2a/(2a + b + c)

:a

7ND !; z!+M 7 " F) :b

7ND 7 " F) 7ND 7G B

0 A

R

:c

7ND 7 " F) 7ND 7G A

0 B

R

(4)

N R>6 G!) 7

0 j 7 "

- , ) 7 "

; -

_ #

; -

< PB "

0 # ](+W [H &

V@ &

;

!" '+E

(Schowalter, 1996)

.

>

?!

@

*E !< <

E 4 9 - ;

1389 6

R E

*) FB D ) 6 1 ( F) 7 PB " _ # 7 "

-

Y (<

>< 2cI : 6

?

!" - .

&

7 "

; 5 _8

# <

:

Andricus { 6

<

5 7 "

Chilaspis

<

1

7 "

Biorhiza

<

1 7 "

) 6 2 (.

7G H ;

; M

* 7 "

; { 6 7< [(F+ -

Andricus

#

- S 7 "

-

! E < 7 N -!+M0<

7 "

; PB " -

@!<

<

.

& Q G !/

7 "

; J+ P0 - ;

7ND # 7G - H 7< < 5 '+ !J = < *) FB D F) &0 3!_L 4

<?!0 7 "

5 7 "

3 7 "

T<

3 7 "

!_L 1 U ( 7 "

2 _ # 7 "

PB "

: 6

?

!" - )

2=

1 (.

[H

<?!0 !_L

j0)!) 7<

& !+M0< - P0 & !+ G

- S 7 "

-

<

. F) & !+M0<

7 "

{ 6 7< Y <!

Andricus

<?!0 F) <

4 F) 7< P0 ? & !+ G 1

7 "

; M U ( .

Chilaspis{ 6 &+ <

> )

R i3 T< 7ND TNI 7 " K .

* )

7 "

; PB " -

>< - Y (< 7 " 7E - #

Q. infectoria Q. brantii

Q. libani

: 6

? -

# * S I

> ?

Q. brantii - 7+ R0B FI

7<

H - 7G

>< - >B " F) & !+M0<

- #

?

: 6

?

!" - .

7 N

Y (< - PB " - ; _ # * !I q &0<

Y (< 7 " < T_)!

Q. infectoria

7G M

- PB " - ; _ #

Biorhiza pallida Andricus

curvator

2L 3 !|G 3 - j0)!) 7<

q

* !I

< <?!0 &0 3!_L [H .

&0 } ;

7 "

A. grossulariae C. israeli

j0)!) 7< P0

& !+M0<

& !+ G

* !I q Y (< -

Q. brantii

<

B. pallida. q & !+M0< -

* !I ) 56 q (

* !I q & !+ G U (

) 37 q (

< <?!0 .

7 "

;

A. curvator -

A. multiplicatus

7<

q & !+M0< - j0)!)

& !+ G # < U ( [H * !I 7< P0 * !I q P0

<?!0 &0 3!_L j0)!)

< @!<

.

- S 7 N 5 8XH

7 "

-

, ) 7 "

- - PB " - ; _ #

< T_)!

Q. infectoria

Q. brantii

[H &0<

! ](+W

z 0 < !J - ; MG

*

<

Azizkhani et al. .

(2007)

F) 24

< T_)! - PB " _ # 7 "

U P" +E!B +E

j0)!) 7< 7G 11

13 - # 7 "

7 "

; -

Y (<

Q. brantii Q. infectoria

: 6

? -

<

.

Shojai (1980)

F) 36

< T_)! - PB " _ # 7 "

Q. infectoria

!G U P" ! # .

&0 } ; -

M

2 j(S

* 6!0S - ; _ # &

; -

Q. infectoria

20=M)

* .

Blanche & Ludwig (2001)

*; 0" <P0 !0ml)

M3 Q G !/ * 0I !16 ~!8

!m• PB " 5 !

7+

.

- S 7 N

7 "

- _ # 7G M PB " - ;

P0 - S 7 "

- _ # Y (< - PB " - ; [H

< 5 '+ *E !<

. F) !|G 3 7 "

- - 7G

Y (< 7 "

Q. infectoria

R0B FI

* G 2

< 7 "

.

7G VWM 7FB D &

- S 7 "

- _ # - ;

6 1 - J+

7 - ;

7 " , ) *E !< R>6 - !<

*<!S 9 < n? Y (< - PB " - ; _ # - E

1389

J+ * 0I !16 5 c+W (&) U 7<)Z0(L <P0 Y (< 7 "

&0 3!_L 36°28NON 45°18OW !E p H! *(0@ Q. infectoria, Q. brantii, Q. libani

<?!0 36°15NON 45°22OW !E p H! *(0@ Q. infectoria, Q. brantii, Q. libani

T< 36°14NON 45°33OW - 7 !+ p H! Q. infectoria, Q. brantii

36°16NON 45°28OW - 7 !+ p H! *(0@ Q. infectoria, Q. brantii

!_L 36°11NON 45°24OW - 7 !+ p H! Q. infectoria, Q. brantii U ( 36°07NON 45°30OW - 7 !+ p H! *(0@ Q. infectoria, Q. brantii, Q. libani

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6 2 - 7 "

: 6 Y (< - PB " - ; _ # - ; J+ # >< 2cI - ?

*<!S 9 < n? *) FB D - ; E

1389

2

@

<P0 - v !'3 F)

20=M) 2%

7 "

PB "

Q. libani * 6

!'3 K - 2"

& n?

Andricus burgundus Giraud, 1859

Q. brantii * 6

!'3 K - 2"

& n?

A. cecconii Kieffer, 1901

* 6 Q. infectoria

!'3 K -

€!<

A. curvator Hartig, 1840

* 6 Q. brantii

!'3 K - 2"

& n?

A. grossulariae Giraud, 1859

Q. brantii * 6

!'3 t - 7 6

*"!< - A. multiplicatus Giraud, 1859

Q. infectoria * 6

!'3 t - Biorhiza pallida Olivier, 1791 7@

* 6 Q. brantii

'3 t

! - 2"

& n?

Chilaspis israeli Sternlicht, 1968

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400

Biorhiza pallida Chilaspis israeli Andricus multiplicatus Andricus burgundus Andricus cecconii Andricus curvator Andricus grossulariae

PB " _ # 7 "

-?:6"F)

&0 3!_L <?!0 T< !_L U (

2=

1 - 9 < n? Y (< - PB " - ; _ # * 6 2 Q G !/ [H

*<!S E 1389

- FI - PB "

Q. brantii

!+M0<

Q. infectoria #

F) !|G 3 <

7 "

;

- FI -

Q. brantii

6

< 7 "

.

7 N

- S &0< - 7 "

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!<

-

F) 7 "

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# {/ 7+I F)

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& 20B 7<

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ml)

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Z < 7+I!"

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(Heltshe & Forrester, (

1983) Nazemi et al..

(2008)

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(6)

6 3 - - S 7 "

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9 / 5

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1 / 2

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2 / 3 U (

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5 10 15 20

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