Volume 10, Number 3 (April 2023):4369-4377, doi:10.15243/jdmlm.2023.103.4369 ISSN: 2339-076X (p); 2502-2458 (e), www.jdmlm.ub.ac.id
Open Access 4369
Research Article
Land suitability evaluation for Curcuma zedoaria Rosc. in the community forest of the upstream Bengawan Solo watershed, Wonogiri, Indonesia
Widyatmani Sih Dewi*, Supriyadi, Purwanto, Aisyah Defara Rahmadani, Wahyu Galang Pranata, Ganjar Herdiansyah
Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta, Indonesia
*corresponding author: widyatmanisih@staff.uns.ac.id
Abstract Article history:
Received 29 July 2022 Accepted 21 December 2022 Published 1 April 2023
The soil in the upstream Bengawan Solo watershed is at high risk of degradation related to a high erosion rate. Finding the proper crop type with land suitability is critical to protect against further soil degradation.
This study aimed to determine the land suitability of white turmeric (Curcuma zedoaria) and the limiting factors in the upstream Bengawan Solo watershed community forest. This research was descriptive- explorative based on a survey of four land map units (LMUs) of Sumberejo village (LMU1, LMU2, LMU3, and LMU4), Batuwarno, Wonogiri. The number of sample points at each LMU depended on the total area of the LMU and was repeated four times. LMU results from overlay soil type maps, administrative maps, rainfall maps, and slope maps. Land suitability assessment was analyzed using the matching method. The land suitability classes of the upstream Bengawan Solo for white turmeric were S3 eh, and N eh. The limiting factors on land suitability for white turmeric are erosion hazards and slopes. The efforts to improve the limiting factor can be made by contour cultivation and repairing the terrace.
Keywords:
agroforestry understory white turmeric
To cite this article: Dewi, W.S., Supriyadi, Purwanto, Rahmadani, A.D., Pranata, W.G. and Herdiansyah G. 2023. Land suitability evaluation for Curcuma zedoaria Rosc. in the community forest of the upstream Bengawan Solo watershed, Wonogiri, Indonesia. Journal of Degraded and Mining Lands Management 10(3):4369-4377, doi:10.15243/jdmlm.2023.103.4369.
Introduction
The Bengawan Solo Watershed is one of the 108 critical watersheds with priority handling, as stated in the Minister of Forestry No Decree. SK.328/Menhut- II/2009 (Minister of Forestry of the Republic of Indonesia, 2009). The erosion rate of the upstream Bengawan Solo watershed is high at 44 t ha-1 year-1, and the productivity of the land continues to decline (Sutrisno et al., 2011). This condition is suspected to be due to land mismanagement in the area. The poor upstream condition of Bengawan Solo watershed needs serious attention from all parties.
The lack of cover crops and understory can affect erosion which is exacerbated by high slopes and intense rainfall (Mu et al., 2015; Gartzia-Bengoetxea
et al., 2021). Land management outside its capabilities, minimum soil resources conservation, and low public awareness continuously impact soil damage and threaten water availability, food and energy security, biodiversity, soil quality, and human well-being (Anusha et al., 2022). Therefore, a strategy is needed to prevent further degradation of the upstream area of the Bengawan Solo watershed by developing an agroforestry model, which combines tree planting on community forest land with crops on the same land area.
Covering the soil surface with vegetation or creating an agroforestry system are necessary steps to stop and lessen the ongoing soil degradation (Singh et al., 2021; Tang et al., 2021; Jinger et al., 2022). For this reason, it is essential to find plant varieties that are
Open Access 4370 tolerant of shade, have a high economic value, are
suitable for planting on the land, and are desired by the locals to entice their involvement in managing the land. White turmeric (Curcuma zedoaria Rosc.) is the preferred option because the Wonogiri Regency is home to many traditional herbal medicine business owners. White turmeric is highly beneficial for curing specific diseases, especially tumours and cancer (Silalahi, 2020). As a medicinal plant and raw material for herbal products, the availability of white turmeric is highly needed by the local community in the Wonogiri Regency. The demand for turmeric exports in 2018 reached 9,049.26 tons, worth 12.26 million dollars, which increased by 1,457.75 tons from 2017 (BPS, 2018).
Sumberejo Village, Wonogiri, located in the upstream Bengawan Solo watershed area, implements vegetative conservation by planting trees in community forests such as mahogany, teak, sengon, and acacia. However, field observations show that the use of community forest land has yet to be maximized, indicated by the small number of understory plantings that can have economic value and are still focused on timber products. These problems can be overcome by conservation activities, such as the agroforestry system that consider the principles of sustainable agriculture, which can maintain the carrying capacity of the environment, create equitable development results, and increase community economic growth (Pandey, 2007).
Planting understory on the forest floor with medicinal plants such as white turmeric can increase soil fertility, reduce erosion, and increases people's income sources (Hadi et al., 2016). Community forest management with a combination of medicinal plants in the Majenang District positively contributes to the family economy (Widyaningsih and Achmad, 2012).
The community’s need for white turmeric as a medicinal plant and raw material for herbal products is considered to continue to increase, so planting white turmeric as an understory in forest plants in Sumberejo village, Wonogiri, is highly needed.
White turmeric cultivation requires careful land management and planning by considering the agroforestry system and focusing on conservation in forest plantations. Recently, white turmeric has been planted as an understory plant of the forest plants to optimize the potential of the existing land. Land use requires effective management to achieve optimal productivity and preserve the environment for future generations (Ingle et al., 2019). Land evaluation is carried out as a basis for planning and managing resources for specific purposes whose assessment is based on human resources, the physical environment (Sarkar et al., 2014), and the economics of the area under consideration (Mohana et al., 2009; Kurşun and Dengiz, 2020). Assessment of land suitability uses several factors, such as climate, land use and land cover, land surface temperature, soil type, and
topography (Moisa et al., 2022). The output of the assessment of land suitability is shown in the map to facilitate the delivery of information on the location and size of the area (Ahmad et al., 2022; Dornik et al., 2022; Moisa et al., 2022).
This study aimed to determine the land suitability class along with the limiting factors and their improvement efforts for white turmeric under community forest stands in Sumberejo Village, the upstream Bengawan Solo watershed, Wonogiri, Indonesia.
Materials and Methods Research site
The research was conducted in the community forest of Sumberejo Village, Batuwarno, Wonogiri, Indonesia, located at 7o56'-7o59' S and 110o57'- 110o59' E. Sumberejo Village has a total area of 522 ha with a forest area of about 191 ha. The soil analysis was carried out at the Laboratory of Soil Physics and Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Sebelas Maret University. This area is associated with flat to almost flat (2-8%) to moderately steep to steeply sloping (25-40%). The mean annual temperature is 25 oC, and the mean annual rainfall is 2168 mm.
Research design
The descriptive-explorative research included field surveys and soil sampling. The unit of analysis was the Land Map Unit (LMU), with a scale of 1:25,000, consisting of four LMUs (LMU1, LMU2, LMU3, and LMU4). LMU resulted from overlaying administrative maps, soil type maps, slope maps, land use maps and rainfall maps made by ArcGIS software. The number of soil sample points was based on purposive random sampling. The suitability of the land was determined using the matching method (Singha and Swain, 2016) with the requirements for growing white turmeric plants.
Survey and soil sampling
The field survey included physical environmental conditions: measuring slope, slope length (Dharamraj and Govindaraju, 2020), light intensity, drainage, erosion hazard, flooding and inundation, land use, and analysis of lime content. The pre-survey stage was carried out by collecting data and compiling a working map. The working map was created by overlaying the land use map (community forest), topographic map (2- 8%; 8-15%; 15-25%; 25-40%), rainfall map (2168 mm/year), and soil type map (Inceptisols) (Figure 1).
The results of the overlay produced four distributions of Land Map Units (LMU) based on the slope, namely flat-undulating (2-8%; LMU1), rolling (>8-15%;
LMU2), moderately steep (>15-25%; LMU3), and steep (>25-40%; LMU4). There were six sampling points in each LMU.
Open Access 4371 Figure 1. Sampling points map.
Soil samples were taken at a depth of 30 cm.
Observation of land characteristics was carried out on an area of 200 m2.
Land suitability analysis
The land suitability class was determined by matching it to turmeric growing requirements based on the Technical Instructions and Guidelines for Land Suitability Evaluation of Strategic Agricultural Commodities (Wahyunto et al., 2016) (Table 1). The evaluation criteria to address the land suitability were based on soil texture, salinity and alkalinity, total N (Kjeldahl method), organic C (Walkley and Black method), available P (Bray 2 method), exchangeable K (ammonium acetate extract), soil pH (pH meter with a soil water ratio of 1:2.5), base saturation, and cation exchange capacity (ammonium acetate extract) that were measured as representative soil properties (Eviati and Sulaeman, 2012). Land suitability class assessment was carried out up to the sub-class level, indicating the limiting factors for each location. The highly suitable class is symbolized by "S1", moderately suitable is "S2", marginally suitable is
"S3", and not suitable land is represented by "N" based on the Guidelines for Land Evaluation of Rainfed Agriculture (FAO, 1983).
Results and Discussion Land characteristic
Sumberejo village has an inceptisol soil type with wavy and hilly topography and is dominated by layers of limestone. According to Herdiansyah et al. (2022),
Inceptisols are developing soils, and the level of weathering is vital. It is due to the high amount of weatherable minerals and already weathering.
Inceptisols have low fertility levels (Habi et al., 2014) and easily experience soil degradation (Mujiyo et al., 2022). In addition, the topographical conditions at the study site also give the impression that the Sumberejo area seems to be a rock outcrop soil with a thin solum, and the soil is between rocks (Ekawati, 2006).
The research location is in community forest stands such as sengon, teak, mahogany, and acacia which have implemented terrace construction on the slopes.
Table 2 shows the land characteristics of each LMU.
The average temperature of Sumberejo is 25 °C with a rainfall intensity of 2,168 mm year-1 in all LMUs. This shows that the research location is in the "highly suitable" class or S1 for temperature but has the
"moderately suitable" or S2 category for rainfall intensity. Rainfall and temperature significantly affect the soil surface layer's runoff and determine soil properties, which can leach off alkaline cations and cause soil acidity (Raza et al., 2021). Increased rainfall can cause soil damage and decrease productivity due to soil nutrients and organic matter loss, especially in the soil surface layer (Xu et al., 2015). The drainage level of all LMUs shows a moderate category in the
"highly suitable" or S1 class with soil texture from fine to slightly fine, rough material <15% and soil depth between 50-70 cm. Soil drainage affects soil aeration and is related to the ability of roots to absorb soil nutrients (Gavrilescu, 2021). If the soil is well aerated, it will help the growth of plant roots and enrich the root tissue in absorbing soil nutrients (Ben-Noah, 2021).
Open Access 4372 Table 1. Land suitability classification of turmeric (Ritung et al., 2011).
Land Characteristics Land Suitability Class
S1 S2 S3 N
Temperature (tc)
- Average temperature (°C) 22-28 28-34 34-40 >40
18-22 15-18 <15
Water availability (wa)
- Rainfall (mm) 1,000-2,000 500-1,000 250-500 <250
2,000-3,000 3,000-4,000 >4,000 Oxygen availability (oa)
- Drainage Fine, Medium Rather
Hampered Hampered,
Rather Fast Very Slow, Fast Rooting media (rc)
- Texture Rather Smooth,
Medium Fine Sightly Rough,
Very Smooth Rough
- Rough material (%) <15 15-35 35-55 >55
- Soil depth (cm) >50 >50 25-50 <25
Nutrient retention (nr)
- Soil CEC (cmol(+) kg-1) >16 5-16 <5
- Base saturation (%) >35 20-35 <20
- pH (H2O) 5.0-6.0 4.5-5.0 < 5.5
6.0-.5 >7.5
- Organic C (%) >1.2 0.8-1.2 <0.8
Nutrient available (na)
- N (%) Medium Low Very Low
- P2O5 (mg 100 g-1) Medium Low Very Low
- K2O (mg 100g-1) Medium Low Very Low
Toxicity(xc)
- Salinity (dS m-1) <4 4-6 6-8 >8
Sodicity (xn)
- Alkalinity/ESP (%) <15 15-20 20-25 >25
Erosion hazard (eh)
- Slope (%) <3 3-8 8-15 >15
- Erosion Danger Very Light Light-Medium Heavy-Very
Heavy Flood/stagnation hazard at
planting time (fh)
- Height (cm) - 25 25-50 >50
- Length (day) - <7 7-14 >14
Land preparation (lp) 5-15 15-40 >40
- Surface rock (%) <5
- Rock outcrop (%) <5 5-15 15-25 >25
The soil texture in the research location shows a
“moderately suitable” for turmeric, and it has high CEC values ranging from 31.67 to 34.17 cmol kg-1, which showed “highly suitable” or S1. Rakesh et al.
(2020) confirmed that Inceptisol has a very high clay content. Thus, it affects the high soil CEC in the research area. The soil CEC value is related to soil texture (Suryani et al., 2021) and is influenced by isomorphic substitution and variable loads originating from the types of minerals contained in the soil (Strawn, 2021). The pH value of 6.99 to 7.31 is neutral, which categorizes the "moderately suitable" or S2 class. The pH value determines whether plants absorb nutrients quickly. The base saturation value of all LMUs is low (21.72 to 25.68%) and belongs to the
"moderately suitable" or S2 class. The low weight of base saturation is affected by the presence of alkaline leaching by bulk precipitation (Minardi and Widjianto, 2004; Vogt et al., 2007). The organic matter content is moderate, ranging from 2.25 to 2.61%. The content of organic matter is related to the rate of decomposition.
The decomposition rate of organic matter in the forest usually undergoes a lengthy process influenced by the quality of litter and climatic conditions (Krishna and Mohan, 2017). The available nutrients of total N and available K are a moderate category in all LMUs and are included in the "highly suitable" or S1 class.
Meanwhile, the available P-values are categorized as low (LMU 1, 2, 3) for the S2 class or "moderately suitable" to very low (LMU 4) for the S3 type or
Open Access 4373
"marginally suitable". The low value of available P can be caused by the binding of these elements by Al and Fe elements so that they are immobile. The soil texture
also influences the available P. P content is higher in coarse-textured soils than in fine-textured soils (Amsili et al., 2021).
Table 2. Land Characteristics in each Land Map Unit (LMU).
Land Characteristics Land Map Unit (LMU)
LMU 1 Land
Class LMU 2 Land
Class LMU 3 Land
Class LMU 4 Land Class Temperature (tc)
- Average temperature
(°C) 25 S1 25 S1 25 S1 25 S1
Water availability (wa)
- Rainfall (mm) 2168 S2 2168 S2 2168 S2 2168 S2
Oxygen availability (oa)
- Drainage Medium S1 Medium S1 Medium S1 Medium S1
Rooting media (rc)
- Texture Fine S2 Fine S2 Slightly
Smooth
S1 Fine S2
- Rough material (%) <15 S1 <15 S1 <15 S1 <15 S1
- Soil depth (cm) 70 S1 57 S1 53 S1 50 S2
Nutrient retention (nr)
- Soil CEC (cmol(+) kg-1) 33.15 S1 31.67 S1 34.17 S1 33.6 S1
- Base saturation (%) 21.72 S2 25.68 S2 25.21 S2 23.29 S2
- pH H2O 6.99 S2 7.05 S2 7.31 S2 7.06 S2
- Organic C (%) 2.43 S1 2.26 S1 2.61 S1 2.25 S1
Nutrient available (na)
- N (%) Medium S1 Medium S1 Medium S1 Medium S1
- P2O5 (mg 100 g-1) Low S2 Low S2 Low S2 Very low S3
- K2O (mg 100 g-1) Medium S1 Medium S1 Medium S1 Medium S1
Toxicity (xc)
- Salinity (dS m-1) 0.11 S1 0.13 S1 0.12 S1 0.15 S1
Sodicity (xn)
- Alkalinity/ESP (%) 8.35 S1 11.07 S1 10.06 S1 9.65 S1
Erosion hazard (eh)
- Slope (%) 6 S2 13 S3 22 N1 33 N1
- Erosion Danger Light
weight S3 Medium S3 Medium S3 Medium S3
Flood/stagnation hazard at planting time (fh)
- Height (cm) - S1 - S1 - S1 - S1
- Length (day) - S1 - S1 - S1 - S1
Land Preparation (lp)
- Surface rock (%) 7 S2 14 S2 31 S3 25 S3
- Rock outcrop (%) 6 S2 11 S2 16 S3 14 S2
Salinity indicates environmental stress caused by the high dissolved salt in the soil. High-dissolved salts can affect the soil's structure, pH, and permeability (Nematollahi et al., 2016; Singh et al., 2018). They can hinder plant physiological functions (Islam et al., 2011), such as plants' absorption of nutrients and water. The value of soil salinity is included in the shallow category for all LMUs, ranging from 0.11 dS m-1 to 0.15 dS m-1, and belongs to the "highly suitable"
or S1 class. The exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) in all LMUs ranged from 8.35 to 11.07%. ESP values that exceed 15% can damage the soil structure
and inhibit the development of plant roots (Wahyunto et al., 2016). Field assessments of erosion hazards showed varying categories, namely low to moderate.
The slope of the study site, respectively, from LMU 1 was 6% (quite suitable/S2), 13% (according to marginal/S3), 22%, and 33% (not suitable/N).
Conservation techniques have been applied on all slopes by making bench terraces with varying terrace heights depending on land conditions. The terrace's purpose is to cut the slope and reduce the potential for erosion. The potential for erosion will be even more tremendous due to the high slope and rainfall intensity
Open Access 4374 (Mu et al., 2015; Gartzia-Bengoetxea et al., 2021). In
addition, surface rocks and rock outcrops were also observed in the field. The surface rocks of the study site are classified as "moderately suitable" or S2 (LMU 1 and 2) and "marginally suitable" or S3 (LMU 3 and 4). Likewise, rock outcrops also consist of
"moderately suitable" or S2 (LMU 1, 2, and 4) and
"marginally suitable"/S3 (LMU 3) classes.
Evaluation of land suitability class
The land use classification generates information and directions (Sarkar et al., 2014; Young, 2016). The matching process results from LMUs in Sumberejo village in a classification ranging from 'highly suitable' to 'not suitable' (Table 3) with several limiting factors.
Land evaluation produces current land suitability (Figure 2) and potential land suitability (Figure 3). The area of the potential land suitability class is
“moderately suitable” or S2; rc, eh, lp there is
175.00 ha, while the potential land suitability class is
“marginally suitable” or S3; eh, lp has an area of 64.07 ha (Figure 3). The assessment results of the current land suitability class in LMU 1 and 2 are included in the “marginally suitable” class or S3 with a limiting factor of erosion hazard (eh). The limiting factor at LMU 1 is the erosion hazard and at LMU 2 is the slope and erosion hazard. The current land suitability class in LMU 3 and 4 shows a class of “not suitable” or N with an erosion hazard limiting factor (eh). The level of improvement efforts that can be carried out on all LMUs is the moderate management level, increasing the land class one level higher than the current condition (Table 3). Soil texture, surface rock, and rock outcrops are limiting factors that cannot be improved even with a high management level.
These properties become limiting factors in potential land suitability classes.
Figure 2. Current land suitability class for white turmeric cultivation in Sumberejo village.
Table 3. Land suitability evaluation.
Land Map Unit Land Suitability Class
(LMU) Current Repaired Potential
1, 2 S3; eh + S2; rc, eh, lp
Erosion Danger
- Slope - Terrace
- Erosion Danger Contour Cultivation
3, 4 N1; eh + S3; eh, lp
Erosion Danger
- Slope - Terrace
Open Access 4375 Figure 3. Potential land suitability class for white turmeric cultivation in Sumberejo village.
Efforts to improve limiting factors
In the research area, efforts to improve the limiting factor must consider the technological and economic aspects (availability of capital). Overall, erosion hazard is a limiting factor in all LMUs and is included in the "marginally suitable" or S3 class. Erosion hazards and slopes are related. One factor that affects the amount of erosion is the slope (Adnan et al., 2021).
The greater the slope, the greater the resulting erosion rate. The type of effort to improve the limiting factor of slopes and erosion hazards is to combine terrace repair, planting parallel to the contour, and planting trees or plants with high economic value, such as Curcuma zedoaria Rosc., in an agroforestry system.
The plant roots can bind the soil to reduce erosion rates and improve the local community's economy. An agroforestry system with shade trees is specifically being utilized for growing turmeric as an understorey crop to a significant extent (Akpan et al., 2013).
Optimal land use will produce high crop productivity and is inseparable from determining land suitability classes (Girma et al., 2015) based on land properties such as climate, topography, hydrology, and soil biophysics. Enhancing the existing terrace building aims to reduce the high run-off rate and increase the water absorption area. Improving soil fertility due to erosion can be done by adding organic matter. Adding organic matter can also provide a source of nutrients
for turmeric plants. The application of compost can provide the necessary nutrition for crop growth and offer long-term benefits for soil health and sustainable agricultural cultivation (Suntoro et al., 2020; Arifah et al., 2021).
Conclusion
The current land suitability class to develop white curcuma in Sumberejo village, Wonogiri, is classified as "marginally suitable" (S3) and "not suitable" (N), with the limiting factor of all LMU being erosion hazard (eh). The potential land suitability classes are
"moderately suitable" (S2) with the limiting factors of rooting media (rc), erosion hazards (eh), and land preparation (lp); and "marginally suitable" (S3) with erosion hazards (eh) and land preparation (lp) as limiting factors. The efforts to improve the current condition of the land are to combine repairing terraces, planting parallel to the contours, applying organic fertilizer, and developing white curcuma-based agroforestry.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank Sebelas Maret University, which has funded this research through the 2022 Higher Education Excellence Research Grant scheme.
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