• Tidak ada hasil yang ditemukan

بررسی شدت انرژی در کشور‌های نفتی و غیر‌نفتی

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2023

Membagikan "بررسی شدت انرژی در کشور‌های نفتی و غیر‌نفتی"

Copied!
20
0
0

Teks penuh

(1)

/ 50 1

1394 / 20 - 1

!" #$% & '( $

$ ) ' *% + ' *%

', - .$ /0

1

$234 5% 6 *

76& 8 2 3 $8

+ 9 +$:

4

1 .

< : = >!% = $4 6 ( %

areghbali@yahoo.com

2 . 6 ( rgaskari@gmail.com

3 .

?( & @ A "

B moradi.mhds@gmail.com

4 .

?( & @ A "

B hadi9131@yahoo.com

: 7 / 11 / 1391 :

19 / 12 / 1393

=& 2C !" # $% " &' ( ' ) * $ + ,# $% " $ -

. ) '0 .1 0

+ 2 ) ( 4 .#

60 7$% 0" &'0 8- ) 9:" ,# ,;1 ,0. :

0 <04 # ,0#

= >

?@

$% " 8 A $ - )

B"

( + 0C 0D@" 0 7+ E 0" 7<0F . " ' .1 7

$ ' 0GH

H (8; 76#

7

6 + 4 G

7 2 I# ) $ ) + $ 80

10DH 0@B" $ 0- 0 J ) <

<0@B"

0#

K' + 2 B@4

@A 2 <LM4

" $ - K 4 <N

$ - 1985 0 2009 '0 ,0@

. $ 0#

R4 S T 2 I# ?@

$ ) ' .1 1U H +

G V1H W.

2 B@4 ) 0 X ) *0 @

"

* @ ,(. Y 6 ' Z BF

. ,H 4 X + <H [ @"

\2) C ) - <04 # 10

?@

; $ - ) (8 G

Y# 6 + 4 T

M( ) R]

$% 0" &'0 0# $ )

0 ?@

Y# " <F . " ' .1 T

$% " &' # <BM .

10DH + E 0" ?@

<0@B" $ 0-

Y#

T R]

7 1DH J $ -

Y# <@B"

T <BM # $% " &' .

5 -D

&A

:JEL O33, Q40, C59

F 4#

& /"

I#: 2 7<F . " ' .1 7$ ) 2

% 0" 0 7$% 0" &'0 7 " $ - 7$

B" 8 A .

'MG 1"*

_ 7K1`G 6BF : 09127206856 هاگشناد نادابآ دحاو یملاسا دازآ ر

(2)

1.

58& 8

$% "

7 ,#

T. M ' .1 WI 1U + <b 7

7 0H 10c <F 1U MH , 04

7 10 ) ,0 .)

<8I 9:"

< B - 1DH $ @A &

'MH . ,#

WJ

@GC +)

$ d : ) $% 0"

I;

7 Me8- ,;1

,#

$% " 84 ) <F G $ -

7 ,#

2f ) 7 ) 2'0" 10Y( B"

0RJ

<"'Mc ,#

$% " + 2 B@4 6 ! ; $ -

0 ,#

M - . T ) g # ' .1 $ - Y

<. 08@

,0H

,@G- $% " 'M" 7$% " h1" + < #

$ 7 1;) 0

<08" 2'0 10

. <# 0 8H

14 $ -

<F G 7 * + 14 7 ) G + &ibD jX & 0 ? ) <Y S

) k< 10- + <0 "

14

<F G $ - 7 ! $14 + 7

0# & ) d ,

$ C 0H 0b-

0 $ 0- &'0

)

'MF#

&' ,#

,M I# 1lM <0 D" N $% " $+ 4

+ 04 . + <0b 0

$ 0-

* f @4

$% " &' 6 m 4 1

2+) 1DH

$ - ,(041 ,0@

$ 0#

<04 #

9

< H

$% "

W- + l"

9- H

<!@G#) ,#

n ) W- + 0l"

K 0@MH & 0(R jX )

< 1-

$g #

$% "

2 B@4

<

1 )

2 1#

7 2008 .(

)X 0#

&'0 $% 0"

<

'"1 ,#

1DH ,# 7 - 2f ) 1DH

$ - ' .1 'MMH _ B"

7 ] 7 ,0H ,0#

$% 0"

,0#

T0. M

g H

$ 7<

_ I"

$' .1 7 ) o # 6 pRM ' X

$+

10DH <0 ,@0G !"

7 10

I;

<# @4 ,#

9

<M #

$ - Z A

k

$% 0"

) 0 "

,0 " # $ 0 0@I#

,0#

q 0S.

<4 4 )

$ @A

$ '" 4 . 6 ,. : ,#

0 1U ) $% " &' <4 # r

) X 0# >

1DH 2) C

" $ -

<@B 0 21 '0 .1 o 0# 10DH '0MMH

_ 0I; 0B"

0 ) - 10DH $

J

<@B"

0 21 1DH K C 7

@A ,H 0B" ,0# $ 0@8H <!@G#)

0

+ # _

<" + 1985 0 2009

<

+ . ,;1 # 2 0 - ,#

2 $ 0 ) 0- 0-

0" $ +

@A ) 2 <LM4

$ - '0 2 B@4 K' )X # $ # "

. <F0s '0- Z0 :S 60

, d 1 +X

$ - 4 t :

1 .

&'

$% "

) 8 A

$% "

) B"

( Y#

T

<BM 1;) .

2 . 2 I# ) $% " &' $ )

' .1 1U H Y#

T <BM 1;) .

,(. Y 6 7

, ': + u 7

<" R $ l"

04 2'0 ,0V Z :S .

90v#

w104

1. Energy intensity 2 .Baumann

(3)

w L" & (. Y + $ 8 ,@ C

M + T :S h1d1 2'0 # 1DH ) n Z

4 . w Ic 9v#

7 ?@ < ( + u $% 0" &'0 $ IM0D K'0 7Z0 :S $ -

) ,V 2' )X #

4 . WLM 9v#

Z :S + s [ @" "

2' x Y

4 .

2 . G

<FH < $% " &' $% 0" ) 4 $% " 2 + # +

0D" 10DH 0- $ 0#

<

'- . r 6 # & G4 6 0# u0" %X 'M" 1C "1C <FF8.

$% 0" <0FF8.

10 90v# )1

'S@ F + 4 $ @A ) <U 8@;

6 2

+ <b $ 0# $% " $ -

1 (4 T < ( ' 2 H

'"

. <- C' $% " &' _ #

*0 $% " < H

< W- ,( ; ' 8"

,H Y4 ) ,#

T

< X

< H ? '") ,# 1 $% 0" 0

K 4

< yF@v $ -

# . <@8- ) 1383 (

$% " &' <0 y ( 6 Mc

'0MH : 0

$% "

)

3, .)

< I"

(4

) * K1 $ #

<F . " ' .1 ' 7

'08U ,0H

{

' ) ,#

bD#

T G # K 1 F ,# w B"

8 A | <0 ,R04 S <F $ -

10 .

6 # M#

7

$% " &'

,# $% " $ -

( ' ) * $ + .

) .1 0 '

2 ) + (

4

5.

'8U 6

{

S

= >

) U A

<

C : 0 $% 0"

m 0 '0 .1 7

<M(

: ) 1 (

E=f (ED, GDP)

:ED

$% "

7 :GDP

" ' .1

<F . .

1. International Energy Agency

2. Economic and Social Council of the United Nations

3 . + C 7 B"

}M4 K J+ 7<( RN 7

@G @b. ) T .) T 2 C) " 2' ' .1 ,@G- ) <#X $ -

@0G @b. 2 08- ,0# $ T

# ) n 1 7$' 1 $% " < C 6 + + 2' ' .1 .) $% " ' ) ; )

T <0 b0D $ L '0M-

) 7<@8- 1383 .(

4 . 6 X ~41 $% " !" # < I" $% "

90v# 2'MMH y0F@v $ 0-

04 . 90v#

< 0I" $ 0-

7<@(M0s 7$+ ) 0DH 7 :" ) 8 7< 18U & ' 7$ L 7<!" 9v#

<8 0 ) @ p M0s 7

)

4 1 4 )

@8- 7<

1383 .(

5 . < i4 $ 1I8; $ H *" #

(4)

&'

< $% "

'0 ) |0G 0# W- 1 |0G 0# W0- ) <0b $ 0-

-' ) H ,R4 S <.1 $ .

18U

{

' ) ,H < - <0 ,R4 S <.1 $ -

'"10

4 $% " < H <4 # $ #

# iH x1Y ,

< H 7'")

< 1s ' ) ,H $ - <0b

@D # + x1Y4 $ -

< 2 B@4 <Dv#

'"1 . + $% 0" &'0 <0b ':

s $% " W G: s 2'

) {i]

K)% '0 ) |G # (

2'0 ' .1 K10 S ,0#

) {i]

) ,#

@ . ' 6

(

< ,R4 S 1

. 6 # K 0 7 {g108(

&'0 0 ( + 2 B@04

&g10 S u" L w'U . ,# iH x1Y4 <b $% "

p08; ) y0F@v $ 0 "

X <b -

w14 ) G "

{g1s 2+ '0" $ 0# <.10 $ -' ) ,0# K10 S $ 0 C

0H

<

) . 76 # M#

. 6 $% " &' ( $ @A

))

<b ,"

( ,0H 10# '0- 1

$% " ': 8- )

w B" ,bD# 1 F |G # (

<0F . " ' .1 ,#

) 0#

g F |G (

4 . b8- ) •1.'M )1

2010 ( ,F`G 6 #

=

< ' H ,0H '"+ )

$% " &' 7

4 ,# RG" ) <.1 $ MR ,H -

X + 0#

<04 # $

2 B@4 @D # $% " < H 2'

,# $% " < H 7 4

< <#1 ) 'LM4 7 X 0# 2)iU 7

< 6

x1Y04 7 (M0s 0 0 . ( *0 €Y04 'M" <BF@v x1Y4 1

,:YM ) $

<F 7 H )X # <" I; €Y4 * .

$ # G : T

<" I;

&'0 $% 0"

+

' .1 ) + 2 ) ,#

) Z N

<

1 ,R4 S H :

1 E ".

7+

,H [ @"

1v@4

$ ' "

)

<#

< R>

0 + <0 "

+ & " 041"

$ 0 @A

4 ) 7 ,#

FU F ' T .) - + # +

$ # y (•

1:

K1 7<F ( '0Mc

<R4 M G "

m 2 .

$ # #

& 'A 7'

R4 S T ' .1 . "

<0F 0#

$ 0MR

$ # #

& 'A '

D"

<

'- ,H

& 'A '

' .1 . "

<F 0#

‚ 04 €Y04

< 18U 8 A - - 1DH ,G :

#

€Y4

< 18U 8 A - &g 'S@

_ 0b

,#

,c 4

. 2 B@4 + 6

|;1

<

1 ,0H '0R -'0 X

,0#

g +

>=

<#

>

< R

$ - E "

+ + # K1N 0 + ) 10 ) &) 0B $ 0- x1Y04 08 A

- 1DH 1

)

*" #

$ H

$ 1I8;

< i4 .(

R04 S $ 0# ,0(. Y 6 T

' 2 B@4 ' & 'A $ # # + <F . " ' .1 .

1DH 0 t ,0# ,H < -

1. Mendiluce et al.

(5)

. ( 1 <F $% " W lU $ -

, b $ @A {@R0G" $% " &' 4 6b8 '"

$ + '8U p Ms 'M" 1@# ) 'M # ,@

{

$% 0"

0#

10 0# ) 0 + $% 0" 0 0#

2 I#

RN ‚ @4 p# M + # 'MMH 2 <(

. 8 A

" WH $ - 7$% 0" $ 0# (@

0R] <!@0GR8- $% " + &' # 7<FH . .

,0e" Mc 0

0H 08 A

$% "

9

# 7'#

ƒ

# >

1#

8 A 4 1U ' .1 X

9- H <0 '0#

.

7 ,e" Mc ,U18L

$ -

$% "

~:

8 A <0b + 0 0- 9 0 7'0#

0

9 X 9 # + 4 -

7' # 2 !"X

$ ':

+

>

9 8 A 6

~41

<M D" ; 4

- R;

'- 1 ' . 6

<M D" ;

<!@G#

,#

6 ,0H

+ l"

<b Mb ,c

' 4 -

'M" 1@#

6 D" ; X '"1 )

&' + 6 '0(

':c ' # . 6 # M#

7 9 8 A 7 +

* 14 7

„U #

<M D" ; 4

$ -

$% "

,0# +

$ ; X

<

1 ) 7 +

$14

! 7 2 1H

&'

„U # 9

,M -

$ - ' .1 '- 1 '0

) ' .1

9- H '- 1

. 'MF#

&' "

9 ,M - 0- ,0#

10 <M ! 0;

4 2 I"

- ) -

<!@G#

'- 1 0

. ,0e" Mc 0 F# A <M ! 0;

10;) ,@0

' # 7 C'MMH ) .1 ' C'MMH ,#

M ! ; k<

p# M

$% "

| A w 'A <0 '0MMH .

6

& 1s 7 d :

$ # p# M

$% "

| A 9

) 7 ,#

K R"

X 7 M - T ' .1 p# M |0 A

$ # d U T @0D # + 0#

9 0 <0 '0#

) 7 0b8- ) 2 + 08U 1382

.(

* '0M

1

) 1979 (7 <b $% " 7 1 & l"

< ' .1 1U + 08 A 0 ? 0> ) '"

$ @A ' # $% "

6 0Me8- ) , 04 ) $% 0" 6 0# <M 0D" ; 9DH ,# ,@G# )

d U T

$) "

< H '"

. Z@D # $) M - p# + 6@ C

T o1FG"

$% 0" & ? 6 #2

,0M - WI04 ) $% 0" # H ) , 4 <M D" ; 9DH # $ 0-

'0 .1 0 1U + *0 0-

,Y#

$ A #

<

'MH . '0 .1 9- 0H ,0# $% 0" 08 A 9 ,H < g + <b 0LM

<

1 0d U ) B0s $% 0" ) , 4 6 # <M D" ; 9DH ,H 4 <" + T

$) 0 "

0H

' # # >

. w L" & : :S |FJ

< D" ,@

) , 04 6 0# <M 0D" ; 90DH ,H '-

) $% "

Me8- 'MF# $% " ) H 6 R] &'

4 .

! & RU ,#

7 2 I"

, 04 $ -

1. Pindyck

2. Translog Cost Function

(6)

$% " 6 D" ; H ) '"

.

< D" & : :S + < # 2 0 1H , 04 ) H ,H '-

&'0

$% " 8b '"

2 1H + 7 10;) $ 0@8H <M ! 0; 0b <b %10.1Mb l" + &'

.

& 1s - 7

* 8 A 9 7

14 * + 7

0 4 <M D" ; „U # $ 0-

< X $ ; ,# $% "

! $14 + ) 1 7

$% 0" 8 A 9 „U # <0

10 )

2 I" <M D" ; 0 '0- 1 K 0R" ,0# $% 0" $ ; ,# , 4 ) H $ -

. 9 0 0#

$% " 8 A 7

# C , ' .1 1U 4 $ C H K 0R" ,0# 7'0" 8# # > <@ '# 9

,M - 9 -

2 I# 7' .1 €Y4 9- H ) ' .1 $ '0- 1 9- 0H ' .1 1U 4 $ )

.

&) B < ?; ) <@ (8; $ - )

+ '"

_ s 76 + F

T 7 0 (8; WH 0 7 - I0 6 #

jX ) ) 1- (...

<!M- ) <U 8@; & s1 ) )

] {i '" 6 !" 7 +

_ 76b0G ,0"

$ 0-

* o # <F 7

+ '" ) _ R 1 - (

# U ' < 0d $ - >=0

$% 0" &'0 0# 0C

1 ,@ C l"

) 7y 4 1387 (.

{g1s T(041 $ 0 @A )

<U 08@;

0#

9 0 €Y04

. ( -

$ -'M

$' .1 ) Td U -g H ) 7& ' ? @ 04 7 0 @A

) K10S

' X ) p +1 X 6 # 1"

- 2 8- 4 .

@GC

€Y4 . ( 0- 9 0 0

$% "

<

) ?

@ 4

$ @A

$ @4 b

$ C ' ) $ 0- $'0 .1 )

< ' ,#

&'

$% "

#

@8H

$% "

#

>X 2'M 2'M- H # '")

$ d :

$ -

$% "

. - 76 Me8 K1S

$%1.1Mb ' .1

+ Z N

<"1C C &' 1U | H

9v# $% "

@ $ @A $ -

=

< >

+ 4 . 0 0H $% 0" &' & ?

(41 yF@v T

< D" $ @A 4 4 6 '") <4 # ) '-

$% 0" C

$% " $ d : ' )X # ,#

) ) $ 0 @A @ 04 W0I & 0 ? 0# < )

@A ' W@G 4

< A + 4 ) b8- ) H 71

2006 ( . $% 0" &'0 & ?

<

0G" $ @ 4 ) < ' > ) + < " 1 .

&'0 0 ? < '0 0> + 10lM

0 . ( | H + :@G $% " . &' ? + < " $% "

04 <@(M0s $ 0-

9v# ,H -

F 4) ,#

T 0D 0 RA + <F 1U <M 0D" ; 7$% 0" 08 A 7$%10.1Mb

$% " < H ? 7$% " $ - 7

S $% " $ d : ' 6 Me8- ) >=0

0A

<

C . 0 |0 H 0 ? + < " $% " &' ? ,# $% " &' $ @ 4 >

1. Markandya et al.

(7)

. ( WI4

< ,@BC $ @A $ - 04 4 ,0H 1

$ 0- (041 T 0# ; 7<@(M0s ,

< 0;

$ d : 2'MMH

7 4 4 > ) X 0# $ 0 @A i0H $ 0-

>r0 04 ) ) <B 0

7 b8- 1387

(.

3 . BA ! : G

1.3 .

< J% ?, K8 $ $8 L M =&

! ) ) ) )1

2010 (7 &' $ # # " x1Y4 <4 # # '"' 04 ,0L @" 6 ,# 7$% "

WI p# M ) 2 €Y4 i@ 1;) ,c C ,H , ;1 U 6

"

$% " $ # #

," 4 4

" 7 <8I 9:" $% " &' x1Y4 $ # #

" 9- H k$ # #

" 04 0 T

) $% "

_

< B <4 # 1 'MH

. 2)iU

# 6 7 ,#

<0 0l"

v '04 <0

'0

9v#

9 # - +

€ d1 9

"

&' $ # # 7 4 ,@ 8- $% "

<. 0 ,0H

<M( '") $

1DH $% " < H < !8- I;

# 7 - 9v# ,# ,;1 -

7 10;)

. +) 00# <S 00d1 00 ?@ 100MU ,00# $% 00" &'00 <00D- H +) '00") 600

"

$ # #

" 4 $ - T

< € d1 $% "

'0- . 0b8- ) ) % )2

2009 ( 0(. Y ,0#

T

$% " &' 9 g 1DH

6 c K 4 <N $ -

1998 0 2006

@ '0M . [ 0@"

Z :S "X 4 ,@b" 6 !" # ,H

$% " $g # $ d : 9v#

0 18U <@(M0s $ -

{

,#

(41 T ‚ : ) ( 7' .1 ,#

2f )

$% " p Ms 7+)'0"

<!@0G#

. 6 0Me8- 7

, s 18U $% " < 1;

{

<0 < " < H 1RI# + 10

) 90v# ,F`0G 60 $ 0-

$% "

$ @D # 8- +)'"

. 6 Me8- 7

,H ' 2'- D 6 !M4 <@(Ms @ 4

,#

$% " &' 9 LM

<

1 . - ) ) % <4 # 6 9" b8 #

H ,H '"

1RI#

< H 9v# $% "

$% " $ - '8U +)'"

{

04 4 ,0#

$ 0C <@(M0s $ 0- 7

,0H

K 4 72' K 8U $ -

#

<

C ) 8 A 8 :@0G $% 0" 6 0 $ -

{

0#

0 ,

J ) $% " $g # G

0LM <@(M0s 6 !M4 @ 4 ,# W :@

<0 10 . 10C ) 1F 04

3

) 2009 (7 ,#

(. Y 1lM T

' ' 0 + # (M0s 90v# $% 0" &' <L 7

90

1. Duro et al.

2. Zhao et al.

3. Silva & Guerra

(8)

) B@ (

$% " &' &

,R4 S 9v#

H '"

. X - &'0 w10IB 6@ 0C l" #

$% " RG" 7$% "

7 $% 0" 0 $ 0# 0 ( ) $ @A . ( €Y4 )

#,

@ C H 'M : 1 . < 0 C 0 ( )

<0b (m 2 . $ 0 @A 0 ( .

0 . ( €Y04 $ 0#

( ,4 + " $ @A '" H 2 B@4

: 1 . ' .1 + m

2 . K 04 $ -g H + 2'0

m

3 . + 2 ) . ,@b" 6 ' # N

0 6 |FJ ,H 4 D"

90v# 0-

'00" <I# 00D 00bF8U 00 + # <@(M00s .

[ 00@"

) *00 ,00H 004 X + <H 00

J <(8L )

<b bB (

&' $ - 0 'M- 1 <@ 1Mb <L ' ' $% "

.

b8- ) }M )1

2009 ( 'MF# K ( ~# ) <4 # ,#

A1 $ 1 ~# ) 7&' 7

~# ) )

@A @ 4 7$% " @ 4 <FS

$ 7 '0M@ 6 0c $% " &' ) .

Z :S 6 + s [ @"

1 +X W- $ - D" <!@ R"

0 ,H ,0# 0 ?@ ,04 6

W- ? 'MF# + '" 9 C &'

. ,#

2)iU 7 1 +X FU $ -

0D" $ L" C

* FU * ,H 10;) $ 0 @A @ 04 0I; $% 0" &'0 + , N

7 0 7

G " … s X ubU # .

FS ,# d 9MH ) $ -

$ ,@b" 6 !" # 4

+) # ,H *0

+ * - •1 ?@

<4 # 1 $ - +) # ,#

2 )

<# $ - < R>

LM

<

1 .

2.3 .

< J% ?, K8 $ $8 OM =&

6G

" ) )

1387 ( R4 S $ # T

0G" @ 0- ) + $% 0" &'0 9- 0H $

1 M4 H 2 B@4 $+ 4 ) '"

7 ,;1 # ,# [ @" ,#

4 1 M4 + 2' X 7y0F@v $ 0-

>=0

G" @ 6 Z:S 7 B" & s # -

1DH <@B" $ -' X 7* ) 1•U $ -

0B" +

I;

7

$ + C D@" 9- H ) GH

' H ,R4 S 6# H '0"

. 0D" Z0 :S [ 0@"

,0H

G" @ $ * ) 1•U $ - 1DH ) $ -

0s ) $% " &' 9- H $ # <"

, < 10;

S ,H 'M@G- B"

< X Z:

+ 0 # '" 1 + 0C 0D@" 9- 0H ) <" 0I; 0B"

$ ' GH 6# H >=

<" )

!#

. y 4 ) 1387 (7

1U 8 # 68d

>=

0# 0C

1DH $% " &' -

7 '0Mc p# 6 8v # A '0 ) + 2 ?@

& 0(#

7 0 1U 60

1DH $ # -

H , L yF@v $ .

,@

- D"

+ WI4 9 ,H

) _ 90v#

1. Feng et al.

(9)

@A <F . " ' .1 + & ' )

& ? 2'M 8" 1MU ,#

$ @ 04 (

9- 0H 0#

$% " &'

<M( G# >=

< $ C .

1DH G

" - <0M( W :@0G 0>

$% " &' # *0 )' 2+ '" l" + )

& '0 WI04 w 0Ic 04

. ) <B 0

b8- ) 1387 (

$% " &' )

) ,#

< ' ) $ @ 4 >

(

†" p Ms , 0" C T 0# 0

2' + 2 B@4

j d * Mb ) D KX 2 0b ) 0# $

$ 04 $ 0-

<" 0 +

K 4 <N

$ - 1374 0 1383 '" H , L .

[ 0@"

04 X + <H 0 ,0(. Y 60 ,0H

†" p Ms @D # ,

$% 0" &'0 H > & ? <H'" WI4 $ @ 4 > ," C 0> )

I4 < '

@D # W

$ H > & ? .

K 04 p Ms @D # 0> y0F@v $ 0-

I4 $ @ 4 > ) 2 H H $% " &' 9- H I; < ' 9- 0H <B (0d W

,@ $% " &'

4 . 08U 0b8- ) 2 + )

1382 ( >=0 '0 .1 ) $% 0" 08 A &

' # <F . "

&

<4 # $% "

Y# ) T w'U ) : 08 A # $% " &' :

) ' .1 '" H FS <F . "

. ,# [ @"

4 Z :S 6 + 2' X X # .g

," ,H ,# IM . 0 " ' .1 ) $% " 8 A 9 K R"

<0F 7 ,0H <" 0 + <0@ ,0bF#

?@

9- H 1# $ -

<

'M#

9- H " $% " &'

<

'#

04 <0M( '0# 6 )

S# ,H - $% " $ -

T

@G# @B- 2' <M 1" <@(Ms ji:" + 4

04 9 0 ,0H

,M I# ) < H 2' <FL@ $% " $+ 4

4 .

4 . P&8 Q6$

,(. Y 6 w I. #

+

" 1H & (. Y M ) <F

* -

1 +) ) 2000 ( 1@!M @" - ) <F@ C )

2

) 2001 ( 1U <4 # $ # <.'

>r # ) ' ,V $% " &' >=

?@

$ - ' .1

. "

7<F

$% " 8 A )

0B"

( 2 0I# 7 0 1U 0H $ )

7'0 .1 0 0D@"

+ 0C

$ ' GH G 7 (8; 76# H 6 + 4

7 )

"

+ E + # _ <" 0 + 1985 0 2009

2) C ) 0 1DH <@B" $ - )

21 ' .1 o # 1DH s ) 2'MMH

'MMH _ 0B"

( 0 J ) <0@B"

) 21

@A ,H 1DH 2' j v@" B" ,# $ @8H <!@G# )

'"

( $% " &' #

' <4 # .

2 ) X 1 $ -

) <" I; *" # $ X p# M + + "

6 0# + 4 <0FF8.

1. Cornillie & Fankhauser 2. Gately & Huntington

(10)

' n v@4 $% "

. FH T ?@

'0 ) K' <8@ !. & 1s ,# Z :S $ - 0 + 7

K'

$ -

<8@ !.

$

<Cf )

< - 4 ,H 6 h1"

K' - 0H $ 0- $ # 0H

G#

' X H

<

+ 4 .

<b +

<Cf )

$ - 6 K' - 6 4 ,H 9DH ?@

,@0G# )

,#

@ ?

$ -

<S d1 0 's

& ? ?@

,@G# ) ,0#

0 ?@

<S 0d1 0 ,R04 S

<

'MMH

< 9- H K' <" G8- " u" ) ) 'M-

. 0# $ IM0D K' j1c c ,

& 1s TY#

2 + 4 :

) 2 (

i t i t i t i t i t i t i t i t i

E =F(EX ,GDP ,OILP ,TFP ,CO2 ,P ,S ) i=12, ,...,N ; t=12, ,...,T

X ,H 7$% " &' E

7+ E "EX

F . " ' .1 GDP

7<

0B" 8 AOILP

7

2 I#TFP

$ ) 1U H

' .1 7

CO2

$ + C D@"

' GH 6# 0H 7 0 (8;P

7

S

6 + 4 G

7 pN : '( i

) - G (7 ) ) t

_ ,(. Y <" + 4

.

+ <b b"

4 # Z :S 6 8 |;1 ,H <

,# D & : :S <0

10 0RM; ) T

$ )X1"

,#

H

$ C

) * @ X

"

* @ ,#

W- 1N 4 + .

X + ,0H ;

?@ + <b -

2 I# $% " &' # <4 # 1 $ 0 1U 0H $ )

'0 .1 04 0# 7

$

R4 S T 2 I#

G V1H W. + $ )

'0 2 B@4 1

. ) 1H 0 *0 0# <0M@R

,M I# $ 4

# $+ 4 , " # + 2 B@4 <Y $

4 0" ) X ,# ,H 0 " *0 @

< ,@BC 1

. + 2 B@4 # d Z :S )

?@

$ 1;1

$) " ) , 4

<" G"

7

2 I" 1MU ,#

7 . " ' .1 )

<F 7 2 @4 1MU ,#

7 2 0I# 0:

0 1U 0H $ )

1DH 2) C ) $ # ' .1

$ - J ) <@B"

w 0" + 2 B@04 # <@B"

<0D 1 0 FS 0

2

2- ,R4 S '

. s [ @"

,R4 S 6 + )

@ 2 I# ? '0 .1 1U H $ ) (

,0#

1 ?@ * 1MU K' <S d

Z :S '0 ) .

9-)f0 60 K'0 7

,0# ,0;1 0#

2 - -

7 2 ) + 2 B@4 # w " ~ S " $ -

EViews

'0 )X # .

) 2

" $ -

< (. Y ,#

< 2 # H 1

,H 6 'Mc 1" 72 !M# 7 1DH 7

) ...

) * K1N _

<" +

<4 #

<

"1 ' .

<4 # 6 7

& '- 0D '( ,H L"X +

?@ $ # ‚ @4 K 4 <N K' $ -

10DH $ 0# <04 # 10 $ 0- y0F@v $ 0-

1.Data Evelopment Analysis

2 . FH T ?@

<(A ) Z :S $ -

,# RG" ) 4 K 4

T 2000 4 .

(11)

1# &) B@

7

" " + ' 2 B@4 + 1@

. 10 +X + K'0 ) ) h1" 6 ( $ # $ 0-

< 2 B@4 <BF@v 1

. {g18(

2 ) 7 " $ -

0Gv"

10 +X + 2 B@04 0#

1) c 2 h1"

< vD <R H <: BF $ - 10

. 04 u‡

7 < 10s 2 ,0H 0-

'M # <R H 7

- 1 +X + 2 B@4 #

2684

< vD 0> ) ,H 1

&

0# >

0 3

> )

&

4<

j v@"

1 .

1.4 . !" P&8 R S ' *% +

< D" ) c 1 +X + s [ @"

$ 0Y €Y4 ,H '- [M0

2 '0s h10" + 0-

4 <R H .

6 # M#

7 1 vD 4 w+g 0> 0 04 |04 M # > & > )

&

<

.

< 2 B@4 684 - 1 +X + 7 )X # 4 ) < 4 M ) vD $ # 1

) ) C I 72 +

1387 .(

K)';

1 +X + s [ @"

684 - 1

< D"

'- .

P &T 1 . F 8UV

$ F

F 326 6 W X $X P&8 Y S!

&-8 U Z$0 F [

P \ T

B UV 8V

Effects Test F

00 0/

) 377 20/

( 55

8/

Cross-section F

00 0/

20 36

150/

Cross-section Chi-square

pRM :

& R4 S Z :S

P &T 2 . R ( + F 8UV

$ '] 6 W X $X P&8 ^ S %

P \

Chi-sq.d.f.

Chi-sq.Statistic Test Summary

0046 0/

44 06

15/

Cross –section random

pRM :

& R4 S Z :S

< D" 684 - 1 +X [ @"

10DH K'0 )X 0# $ # |4 M ) ,H '- $ 0-

4 # > & > ) <@B"

.

@b"

T 1 1DH ,;1 1S" <@B" $ -

_ R4 S T 0 ?@

1.Chow Test 2.Hausman Test 3.Fixed Effect Model 4.Random Effest Model

(12)

$% " &' 4

.

& (. Y |FJ $% 0" &' 7

W 0G: + $% 0" 0

0#

'0 .1

< ,R4 S <F . "

1 . 7

# ) ,# ,;1 }0M H ,0H < 0-

)1

2010 ( $ 0#

R4 S T 1DH $% " &' | s $ -

$% 0"

<0 ( 0I;

0C ) 0H

*0" #

$ H 7 R4 S ,H T

1DH $% " &' '0 0# K18( ) + <@B" $ -

_ '0

<

!"

) ) R4 S $ # $ ! $ - T

Z A 2 0H x 0Y $% 0" &'

7 04

#

$ ,G : 7

$% " &' ,#

) ) - '0 ,R4 S

. w) ) 0GH & 10s ,0#

WL & s $ 0-

$% 0"

'0 2 ) 0 9 0 )

$ !80Dc $% 0" &'0

' 2'- D .

, 7 ) 0- 0# K' 6 8v [ @"

R04 S ) T

2 )X $% 0" &'0

2' 4 .

1.1.4 . P _ :

` R ]$>%$a%

5 3 $ b 8 ' *%

)

#$% &

(

P &T 3 . O8 0 ' $J e6 %

$Xf8

#$% & $ )

3 $ b 8 B

#$% &

(E

O 38 +$ b 8 g6 $.

) h!"

( P \

Log(E(-1))

60 0/

00 0/

Log(S*P)

02 0/

00 0/

Log(CO)

17 0/

00 0/

Log(GDP)

36 0/

- 00

0/

Log(OILP)

/01

0 -

/02

0

F-statistic=61234 /66

(F) K 8@ =0/00

DW=0/61

R2=0/99

pRM :

& R4 S Z :S

)X # [ @"

!" # - X

,H 4 iU V W $ 0# 2' )X # | d T08-

0 ?@

0# 0-

4 C+ 4 $ l" <" R .

0 ) 2 0I# 0 ?@

0H $ ) + E 0" ) '0 .1 0 1U

) ( EX

M(

"

'M@G 2' K' + ) '"

. K)';

4 w) K'0 6 08v + 0s [ 0@"

< D"

'- .

1.King

(13)

2.1.4 .

< _ : 5 3 $ b 8 ' *% ` R ]$4$a%

)

#$% &

(

P &T 4 . O8 0 ' $J e6 %

$Xf8

#$% & $ )

3 $ b 8 B

#$% &

(X

O 38 +$ b 8 g6 $.

) h!"

( P \

Log (X(-1))

76 0/

00 0/

Log (EX)

003 0/

0002 0/

Log (CO)

/05

0

/03

0

Log (GDP)

17 0/

- 00

0/

Log (TFP)

/08

0

/0003

0

F-statistic=128/17178 P \=0/00

DW=1/85

R2=0/99

pRM :

& R4 S Z :S

8- ,H 1N K)';

3

< 2'- D #) 0 ?@ 7 1

,@0G 0Gv"

<0@B" & 0s

2'D" q S.

4 . ,#

; ) 2 I# ?@

$ ) ,H + E " ) ' .1 1U H 0 K'0 +

4 7'"' ?@

-

>

) C M(

'"

. K' ) - $% " &' ?@

>=

# ,0BA)

m

#, $ Y €Y4 ,H $ 1N 10

's >=

M( ) R]

$% " &' # m

,#

$ 1N {i] ,H 9 # w) K' Z# Y

1 's ) $% " &' _

ƒ 0 # RA

) $% 0" &' ~ 4 & R>

_ $ 0;

76 0/

'0s 0 '0- 1 9 0 .

+

< 14 7

>

(8; ) 6 + 4 G # :@

) K' K) ( $ 0Y €Y4 5

'0s

>=

) R]

M(

$% " &' # ) 0 (8; 0C ~ 0 04 & R> ƒ # )

+ 4 G

6 1 's $% " &' 7' # ,@ 9 02

0/

's '- 1 9

.

$ + C ' GH Y# K' ) - " 6# H T

0M( ) R]

$% 0" &'0 0# $

) $ Y €Y4 1

's M(

4 . 0- Z# 0Y 0 " <F . " ' .1 )

6 8v X>

M( ) <BM $% " &' # $

m

#, $'0s * 9 # ,H $ 1N

<F . " ' .1 )

# 6 8v ‚ 4 2

( $% 0" &'0 17

0/

'0s 9- 0H '0- 1

<C # WA 6 ,H 4

D" ) 'M- _ >=

04 ,# RG" ?@ 6 $g # $ C

?@

- 4 .

< D" [ @"

,H '- 2 I#

w) ) '0 .1 0 1U H $ ) €Y04

(14)

10 's M(

4 ) Y#

T # R]

$% " &' .

6 # 0M#

7 2 0I# 0C 0H $ )

' .1 1U 1

's '# 9 7 $% " &' 7~ 4 & R> ƒ # 08

0/

'0s

9 '- 1 .

K' )X # + s [ @" 7, 1DH

0 J $ - ,0V <0@B"

2' 4 .

2.4 .

$ ) + !" P&8 R S ' *%

Gv"

( $ # 2' w L" ) c 1 +X |4 M ) 6

4 .

< 0 & 0> ) ,H ' vD 7684 - 1 +X ) ) c 1 +X [ @" ,# ,;1 #

|4 M 4 ) ,@b" 6 Ht 2 R@0 0c 90v# 60 684 - G ,H 4 w+g

o # ,# ,;1 # ) 2' 10#

) 94 0/

(

Roh Random Effects

,0# R0G"

) 05 0/

(

Roh

Fixed Effects

|4 M < & > ) ,H ' vD 4

.(

P &T 5 . F 8UV

$ F

F 326 6 W X $X P&8 Y S!

&-8 U Z$0 F [

P \ T

B UV

= 8V

Effects Test

00 0/

) 294 20/

( 26 192/

Cross-section F

00 0/

20 30

846/

Cross-section Chi-square

pRM :

& R4 S Z :S

P &T 6 . O8 0 ' $J e6 %

$Xf8

#$% & $ )

3 $ b 8 B

#$% &

(E

$ b 8 O 38 + g6 $.

) h!"

( P \

Log (S*P)

003 0/

03 0/

Log (CO)

34 0/

00 0/

Log (GDP)

/46

0 -

/00

0

Log (EX)

01 0/

- 00

0/

Log (E(-1))

/41

0

/00

0

F-statistic=76/00 K 8@ =0/00

DW=1/71

R2=0/92

pRM : Z :S & R4 S

(15)

)X # [ @"

!" # - X

,H 4 04 j10 K'0 + # .

0 7 K'0 6 08v

?@

$ -

$% " 8 A )

B" 8 A (

2 I# ) $ ) M(

"

G 2' K' + ) '0"

.

# K)'; ‚ 4 6

7 ,#

?@ ;

$ - A $% " 8 2 I# )

$ ) 7 4 0 ?@

0> 0- ) 0C

M(

'"

.

>

G # :@

$ Y €Y4 (8; ) 6 + 4 1

's >=

0R]

) M(

$% " &' # )

7 0G ) 0 (8; 0C 7~ 0 04 & R> ƒ #

6 + 4 1

's 7' # ,@ 9

$% " &' 003

0/

's 9 0 '0- 1

G# ': ,H

<H'"

4 .

$ + C ' GH " 6# H Y#

T 0M( ) R]

&'0 0# $

) $% "

$ Y €Y4 1

's M(

4 . " <F . " ' .1 X>

<BM

M( ) $% " &' # $

m ,#

0 # ,H $ 1N . 0 " '0 .1 $'0s *0 9

<F

" &' $%

46 0/

'0s '0- 1 9- 0H ,0H 0

<0C # W0A 60 04

)

D"

'M- _ >=

?@ 6 $g # $ C 4

.

5 . 5J %

$ 4

<0F . 0 " '0 .1 # $% " W G: + $% " &' <0 ,R04 S

10 .

B@4 1DH $ # K1 6 + 2

$ - <@B"

) ,#

2f ) 1DH 0B" & 0s ,0H < - <0" )

'"

7 1DH ]

* ) 1•U $ - (

€ Ss 'Mc G "

$% " &' )

10DH 6 0-

< D" <(A ) ' + @8H '-

7 + 9v#

10DH 60 <0F . 0 " '0 .1 WlU 0-

' X B" ) + s $ - 4

< |;1 6 ) 0GH n v ,H 1

$% 0" &'0

o # 1 8H $% " &' ) s $ @

1 . 6 # M#

7 <0 IM0D 10

7 ,0#

10lM

R4 S T Z A ' X 7$% " &' <0F . 0 " ' .1 + B" ) + s $ -

1DH 6 - GH 1 10DH 6 $% " ,# B" & s 2 ) 0 0-

1 . ,(. Y 6 1DH $ #

0. ) - <@B" $ - 10 +X

W0I ) '0 0L @" 6 0

T

,#

4 2' X 2 I# ?@ ,# ‰1#

M( K) K' ,H 4 ' .1 1U H $ ) 10R"

7

Y# ?@ 6 ,H ' 2'- D w) K' T

$% " &' # R]

. 1DH $ 0-

7Z :S 6 <4 # 1 <@B"

M + T : 2 0I# $ 0 1U 0H $ ) & '0A '0 .1

4 ,@ !" & 1s <4 4 ) $';

. 1DH 6 -

*

<.1 S '"

) 0B" # <M@R $ @A

(16)

'"

( ) ,(41 €Y4 q S. + 0 "

'0" '" 0A <R04 M '0Mc (0d) )

10;) 0#

' X

< DR " B" ) + ,H <@B!M- $ - J 7 1

|F 7 ) 2'MMH '"

,0# '0Mc )

.1:

T 2 I# 1RI# ) ' .1 k$ )

1U ' .1

" ,;1 b 2 '"

. 08 A 0 ,0H '0 2'- D

1DH $% " &' ) $% "

0Y# <4 # 1 $ - T

) '0" 10;) <0 vD ~0:

1DH K) ) -

Y# <@B" $ T

@R0G" | 0d ,0H '0 2'- D <BM

{

<H'0"

04 .

6 $% " 8 A ,H 4 Ht 1DH

@RG" -

{

w) 0. ) 4 •'"

K 0(@

+ 04 $

,# $% " 8 A }M- 2 8-

<0 2'- 0D $% " 9- H I; $+ 4 10

.

1DH J $ - 7Z0 :S 6 <4 # 1 <@B"

0Y#

T 0M(

) $% 0" 08 A 0 $

'D" 2'- D $% " &' .

Y# 1;) T

R]

?@

$ - ) (8;

6 + 04 G

$% " &' ) N

< D"

+ 4 - ,H ,c *0 0G 0 0 (8; 10DH @0D #

$

' # ,@

0 + L"X ,# ,H $ 0# $ @0D # $% 0" ,0# 0 (8; <C'0MH ) 0 + .

8 ) 04 + 0 " 4 ) :"

0 $% 0" &'0 04 @0D # X

. 6 # 0M#

7 , 0s1

<

1DH 6 1 -

$ #

# ; 6 9- H ,

< ; 0@8H $% 0" 0 ) 0- 2 +

$ 0-

1 2 B@4 ' '; <N R 7

,# + ,bR $ C H < 0UiN $ 0-

7 < # 0v 7 0@" @M )

<

# ; 9- H ) ‰ R $ A # b ,

2 H W- < ; 4

. ,0H h1d1 6 ,# MU #

1DH 6 - s 'MMH _ B"

'"

) pB@M + E " 9 +

<

'"10 7 0Y# 10;) T

0R]

1DH 6 $% " &' ) + E "

- ) w) K' (

' 2'- D .

7 '0 2'- 0D

,H 1DH J $ - <@B"

#

< 9- H $% " &' + E " 9 '#

7 1DH 6 + 0-

'8U

{ )

'MMH _

$% "

'"

) E " 9 # +

,# ) K R"

X 9 0M - T & ) &'0

1DH 6 $% "

< 9- H - '#

. 6 Me8- 7 Z :S [ @"

<H 4 X + ,0H

0Y#

T

$ + C D@"

' GH 4 R] $% " &' ) 6# H 7

0 + 10DH |0FJ $ 0-

'" A ,(41 < '@# Z :S 6 <4 # 1 7)

p Ms H 8 ,# ,;1 #

I - 7 1DH 6 -

I @GC

104 0 9 7<M D"

<F 0G $ 0- 7

)

<C 1.X

$ - < X + < "

m ,# 6

# ] T 4 $ Y }"+

g1`G $ # )

4 4

1DH $ @A C

0- 0 $ 0#

+ 0C 0D@" 0 9- 0H

$ 6# 0H ' 0GH

2 c H <D '"

$% " ) ' .1 I; ) 'MM '" # w'A • $ -

. 4 Ht

(17)

G : ' # ,H T

@S <" I; €Y4 $% " &' W # ‰

+ 7 $% " &' 0@8H

) . 1DH *

{

2 I# $ M( ,#

$ ) @D # 6b8 ) G " 1DH X

<C'0"+ €Y4 4

6 1DH X

# ' . G : $ # u T

,0U18L '0 # € Ss 0 1U + $

>r0 0#

C l" $% " &' .

,H 4 D" N ' # | 0s + $ G#

0l"

X # '"

,H ' # T + $% "

14

<F G $ - 7

,#

2f ) B"

7 0# X ) 04 n

$% " ) M" K g ) ' 'L # A $ -

$% " ' 7$ # 7$' 1 $ - )

) 0A <0#X

2 I# 9 #

$ # $ ) $% " 9- H

) # 9 w 0 <- CX €Y4 $ 0#

Š0B

' 1H <( RN p# M .

i A8

1 . 1"1#

<F(4 RU 7$

2 +X 7 Rb " ) )

1388 .(

» T0 L &'0

$% 0"

) T0(. Y $ 10

(Ms 8 4 (

« 7 T MF K'

$+ 4

$ @A

7 7 7 77 0 99 .

2 . 6G wiJ 7 '8S 7 " ) 6 G 6

) 1387 .(

»

<# + G" @ 0- ) $ 0

9- H

&'

$% "

1DH

$ - 1•U

* )

« 7 T MF

& (. Y

@A $% 0"

7 16 7

157 0 184 .

3 . ,. 7y 4 )

1387 .(

»

&'

$% "

: 1U >=

C ) 6 8v

* p# 0 $ IM0D

« 7

MF T

& (. Y

@A

$% "

7 5 ) 18 ( 7 177 0 201 .

4 . :- ) 7$'I 7 B" 7$'I 7<A s 7 8 FU 7<B

-+ 7<" R )

1387 .(

» T0 L

&'

$% "

p Ms

« 7 T MF 9-)f

$ -

$ @A

7 35 7 79 0 110 .

5 . 008U

<00.g 7 008 FU 7<B 00 7<BY00 72 + 7$ 'B00s ) W 00 7<" IB00s

$'00I

) 1382 .(

»

<F FS + '")

&'

$% "

1DH

$ -

«OECD

7 MF T T M0D-)f

<" C + # 7 28 7 95 0 118 .

6.

'8S 7‚ Y 1; 7< # ) 6G

) 1389 .(

» 0 FS 0 1U >r0

0#

0 ? 0D@"

$ ' 00GH 6# 00H 900v#

<- 00C) "

00 ) 1378 0 1386 ( 7 MF00 T

& 00: :S

K'

$+ 4

$ @A

7 1 7 135 0 153 .

(18)

7 . < i4 $ 1I8; $ H *" # C )

1389 .(

» 2 0I#

$ ) ) &'0 $% 0"

) I;

« 7 _

<4 # - ) 4 4

$ -

7$ @A

1 0 11 .

8 .

$+ 1C 7 d ) 1388 .(

»

<4 # FU ?

$% "

9v#

(Ms 0#

2 B@4 + ) , L

« 7 6 8@B- 9 8-

<F

$% "

7 1 0 5 .

9 . 7 C I "

) 72 + d ' 8 ) 1387 .(

<LM4 @A 0"

7 0@

0I : 0D"

2 !D"

I .

10 .

$ BJ ) -+ 7<I. "

, d 7*.1C )

1388 .(

» T(41

$ @A

) <C 10.X ~ 0S

G + 1DH

$ - 1•U 8 1 1 H ) 1DH

$ -

$ 4X j1M;

<# J )

#

= ' H 0#

<MSM + G

<Y S u@"+1H ( 7 T MD-)f w1FU

$ @A

7 35 7 105 0 126 .

11 . s M. 'RU 7<@8- )

1383 .(

@A

$% "

7 I : r G4 T

& (. Y 6 #

<FF8.

$% "

.

12. Alca’ntara, V. & Duarte, A. (2004 .) Comparison of energy intensities in European Union countries results of a structural decomposition analysis, Energy Policy, 32, 177-184.

13. Ang, B.W. & Liu, N. (2006). A Cross-Country analysis of aggregate energy and Baumann, F. (2008). Energy security, Applied Policy Research, Affairs 1.

14. Cornillies, J. & Fankhauser, S. (2000). The energy intensity of transition countries, European Bank, Working Paper, 72, 1-26.

15. Duro, J.A., Al ca’ntara, V. & Padilla, E. (2010). International inequality in energy intensity levels and the role of production composition and energy efficiency: an analysis of OECD countries, Ecological Economics, 69, 2468-2474.

16. Ezcurra, R. (2007). Energy intensity in transition economies: Is there convergence towards the EU average?, Energy policy, 35, 5254-5259.

17. Feng, T., Sun, L. & Zhang, Y. (2009). The relationship between energy consumption structure: Economic structure and energy intensity in China, Energy Policy, 37, 5475-5483.

(19)

18. Galli, R. (1998). The relationship between energy intensity and income levels: Forecasting longterm energy demand in Asian emerging countries, The Energy Journal, 19(4), 85-105.

19. Gately, D. & Hungtinton, H. (2001). Assymetric effects of changes in price and income on energy and oil demand, Energy journal, 23(1), 19-55.

20. Goldemberg, J. & Prado, L.T.S. (2011). The decline of the world’s energy intensity, Energy policy, 34, 1802-1805.

21. Herring, H. (1999). Does energy efficiency save energy? The debate and its consequences, Applied Energy, 63, 209-226.

22. International Atomic Energy Agency (2005). Energy Indicators for Sustainable Development: Guidelines and Methodologies, Vienna, Austria. Retrieved from http://www.iaea.com.

23. International Energy Agency (2008). World Energy Outlook 2008, Paris, Retrived from http://www.iea.com.

24. Kemmler, A. & Spreng, D. (2007). Energy indicators for tracking sustainability in developing countries, Energy policy, 35, 2466-2480.

25. King, C. (2010). Energy intensity ratios as net energy measures of United States energy production and expenditures, Environmental Research Letters, 5.

26. Liddle, B. (2010). Revisiting world energy intensity convergence for regional differences, Applied energy, 87, 3218-3225.

27. Markandya, A., Pedroso- Galinato, S. & Streimikiene, D. (2006). Energy intensity in transition economies: Is there convergence towards the EU average?, Energy Economics, 28, 121-145.

28. Martinez, C.I.P. (2009). Energy efficiency developments in the manufacturing industries of Germany and Colmbia 1998-2005, Energy for Sustainable Development, 13, 189-201.

29. Medlock III, K.B. & Soligo, R. (2001). Economic development and end- use energy Demand, The Energy Journal, 22(2), 77-105.

30. Mendiluce, M., Perez-Arriaga, I. & Ocana, C. (2010). Comparison of the evolution of energy intensity in Spain and in the EU15, Why is Spain different?, Energy Policy, 38, 639-645.

(20)

31. Oikonomou, V., Becchis, F., Steg, L. & Russolillo, D. (2004). Energy saving and energy efficiency concepts for policy making, Energy policy, 37, 4787-4796.

32. Silva, F.I.A. & Guerra, S.M.G. (2009). Analysis of the energy intensity evolution in the Brazilian industrial sector 1995 to 2005, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 13, 2589-2596.

33. Silveria, F.C. & Luken, R.A. (2008). Global overview of industrial energy intensity, Energy policy, 36, 2658-2664.

34. Streimikiene, D. & Silvickas, G. (2008). The EU sustainable energy policy indicators framework, Environment International, 34, 1227-1240.

35. Sun, J.W. (2002). The decrease in the difference of energy intensities between OECD countries from 1971 to 1998, Energy Policy, 30, 631-635.

36. Unander, F., Karbuz, S., Schipper, L., khurushch, M. & Ting, M. (1999).

Manufacturing energy use in OECD countries: Decomposition of long- term trends. Energy Policy, 27, 769-778.

37. Varone, F. & Aebischer, B. (2001). Energy efficiency: The challenges of policy design, Energy Policy, 29, 615-624.

38. Vazhayil, P. & Balasubramanian, R. (2010). Copenhagen commitments and implications: A comparative analysis of India and China, Energy policy, 38, 7442-7450.

39. War, B., Ayres, R., Eisenmenger, A., Krausmann, F. & Schandl, H.

(2010). Energy use and economic development: A comparative analysis of useful work supply in Austria, Japan, the United Kingdom and the US during 100 years of economic growth, Ecological economics, 69, 1904- 1917.

40. Zhang, H., Zhou. D. & Cao, J. (2011). A quantitative assessment of energy strategy evolution in China and US, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15, 886-890.

41. Zhao, X., Ma, C. & Hong, D. (2010). Why did China's energy intensity increase during 1998-2006: Decomposition and policy analysis, Energy policy, 38, 1379-1388.

Referensi

Dokumen terkait

The finding of this study suggests that the employee retention of a private university in Bangladesh significantly depends upon four of the eight factors such as university