بررسی اثر قاچاق کالا و درجه‌ی باز بودن تجاری بر رشد اقتصادی در ایران

(1)

ﻪﺟﺭﺩ ﻭ ﻻﺎﻛ ﻕﺎﭼﺎﻗ ﺮﺛﺍ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺯﺎﺑ ﻱ

ﺪﺷﺭ ﺮﺑ ﻱﺭﺎﺠﺗ ﻥﺩﻮﺑ

ﻥﺍﺮﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ

ﻡﺪﻗﻮﻜﻴﻧ ﺩﻮﻌﺴﻣ

*

ﻲﻣﺰﺟ ﺎﻨﻴﻣ ،1 2

1 . ﺩﺭﻮﻨﺠﺑ ﻩﺎﮕﺸﻧﺍﺩ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺭﺎﻳﺩﺎﺘﺳﺍ

، nikooghadam@ub.ac.ir

2

،ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺪﺷﺭﺍ ﺱﺎﻨﺷﺭﺎﻛ . Minajazmi@yahoo.com

:ﺖﻓﺎﻳﺭﺩ ﺦﻳﺭﺎﺗ 20

/ 03 / 1396 :ﺵﺮﻳﺬﭘ ﺦﻳﺭﺎﺗ 28

/ 06 / 1396

ﻩﺪﻴﻜﭼ ﻻﺎﻛ ﻕﺎﭼﺎﻗ ﻪﺑ

ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﻩﺯﻮﺣ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺪﻳﺪﻬﺗ ﻭ ﻲﻋﺎـﻤﺘﺟﺍ ،ﻲﻣﺎـﻈﻧ ،ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ،ﻲﺳﺎﻴﺳ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ

ﻪﺑ ﻩﮋﻳﻭ ﺚﺤﺑ ﺕﺎﻋﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻜﻳ ﻪﺑ ،ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺰﻴﮕﻧﺍﺮﺑ

ﻝﺎﺳ ﺎﻫ ﺎﺗﺮﺳ ﺭﺩ ﺮﻴﺧﺍ ﻱ ﻩﺪـﺷ ﻞﻳﺪﺒﺗ ﻥﺎﻬﺟ ﺮﺳ

ﺖﺳﺍ

، ﺭﺩ ﻲﻟﺎﺣ ﻪﻛ ﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﻪﺒﻨﺟ ﻪﺑ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺕﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺮ ﺕﺍﺮـﺛﺍ ﻞـﻴﻠﺤﺗ ﻭ ﻪـﻳﺰﺠﺗ ﻭ ﻕﺎﭼﺎﻗ ﻱﺮﻈﻧ ﻱﺎﻫ

ﻪﺘﺧﺍﺩﺮﭘ ﻥﺁ ﻲﻫﺎﻓﺭ ﻉﻮـﺿﻮﻣ ﻦـﻳﺍ ﺎـﺑ ﻲﺑﺮﺠﺗ ﺕﺭﻮﺻ ﻪﺑ ﺕﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻱﺩﻭﺪﺤﻣ ﺭﺎﻴﺴﺑ ﺩﺍﺪﻌﺗ ﺎﻬﻨﺗ ،ﺪﻧﺍ

ﻩﺩﺮﻛ ﺩﺭﻮﺧﺮﺑ ﻩﺪﻴﭽﻴﭘ .ﺪﻧﺍ

ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﻱ ﺮﺛﺍ ﻭ ﻻﺎﻛ ﻕﺎﭼﺎﻗ ﺮﺛﺍ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﻪﺑ

ﻪﺟﺭﺩ ﻱ ﺯﺎﺑ ﻱﺭﺎﺠﺗ ﻥﺩﻮﺑ

ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺪﺷﺭ ﺮﺑ ﻲﻃ ﻥﺍﺮﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ

ﻩﺭﻭﺩ ﻱ 1393 - 1353

، ﺢﻴـﺿﻮﺗﺩﻮﺧ ﻱﻮـﮕﻟﺍ ﻚـﻳ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘـﺳﺍ ﺎـﺑ

ﻱﺭﺍﺩﺮﺑ (VAR) ﻲﻣ ﺞﻳﺎـﺘﻧ .ﺩﺯﺍﺩﺮﭘ

، ﺩﻮـﺟﻭ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻛﺎـﺣ ﻪـﻄﺑﺍﺭ

ﻱ ﺪـﺷﺭ ﻭ ﻻﺎـﻛ ﻕﺎـﭼﺎﻗ ﻦﻴـﺑ ﻲـﻔﻨﻣ

ﻭ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ

ﻱ ﻦﻴﺑ ﺖﺒﺜﻣ ﻪﺟﺭﺩ

ﻱ ﺯﺎﺑ ﺭﺩ ﻥﺍﺮـﻳﺍ ﺭﻮـﺸﻛ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺩﺎـﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺪـﺷﺭ ﻭ ﻱﺭﺎـﺠﺗ ﻥﺩﻮﺑ

ﺯﺍ ﻲﻛﺎﺣ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ ﻦﻴﻨﭽﻤﻫ .ﺖﺳﺍ ﺕﺪﻣﺪﻨﻠﺑ ﻪﻧﺎﻜﺗ ﺶﻨﻛﺍﻭ

ﻑﺍﺮـﺤﻧﺍ ﻚـﻳ ﺯﻭﺮﺑ ﻪﺑ ﻻﺎﻛ ﻕﺎﭼﺎﻗ ﺖﺒﺜﻣ ﻱﺍ

ﺺﺧﺎﺷ ﺭﺩ ﺖﺒﺜﻣ ﻙﻮﺷ ﺭﺎﻴﻌﻣ ﻪﺟﺭﺩ

ﻱ ﻲﻣ ﻱﺭﺎﺠﺗ ﻥﺩﻮﺑﺯﺎﺑ .ﺪﺷﺎﺑ

ﻪﻘﺒﻃ ﻱﺪﻨﺑ :JEL C22 ,C87 ,E26 ,O41 ,O17

ژﺍﻭ ﻱﺎﻫ :ﻱﺪﻴﻠﻛ ﻱﺭﺍﺩﺮـﺑ ﺢﻴـﺿﻮﺗ ﺩﻮﺧ ﻱﻮﮕﻟﺍ ،ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺪﺷﺭ ،ﻱﺭﺎﺠﺗ ﻥﺩﻮﺑﺯﺎﺑ ،ﻻﺎﻛ ﻕﺎﭼﺎﻗ

(VAR) .ﻪﺑﺮﺿ ﻪﺑ ﺶﻨﻛﺍﻭ ﻊﺑﺍﻮﺗ ،

ﻩﺪﻨﺴﻳﻮﻧ .*

،ﻝﻮﺌﺴﻣ ﻱ ﻩ ﺭﺎﻤﺷ

ﻱ

ﺱﺎﻤﺗ

(2)

1 - ﻣﺪﻘﻣ ﻪ

،ﺮﺗﻻﺎﺑ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺪﺷﺭ ﻪﺑ ﻲﺑﺎﻴﺘﺳﺩ ﻩﺪﻤﻋ ﻑﺍﺪﻫﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻜﻳ

ﺩﺎـﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻡﺎـﻈﻧ ﺮـﻫ ﻱ

ﻭ ﺖـﺳﺍ

ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ ﺭ ﻱﺰﻳ ﺍﺮﺑ ﺯﺍ .ﺖـﺳﺍ ﺩﺎـﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻲﻣﻮـﻤﻋ ﺩﺮـﻜﻠﻤﻋ ﺖﺧﺎﻨـﺷ ﻪﺑ ﻁﻮﻨﻣ ،ﻢﻬﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻞﻴﻧ ﻱ

ﻳﻮﺳ ﻪﺑ ،ﺖﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺖﻴﻔﻴﻛ ﻲ ﻲﺘﺳﺭﺩ

ﻭ ﻲﺘﺳﺭﺩﺎﻧ ﻥﺁ ﻱﺪﻣﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﻭ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺕﺎﻋﻼﻃﺍ ﻡﺎﻈﻧ

ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﻲﮕﺘﺴﺑ

، ﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻲﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﺩﺮﻜﻠﻤﻋ ﺎﻣﺍ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﻪﺑ ﺩﺎ

ﺍ ﻱ ﻪـﻤﻫ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺶﻴﺑﺎـﻤﻛ ﺎﻫﺭﻮـﺸﻛ

ﺯﺍ ﻲﺧﺮﺑ ﺖﻴﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻱ ﻪﺑ ﻞﻴﻟﺩ ﺮﮔ ﺰﻳ ﻭﺪﺤﻣ ﺯﺍ ﺖـﻳﺩ ﺎـﻫ ﻱ ﺭﺩ ﻩﺪـﺷ ﻊـﺿﻭ ﻦﻴﻧﺍﻮـﻗ

ﻭ

ﻪﺑ ،ﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﺕﺍﺭﺮﻘﻣ ﺎﻬﻨﭘ ﺕﺭﻮﺻ

ﻲﻧ ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ ﻲﻣ ﻮﺗ .ﺩﻮﺷ ﺪﻴﻟ ﺭﺩ ﺕﺎﻣﺪـﺧ ﻭ ﺎـﻫﻻﺎﻛ ﻦـﻳﺍ

ﺯﺍ ﻩﻭﺮـﮔ

ﺖﻴﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺪﻟﻮﻣ ﺯ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻨﻴﻣﺯﺮﻳ

ﺎﻧ ﻲﻣ ﻩﺪﻴﻣ ﻮﺷ

،ﺩ ﺍﺪﻧﺍ ﺮﻫ ﻪﺑ ﺏﻮﭼﺭﺎـﻬﭼ ﺯﺍ ﺝﺭﺎـﺧ ﻩﺯ

ﺪـﻧﺭﺍﺩ ﻪـﻛ ﻲـﻤﺠﺣ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﻪﺑ ،ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻲﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﺩﺮﻜﻠﻤﻋ ﻪﺑ ﻁﻮﺑﺮﻣ ﺕﺎﻋﻼﻃﺍ ﻪﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ ﻲﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻑﺍﺮﺤﻧﺍ ﺐﺟﻮﻣ ﺪﻨﻧﺍﻮﺗ ﺺﻴﺨﺸﺗ

ﺖـﺳﺭﺩ ﺖﻴﻌـﺿﻭ ﺮﺑﺎـﻨﺑ ﻭ

ﻦـﻳﺍ ﺫﺎـﺨﺗﺍ ﺖـﺳﺎﻴﺳ ﺎـﻫ ﻱ

ﺪﻧﻮﺷ ﺖﺳﺭﺩﺎﻧ ﻲﻠﻗ)

،ﻥﺍﺭﺎﻜﻤﻫ ﻭ ﻩﺩﺍﺯ 1389

ﻲﻣ ﺍﺭ ﻲﻨﻴﻣﺯﺮﻳﺯ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ .(

ﻥﺍﻮﺗ ﻦﻴﻧﺍﻮﻗ ﺐﺴﺣﺮﺑ

ﺎﻌﻓ ﻪﺑ ﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﺮﻫ ﻟ

ﺖﻴ ﻢﻴﺴﻘﺗ ﻲﻔﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺪﻨﺑ

ﻱ

،ﺩﺮﻛ ﺎﻣﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻲﻠﻛﺭﻮـﻃ ﺎـﻌﻓ

ﺖـﻴﻟ ﻲﻳﺎـﻫ ﺮـﻴﻈﻧ

،ﺭﺪــﺨﻣ ﺩﺍﻮــﻣ ﻕﺎــﭼﺎﻗ ﻭ ﻻﺎــﻛ

ﺎــﻌﻓ ،ﺯﺭﺍ ﺖــﻴﻟ ﻱﺎــﻫ ﺩﺯﺩ ﺪــﻨﻧﺎﻣ ﻪــﻧﺍﺭﺎﻜﻫﺰﺑ ﻱ

، ﻩﻼــﻛ ﺭﺍﺩﺮــﺑ ﻱ ،

ﺖﻧﺍﺭ ﺭﺍﻮﺧ ﻱ ﺯﺍ ﻒﻠﺨﺗ ،ﻩﻮﺷﺭ ، ﻦﻴﻧﺍﻮﻗ

ﺭﺎﺠﺗ ﻱ ﺎﻣ ﺭﺍﺮﻓ ،ﺭﺎﻤﻗ ،ﺎﺸﺤﻓ ، ﻲﺗﺎـﻴﻟ

، ﻢـﺴﻳﺭﻭﺮﺗ ﻕﺎـﭼﺎﻗ ،

ﻭ ﻥﺎﺴﻧﺍ ﺮـﻴﻏ ﻪـﻧﻮﻤﻧ ،ﻩ ﺎـﻫ

ﻲـﻳ ﺩﺎـﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺯﺍ ﺯﺮﻳﺯ

ﻲـﻨﻴﻣ ﺪﻨﺘـﺴﻫ ﻪـﻛ

ﺮﻴﺛﺄـﺗ ﺮـﺑ ﻲﺑﻮﻠﻄﻣﺎـﻧ ﺕﺍ

ﺖﺳﺎﻴﺳ ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻱ ، ﺺﻴﺼﺨﺗ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺪﺷﺭ ،ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ

ﻱ ﻭ ﺮـﻴﻏ .ﺖـﺷﺍﺩ ﺪـﻨﻫﺍﻮﺧ ﻩ ﻦـﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ

ﻩﺪﻳﺪﭘ ﻻﺎﻛ ﻕﺎﭼﺎﻗ ﻥﺎﻴﻣ .ﺪﻨﺘـﺴﻫ ﻪـﺟﺍﻮﻣ ﻥﺁ ﺎـﺑ ﺶﻴﺑﺎﻤﻛ ﺎﻫﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﻪﻤﻫ ﻪﻛ ﺮﻴﮔﺍﺮﻓ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻱﺍ

ﻪﺑ ﻭ ﻲﻠﻛ ﺭﻮﻃ ﺱﺎﺳﺍﺮﺑ

ﺭﺍ ﻭ ﻻﺎﻛ ﻕﺎﭼﺎﻗ ،ﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﺯﺭﺍ ﻭ ﻻﺎﻛ ﻕﺎﭼﺎﻗ ﺎﺑ ﻩﺯﺭﺎﺒﻣ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻗ ﺯ،

ﻞـﻌﻓ ﺮـﻫ

ﺎﻳ ﺮﺸﺗ ﺾﻘﻧ ﺐﺟﻮﻣ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﻠﻌﻓ ﻙﺮﺗ ﻳ

ﺯﺭﺍ ﻭ ﻻﺎـﻛ ﺝﻭﺮـﺧ ﻭ ﺩﻭﺭﻭ ﻪـﺑ ﻁﻮﺑﺮﻣ ﻲﻧﻮﻧﺎﻗ ﺕﺎﻔ

ﺩﻮﺷ ﻭ ﺱﺎﺳﺍﺮﺑ ﺍﻳ ﻭ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻗ ﻦ ﺎﻳ

ﺎﺳ ﻳ ﻧﺍﻮﻗ ﺮ ﻴ ﺕﺍﺯﺎـﺠﻣ ﻥﺁ ﻱﺍﺮـﺑ ﻭ ﺏﻮﺴﺤﻣ ﻕﺎﭼﺎﻗ ،ﻦ

ﻌﺗ ﻴـﻴ ﻦ

ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻭ

ﻱﺩﻭﺭﻭ ﻱﺩﺎﺒﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻳ

ﻞـﺤﻣ ﻲـﺘﺣ ﺭﻮـﺸﻛ ﺯﺍ ﻪـﻄﻘﻧ ﺮﻫ ﺎ ﻪـﺿﺮﻋ

ﻱ ﺭﺍﺯﺎـﺑ ﺭﺩ ﻥﺁ

ﻲﻠﺧﺍﺩ ، ﺩﻮﺷ ﻒﺸﻛ .

ﻞﻣﺍﻮﻋ ﻧﻮﮔﺎﻧﻮﮔ ﻕﺎﭼﺎﻗ ﺵﺮﺘﺴﮔ ﻭ ﺶﻳﺍﺪﻴﭘ ﺮﺑ ﻲ ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ

ﻪـﻠﻤﺟ ﺯﺍ .ﺖﺳﺍ ﺭﺍﺬﮔ ﻢـﻬﻣ

ﺮـﺗ ﻦﻳ

ﻥﺁ ﻲﻣ ﺎﻫ ﺖﻳﺩﻭﺪﺤﻣ ﻭ ﻪﻓﺮﻌﺗ ﺭﺎﺑ ﻪﺑ ﻥﺍﻮﺗ ﻭ ﺩﺎـﺴﻓ ،ﻥﻮﻧﺎـﻗ ﺖـﻴﻤﻛﺎﺣ ،ﻱﺭﺎـﻜﻴﺑ ،ﻱﺭﺎـﺠﺗ ﻱﺎﻫ

.ﺩﺮـﻛ ﻩﺭﺎـﺷﺍ ﺭﺎﻛ ﻭ ﺐﺴﻛ ﺖﻴﻌﺿﻭ ﻪـﺑ

ﻲﻠﻛﺭﻮـﻃ ،ﻥﺁ ﺪـﺷﺭ ﻪـﺑ ﻭﺭ ﺪـﻧﻭﺭ ﻭ ﻕﺎـﭼﺎﻗ ﺝﺍﻭﺭ

ﺭﺩ

ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﻱ ﺎﺳﺭﺎﻧ ﻲﻳ ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﻪﺑ ﻥﻮﮔﺎﻧﻮﮔ ﻭ

ﻩﮋﻳ ﻮـﺣ ﺭﺩ ﻩﺯ ﻱ ﻪﻤـﺸﭼﺮﺳ ﺯﺍ ﻭ ﻩﺩﻮـﺑ ﺩﺎـﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺎـﻫ

ﻱ ﻥﺁ

1 . ﻩژﺍﻭ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻪﺑ ﻲﻨﻴﻣﺯﺮﻳﺯ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻲﻧﻮﮔﺎﻧﻮﮔ ﺭﺎﻛ

ﻲﻣ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺪﻧﻮﺷ ﻪﻳﺎﺳ ،ﻥﺎﻬﻨﭘ ،ﻲﻨﻴﻣﺯﺮﻳﺯ :ﻞﻴﺒﻗ ﺯﺍ ﺍ

ﻱ ، ﻏ ﻴ ﺮ ،ﻲﻧﻮﻧﺎﻗ

ﻞﺑﺎﻗﺮﻴﻏ ،ﻩﺪﺸﻧ ﺵﺭﺍﺰﮔ ،ﻩﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ ﺖﺒﺛ

ﻩﺪﺸﻧ ، ﻲﻤﺳﺭﺮﻴﻏ ﺯﺍﻮﻣ ، ﻱ ، ﺳ ﻴ ﻩﺎ ﻭ ﺮﻴﻏ .ﻩ

(3)

ﻲﻣ .ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﺭﺩ ﺖﻘﻴﻘﺣ ﺮﺑ ﻕﺎﭼﺎﻗ ﻭ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺮﮕﻳﺪﻜﻳ

ﺎـﻘﺘﻣ ﺮﺛﺍ ﻲـﻠﺑ ﺪـﻧﺭﺍﺩ ﻦـﻃﻭ) ﺭﻮـﭘ ، 1387 .(

ﻪــﺘﺒﻟﺍ ﺖــﺳﺍ ﻱﺭﻭﺁﺩﺎــﻳ ﻪــﺑ ﻡﺯﻻ ﻱﮋﺗﺍﺮﺘــﺳﺍ ﻪــﻛ ﻲﻳﺎﻫﺭﻮــﺸﻛ ﻪــﻛ

ﻪﻌــﺳﻮﺗ ﻱ ﻥﻭﺭﺩ ﺍﺮــﮔ ﺍﺭ1

ﻩﺪﻳﺰﮔﺮﺑ ﺎﺑ ﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ًﻻﻮﻤﻌﻣ ،ﺪﻧﺍ ﻩﺪﻳﺪﭘ

ﻱ ) ﺪﻨﺘـﺴﻫ ﻥﺎـﺒﻳﺮﮔ ﻪـﺑ ﺖـﺳﺩ ﻻﺎـﻛ ﻕﺎـﭼﺎﻗ ﺩ

ﻩﺎﮔﺪـﻳ

ﻥﻭﺭﺩ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ،ﺍﺮﮔ

ﻋ ﺮﺑ ﻦﻴﺑ ﺕﻼﻣﺎﻌﺗ ﺶﻫﺎﻛ ﻭ ﺖﻟﺰ ﻭ ﻲـﺘﻟﻭﺩ ﻭ ﻱﺭﺎـﺼﺤﻧﺍ ﻡﺰﻴﻧﺎﻜﻣ ،ﻲﻠﻠﻤﻟﺍ

ﻲﻜﺘﻣ ﻲﻳﺎﻔﻛﺩﻮﺧ ﺭﺎﻌﺷ ﻱﮋﺗﺍﺮﺘﺳﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻳﺎﻫﺭﻮﺸﻛ ،ﻞﺑﺎﻘﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻭ (ﺖﺳﺍ

ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻱ ﻥﻭﺮﺑ ﺍﺮـﮔ

2

ﻲﻣ ﻩﺮﻬﺑ ﻪﺑ ﻭ) ﺪﻧﺮﻴﮔ ﻩﮋﻳﻭ

ﻲﻧﺎـﻬﺟ ﺕﺭﺎـﺠﺗ ﻥﺎﻣﺯﺎﺳ ﻮﻀﻋ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻳﺎﻫﺭﻮﺸﻛ

3WTO

ﺪﻨﺘـﺴﻫ ( ،

ﻢﻛ ﺮﺗ ﻩﺪﻳﺪﭘ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺎﺑ ﻲﻣ ﻪﺟﺍﻮﻣ

) ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ ﻥﻭﺮـﺑ ﻱﺩﺎـﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻩﺎﮔﺪـﻳﺩ ،ﺍﺮـﮔ

ﺕﻼﻣﺎـﻌﺗ ﺶﻳﺍﺰـﻓﺍ ﺮـﺑ

ﻦﻴﺑ ﻡﺰﻴﻧﺎﻜﻣ ،ﻲﻠﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺎﻗﺭ ﻱﺎﻫ

ﺎﺿﺎﻘﺗ ﻭ ﻪﺿﺮﻋ ،ﻲﺘﺑ

، ﻲﻳﺎـﻜﺗﺍﺩﻮﺧ ﺭﺎﻌﺷ ﻭ ـﺑ

ﻪ ﻲﻳﺎـﻔﻛﺩﻮﺧ ﻱﺎـﺟ

(ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺪﻴﻛﺄﺗ .

ﻪﺑ ،ﻥﻼﻛ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺩﺮﻜﻠﻤﻋ ﺮﺑ ﻲﺑﻮﻠﻄﻣﺎﻧ ﺐﻗﺍﻮﻋ ﻻﺎﻛ ﻕﺎﭼﺎﻗ ﺪﺷﺭ .ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﻲﻟﺎـﻣ ﺶﺨﺑ ﻩﮋﻳﻭ

ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ ﻩﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ ﻱﺭﺍﻮﺷﺩ

ﺍ ﻭ ﻩﺯﺍﺪﻧ ﺮﻴﻏ ﻲﺑﺎﻳﺯﺭﺍ ﺐﺟﻮﻣ ﺮﻣﺍ ﻦﻳﺍ ،ﻻﺎﻛ ﻕﺎﭼﺎﻗ ﻱﺮﻴﮔ ﻲـﻌﻗﺍﻭ

ﻲﻣ ﺎﻫﺭﺍﻮﻧﺎﺧ ﻭ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻭ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻂﻳﺍﺮﺷ ﺭﺩ ،ﻥﺁ ِﻥﺎـﻬﻨﭘ ﺖـﻴﻫﺎﻣ ﻞـﻴﻟﺩ ﻪـﺑ ﻭ ﺩﻮﺷ

ﻲـﻤﻧ ﺖﺒﺛ ﻲﻤﺳﺭ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﺎﻣﺁ ﺩﺮـﻜﻠﻤﻋ ﺯﺍ ﻲـﺸﺨﺑ ﻥﺪـﻧﺎﻣ ﻥﺎـﻬﻨﭘ ﺐـﺟﻮﻣ ﻥﺁ ﺩﻮـﺟﻭ ﻭ ﺩﻮـﺷ

ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺭﻮﺸﻛ

ﺪﻫﺍﻮﺧ ﻦﻳﺍ .ﺪﺷ ﻲﻣ ﺮﻣﺍ

ﺖـﺳﺎﻴﺳ ﻲﻳﺍﺭﺎﻛ ﺪﻧﺍﻮﺗ ﻱﺎـﻫ

ﻲـﺼﻴﺼﺨﺗ ﻭ ﻲﻌﻳﺯﻮـﺗ

ﻪﺟﺍﻮﻣ ﺶﻟﺎﭼ ﺎﺑ ﺍﺭ ﺖﻟﻭﺩ ﻨﻛ

ﻲـﻣ ﻕﺎﭼﺎﻗ ﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﻱﻮﺳ ﺯﺍ .ﺪ ﺪـﻧﺍﻮﺗ

ﺐﺒـﺳ ﻱﺎﻫﺪـﻣﺁﺭﺩ ﺶﻫﺎـﻛ

ﻲﻧﻮﻧﺎـﻗﺮﻴﻏ ﻲﻠﺧﺍﺩ ﻱﺎﻫﺩﺎﻬﻧ ﺩﺎﺠﻳﺍ ﻖﻳﺮﻃ ﺯﺍ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻚﻳ ﻲﻠﺧﺍﺩ ﺭﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ ﺰﻴﻧ ﻭ ﻲﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻑﺮﺼﻣ ﻱﻮﮕﻟﺍ ﺮﻴﻐﺗ ﻭ ﺪﻨﻤﺗﺭﺪﻗ ﺰﺋﻮﮕﻨﻴﻣﻭﺩ) ﺩﻮﺷ

،4

1975 ﻦﻴـﻨﭽﻤﻫ .(

ﻢـﻬﻣ ﺮـﺗ ﻭ ﻦﻳ

ﻣ ﺮﺛﺍ ﻦﻳﺮﺗﺯﺭﺎﺑ ﻖـﻳﺮﻃ ﺯﺍ ﺶﻫﺎﻛ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺪﺷﺭ ﺶﻫﺎﻛ ،ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻕﺎﭼﺎﻗ ﻲﻔﻨ

ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ ﻲـﻣ ﻕﺎـﻔﺗﺍ ،ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺎﻫﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﻲﻠﺧﺍﺩ ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﺮﺑ ﻕﺎﭼﺎﻗ ﻪﻛ ﻲﺑﺮﺨﻣ .ﺪـﺘﻓﺍ

ﻩﺪـﻳﺪﭘ ﻱ ﻕﺎـﭼﺎﻗ

ﻪﺑ ﻲـﻣ ﻥﺎﻴﭽﻗﺎﭼﺎﻗ ﺐﻴﺼﻧ ﻪﻛ ﻱﺭﺎﺷﺮﺳ ﺩﻮﺳ ﻞﻴﻟﺩ ﻩﺰـﻴﮕﻧﺍ ﺪـﻨﻛ

ﻱ ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮـﺳ ﺍﺭ ﺪـﻟﻮﻣ ﻱﺭﺍﺬـﮔ

ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮﺳ ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧﺭﺩ ،ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﺶﻫﺎﻛ ﻱﺭﺍﺬﮔ

ﺗ ﺭﻮﻣﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻝﺎﻐﺘﺷﺍ ﻭ ﻱﺪﻴﻟﻮ ﺍﺯ

ﺪـﻣﺁ ﻦﻴﻳﺎﭘ ﻪـﺑ ﺮـﺠﻨﻣ ﻭ ﻩ

ﻲـﻣ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺪﺷﺭ ﺶﻫﺎﻛ ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧﺭﺩ ﻭ ﻲﻠﺧﺍﺩ ﺕﺍﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﺶﻫﺎﻛ ﺯﺍ .ﺩﻮـﺷ

ﻳﻮـﺳ ـﻛ ﻲ ﻥﺪـﺷ ﻢ

ﻲﻣ ﺖﻟﻭﺩ ﻱﺎﻫﺪﻣﺁﺭﺩ ﺶﻫﺎﻛ ﻪﺑ ﺮﺠﻨﻣ ﻲﻛﺮﻤﮔ ﺽﺭﺍﻮﻋ ﻲـﻣ ﺰـﻴﻧ ﻪﻠﺌـﺴﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﻛ ﺩﻮﺷ

ﺪـﻧﺍﻮﺗ

ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮـﺳ ﺶﻫﺎـﻛ ﻦﻴـﻨﭽﻤﻫ ﻭ ﻲـﻠﺧﺍﺩ ﺕﺍﺪـﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﺯﺍ ﺖـﻟﻭﺩ ﻲﻟﺎﻣ ﺖﻳﺎﻤﺣ ﺶﻫﺎﻛ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺭﺍﺬـﮔ

ﺖﻴﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﻫ ﺎ ﻲﻳﺎﻨﺑﺮﻳﺯ ﻭ ﻲﻧﺍﺮﻤﻋ ﻱ ﺷﺎﺑ ﻪﺘﺷﺍﺩ ﻲﭘﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ

ﺖـﻟﻭﺩ ﻱﺎﻫﺪـﻣﺁﺭﺩ ﺶﻫﺎﻛ ﻦﻴﻨﭽﻤﻫ .ﺪ

1.Inward-oriented Development Strategy.

2.Outward-oriented Development Strategy.

3. World Trade Organization.

4.Dominguez.

(4)

ﻲﻣ ﺎـﺠﻧﺁ ﺯﺍ .ﺩﻮـﺷ ﻱﺪﻣﺁﺭﺩ ﻱﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑﺎﻧ ﻪﺑ ﺮﺠﻨﻣ ﺪﻧﺍﻮﺗ ﺖـﻟﻭﺩ ﻒﻳﺎـﻇﻭ ﻭ ﻑﺍﺪـﻫﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻲـﻜﻳ ﻪـﻛ

ﻦﺘﺷﺍﺩﺮﺑ ﻪﻠﺻﺎﻓ

ﻱ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﺗﺎﻘﺒﻃ

، ﻊﺑﺎـﻨﻣ ﺶﻫﺎـﻛ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ ﺍﺬﻟ ﻦﻴﻣﺄـﺗ

ﺖـﻟﻭﺩ ﻱﺎﻫﺪـﻣﺁﺭﺩ

ﺭﺩ ﺖـﻟﻭﺩ ﻲﻳﺎـﻧﺍﻮﺗ ،(ﺕﺎـﻴﻟﺎﻣ ﻭ ﻲﻛﺮﻤﮔ ﺽﺭﺍﻮﻋ) ﺭﺎـﺸﻗﺍ ﻱﺪـﻣﺁﺭﺩ ﺖﻴﻌـﺿﻭ ﺩﻮـﺒﻬﺑ ﺖـﻬﺟ

ﺐﻴﺳﺁ ) ﺮﻳﺬﭘ ﻪﺑ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﻚـﻤﻛ ﻭ ﻪـﻧﺍﺭﺎﻳ ﺖـﺧﺍﺩﺮﭘ ﻝﺎـﺜﻣ ﻊـﻳﺯﻮﺗ ﻭ (ﺽﻮـﻋﻼﺑ ﻱﺎـﻫ

ﻩﺭﺎـﺑﺭﺩ ﻱ

ﺎﻫﺪﻣﺁﺭﺩ ﻲﻣ ﻢﻛ

ﻮﺷ ﻲﻣ ﻪﻠﺌﺴﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﻛ ﺩ ﺐﻴـﺳﺁ ﺭﺎﺸﻗﺍ ﻪﺑ ﺭﺎﺸﻓ ﻪﺑ ﺮﺠﻨﻣ ﺪﻧﺍﻮﺗ

ﻪـﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺮﻳﺬـﭘ

.ﺪﻫﺩ ﺵﺮﺘﺴﮔ ﺍﺭ ﻱﺪﻣﺁﺭﺩ ﻱﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑﺎﻧ ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺩﻮﺷ ﻲﻣ ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﺭﺩ ﻕﺎﭼﺎﻗ ﻪﻛ ﺖﻔﮔ ﻥﺍﻮﺗ

، ﻩﺪﻳﺪﭘ ﻪﺑ ﺏﺮﺨﻣ ﺭﺎﻴﺴﺑ ﻱﺍ ﺩﺎـﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺶـﺨﺑ ﺭﺩ ﻩﮋﻳﻭ

ﺮـﺑ ﻞﻃﺎﺑ ﺭﻭﺩ ﺕﺭﻮﺻ ﻪﺑ ﻭ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺺﺧﺎـﺷ

ﺎـﻫ ﻲـﺑ ﻱﺩﺎـﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻱ ،ﻝﺎﻐﺘـﺷﺍ ،ﻪـﻠﻤﺟ ﺯﺍ ﻱﺭﺎﻤـﺷ

ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮﺳ ،ﻱﺯﺭﺍ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ،ﺖﻟﻭﺩ ﻱﺎﻫﺪﻣﺁﺭﺩ ﻲـﻠﺧﺍﺩ ﺕﺍﺪـﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﻭ ﺪـﻣﺁﺭﺩ ﻱﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑﺎـﻧ ﻭ ﺮﻘﻓ ،ﻱﺭﺍﺬﮔ

ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ ﻲﻣ ﻲﻣ ﺪﻳﺪﻬﺗ ﺍﺭ ﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺪﺷﺭ ﻖﻳﺮﻃ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻭ ﺩﺭﺍﺬﮔ ﺎﺑ .ﺪﻨﻛ

ﻕﺎﭼﺎﻗ ،ﻒﺻﻭ ﻦﻳﺍ

ﻪﺑ ﻚﻳ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﻩﺪﻳﺪﭘ

ﻱ ﻡﻮـﺷ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ

، ﻲﻣ ﺪﻧﺍﻮﺗ ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ ﻭ ﻲـﻠﻣ ﺩﺎـﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻥﺎﻳﺮﺟ ﺮﺑ ﻲﺑﺮﺨﻣ ﺕﺍ

ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺪﺷﺭ ﻪﺑ

ﺎﺟ ﻑﺮﺤﻨﻣ ﺍﺭ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻲﺣﻼﺻﺍ ﺮﻴﺴﻣ ﻭ ﺩﺭﺍﺬﮔ ﻨﻛ

.ﺪ

ﺎﺑ ﺎﻴﻧﺩ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﻲﻣﺎﻤﺗ ﺪﻨﭼﺮﻫ ﻩﺪﻳﺪﭘ

ﻱ ﻖـﻤﻋ ﻭ ﺖﻌﺳﻭ ﻲﻟﻭ ،ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﻪﺟﺍﻮﻣ ﻕﺎﭼﺎﻗ

ﻱﺎﻫﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﺭﺩ ﻥﺁ ﻝﺎﺣﺭﺩ

ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﺯﺍ ﺖـﺳﺍ ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ

، ﻪـﺑ ﻱﺭﻮـﻃ ﺭﺩ ﻪـﻛ

ﻱﺎﻫﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﻝﺎﺣﺭﺩ

ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﺖـﻴﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﺯﺍ ﻲـﻤﻬﻣ ﺶـﺨﺑ ﻕﺎـﭼﺎﻗ ، ﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ ﻪـﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻱﺩﺎـﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻱﺎـﻫ

ﻣﺮﺑ ﻲ ) ﺩﺮﻴﮔ ﺟﺎﺣ ﻲ ﺩﺍﮋﻧ ، 1379 ﻩﺮـﻣﺯ ﺭﺩ ﺰـﻴﻧ ﻥﺍﺮﻳﺍ ﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﻪﻜﻨﻳﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ .(

ﻱ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﻮـﺸﻛ

ﻝﺎﺣﺭﺩ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ،ﺖﺳﺍ ﻜﺸ

ﺰﻴﻧ ﻥﺍﺮﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻞ ﻪﺑ

ﺭﻮﻃ ـﺸﻣ ﻞـﺑﺎﻗ ﻲﻬﺟﻮﺗ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ﺯﺍ .ﺖـﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﻫﺎ

ﻳﻮﺳ ﻲﻣ ﻩﺩﺮﺘﺴﮔ ﻲﻳﺎﻴﻓﺍﺮﻐﺟ ﻱﺎﻫﺯﺮﻣ ﻱﺍﺭﺍﺩ ﻥﺍﺮﻳﺍ ﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﻲ ﻦـﻳﺍ ﻪـﺑ ﻪـﺟﻮﺗ ﺎـﺑ ﺰـﻴﻧ ﻭ ﺪـﺷﺎﺑ

ﻱﺎﻫﺭﻮـﺸﻛ ﺎـﺑ ﻥﺍﺮـﻳﺍ ﻱﺯﺮـﻣ ﻖﻃﺎـﻨﻣ ،ﻪـﻧﺎﻴﻣﺭﻭﺎﺧ ِﻢـﻬﻣ ﻭ ﻱﺯﺮﻣ ﻖﻃﺎﻨﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻜﻳ ﻪﻛ ﻪﻠﺌﺴﻣ ﻪﻳﺎﺴﻤﻫ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻞﻴﻟﺩ ﻪﺑ ﻦﻴﻨﭽﻤﻫ ﻭ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺵﺍ ﻱﺍﺭﺍﺩ ًﺍﺮـﺜﻛﺍ ﻥﺍﺮـﻳﺍ ﻥﺎﮕﻳﺎـﺴﻤﻫ ﻪـﻛ

ﻡﺎـﻈﻧ ﺎـﻫ ﻱ

ﺮﻘﺗ ﻲﺑ ًﺎﺒﻳ ﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﺛ ﻪﺑ ﻥﺍﺮﻳﺍ ﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﺍﺬﻟ ،ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﻲﺘﻴﻨﻣﺍ ﻭ ﻲﺳﺎﻴﺳ ،ﻱﺩﺎ

ﺯﻭﺮـﺑ ﺪﻌﺘﺴﻣ ﺕﺪﺷ

ﻩﺪﻳﺪﭘ ﻱ ﻕﺎﭼﺎﻗ ﺖﺳﺍ

، ﻪﺑ ﺭﻮﻃ ﻱ ﻪﻛ ﺎﻫﺭﺎﻣﺁ ﻖﺒﻃ ﻱ

ﺭﺩ ﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﺯﺭﺍ ﻭ ﻻﺎﻛ ﻕﺎﭼﺎﻗ ﺎﺑ ﻩﺯﺭﺎﺒﻣ ﺩﺎﺘﺳ

ﻝﺎﺳ 1392 ﻪﺑ ، ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ 8921724000000 ﻝﺎﻳﺭ

ﻻﺎﻛ ﻱ ﺭﺩ ﻕﺎﭼﺎﻗ ﻥﺍﺮﻳﺍ

ﻒﺸﻛ ﻩﺪﺷ ﺖﺳﺍ

ﻮﻠﻧﺍﺮﻄﻣ) ﻲﻳ ، 1394 .(

ﺮـﺨﻣ ﺶـﻘﻧ ﻩﺎـﮕﻳﺎﺟ ﺭﺎـﻣﺁ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﻮـﺸﻛ ﺩﺎـﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ ﻻﺎـﻛ ﻕﺎـﭼﺎﻗ ﺏ

ﻲﻣ ﺺﺨﺸﻣ ﻩﺭﺍﻮﻤﻫ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻨﻛ

ﻪﺑ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ .ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺩﻮﺑ ﺡﺮﻄﻣ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ گﺭﺰﺑ ﻞﻀﻌﻣ ﻚﻳ

ﻦﻳﺍ ﺯﺍ ِﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﻪﭼﺮﻫ ﺖﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻭﺭ ﻩﺪﻳﺪﭘ

ﻱ ﻲﻣ ﻥﺁ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﻭ ﻕﺎﭼﺎﻗ ﻲـﻤﻬﻣ ﺶـﻘﻧ ﺪﻧﺍﻮﺗ

ﻪﺻﺮﻋ ﺭﺩ ﻢﻴﻤﺼﺗ ﻱﺎﻫ

ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ ﻭ ﻱﺮﻴﮔ ﺐـﺟﻮﻣ ،ﻥﺁ ﻪـﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﻡﺪﻋ ﻭ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻪﺘﺷﺍﺩ ﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﻱﺰﻳﺭ

ﺋﺎﺴﻣ ﺯﻭﺮﺑ ﺩﻮﺷ ﻲﻧﺍﻭﺍﺮﻓ ﺕﻼﻜﺸﻣ ﻭ ﻞ

، ﺪـﻧﻭﺭ ﺮﺑ ﻻﺎﻛ ﻕﺎﭼﺎﻗ ﺕﺍﺮﺛﺍ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﻭ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻦﻳﺍﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ

ﻭ ﺪﺷﺭ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﺘﻗﺍ ﻱ ﻪﺑ ﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﻱﺩﺎﺼ ﺫﺎﺨﺗﺍ ِﺭﻮﻈﻨﻣ

ﺖﺳﺎﻴﺳ ﺎﻫ ،ﻪـﻨﻴﻬﺑ ﻭ ﺐـﺳﺎﻨﻣ ﻱﺩﺎـﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻱ

(5)

ﻑﺪﻫ .ﺩﻮﺑ ﺪﻫﺍﻮﺧ ﻱﺭﻭﺮﺿ ﻱﺮﻣﺍ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ

ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﻱ ﻻﺎﻛ ﻕﺎﭼﺎﻗ ﺮﺛﺍ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ

ﻭ ﻪﺟﺭﺩ ﻱ ﻥﺩﻮﺑﺯﺎﺑ

ﻥﺍﺮﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺪﺷﺭ ﺮﺑ ﻱﺭﺎﺠﺗ .ﺖﺳﺍ

ﻪـﺑ ﻪـﻟﺎﻘﻣ ﺭﺎﺘﺧﺎـﺳ ،ﺭﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﺮـﻳﺯ ﺕﺭﻮـﺻ

ﺯﺍ ﻱﺩﺍﺪﻌﺗ ،ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ ﻡﻭﺩ ﺶﺨﺑ ﺭﺩ :ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻦﻳﻭﺪﺗ ﻢﻬﻣ

ﺮﺗ ﻡﺎـﺠﻧﺍ ﺕﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻦﻳ ﻦـﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻩﺪـﺷ

ﻩﺯﻮﺣ ﻱ ﻲﻣ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﻪـﺋﺍﺭﺍ ﻮـﮕﻟﺍ ﺭﺎﺘﺧﺎـﺳ ﻭ ﻱﺮـﻈﻧ ﻲﻧﺎـﺒﻣ ،ﻡﻮـﺳ ﺶﺨﺑ ﺭﺩ .ﺩﺮﻴﮔ

ﻲﻣ ﻮﺷ ﺩ ﻡﺭﺎﻬﭼ ﺶﺨﺑ .

، ﻪﻳﺰﺠﺗ ﻭ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ ﻪﺋﺍﺭﺍ ﻪﺑ

ﻲﺑﺮﺠﺗ ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ ﻭ ﻲﻣ ﻥﺁ

ﻭ ﺩﺯﺍﺩﺮﭘ ﺖـﻳﺎﻬﻧ ﺭﺩ

،

ﻢﺠﻨﭘ ﺶﺨﺑ ﺭﺩ ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ

ﻱﺮﻴﮔ ﻭ ﺕﺍﺩﺎﻬﻨﺸﻴﭘ ﻲﺘﺳﺎﻴﺳ

ﻪﺋﺍﺭﺍ ﻲﻣ ﺩﻮﺷ .

2 - ﻦﻴﺸﻴﭘ ﺕﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺮﺑ ﻱﺭﻭﺮﻣ ﻩﺯﻮﺣ ﺭﺩ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ ﺕﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﻱ

ﻲﻣ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﻕﺎﭼﺎﻗ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻫﺩ

ﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﺕﺎـﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺮ

ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ ﻪﺒﻨﺟ ﻪﺑ ﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ،ﻩﺯﻮﺣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ

ﻩﺎـﻓﺭ ﺮـﺑ ﻥﺁ ﺕﺍﺮـﺛﺍ ﻭ ﻩﺪـﻳﺪﭘ ﻦـﻳﺍ ﻱﺮـﻈﻧ ﻱﺎﻫ

ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﺧﺍﺩﺮﭘ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ

ﻪـﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻱﺩﺎـﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺪﺷﺭ ﺮﺑ ﻕﺎﭼﺎﻗ ﻱ

ﻲﻬﺟﻮﺗ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ

،ﺖﺳﺍ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮕﻧ ﻪـﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ ﺯﺍ ﺶﺨﺑﺮﻳﺯ ﻚﻳ ﻕﺎﭼﺎﻗ ﻪﻛ ﺎﺠﻧﺁ ﺯﺍ ﺎﻣﺍ

ﻱ گﺭﺰـﺑ

ﺮﻴﻏ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻲﻣ ،ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﻤﺳﺭ

ﻪـﻛ ﺖـﺷﺍﺩ ﻩﺭﺎـﺷﺍ ﻲﺗﺎـﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻥﺍﻮﺗ ﻪـﻄﺑﺍﺭ

ﻱ ﺘﻗﺍ ﻦﻴـﺑ ﺩﺎـﺼ

ﺮﻴﻏ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﺍﺭ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺪﺷﺭ ﻭ ﻲﻤﺳﺭ ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﺭﺍﺮـﻗ ﻞـﻴﻠﺤﺗ ﻭ ﻪﻳﺰﺠﺗ

ﻦـﻳﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻭ ﺪـﻧﺍ ﻱﺪـﺣ ﺎـﺗ ﻭﺭ

ﻥﺁ ﻪﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻕﺎﭼﺎﻗ ﺎﻫ

ﻢﻴﻤﻌﺗ :ﺩﺍﺩ

ﻖﺒﻃ ﺮﺑ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻱ

1ﻦﭼ ) 2007 ﻦﻴـﺑ ﻁﺎـﺒﺗﺭﺍ ﺩﺭﻮـﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺮـﻜﻓ ﺐـﺘﻜﻣ ﻪﺳ ﻞﻗﺍﺪﺣ ،(

ﻪﻧﺎﮔﻭﺩ :ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻲﻤﺳﺭﺮﻴﻏ ﻭ ﻲﻤﺳﺭ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻲﻳﺍﺮﮔ

ﻲﻳﺍﺮﮔﺭﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ 2

ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻗ ،3

ﻲﻳﺍﺮﮔ . 4

ﻪـﻧﺎﮔﻭﺩ ﻱﺮﻜﻓ ﺐﺘﻜﻣ :ﻲـﻳﺍﺮﮔ

ﻦـﻳﺍ ﻥﺍﺭﺍﺪـﻓﺮﻃ ﻲـﻣ ﻝﻻﺪﺘـﺳﺍ ﺐـﺘﻜﻣ

ﻪـﻛ ﺪـﻨﻨﻛ

ﺖﻴﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﺎﻫ ًﺎﺘﺒﺴﻧ ﻭ ﺪﻧﺭﺍﺩ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻲﻤﺳﺭ ﺶﺨﺑ ﺎﺑ ﻲﻛﺪﻧﺍ ﻁﺎﺒﺗﺭﺍ ﻲﻤﺳﺭ ﺮﻴﻏ ﻱ ﻪﺑ

ﻥﺍﻮـﻨﻋ ﻚـﻳ

ﻲﻣ ﻞﻤﻋ ﺍﺰﺠﻣ ﺶﺨﺑ ﺖـﺳﺍ ﻪـﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﻞﻜﺷ ﻲﻜﻴﺳﻼﻛﻮﺌﻧ ﻪﻴﺿﺮﻓ ﻱﺎﻨﺒﻣ ﺮﺑ ﺩﺮﻜﻳﻭﺭ ﻦﻳﺍ .ﺪﻨﻨﻛ

ﻲﻣ ﻥﺎﻴﺑ ﻪﻛ ﻑﺎﻄﻌﻧﺍ ﺪﻨﻛ

ﻥﻮﻧﺎـﻗ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻤﺳﺭ ﺶﺨﺑ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺮﻳﺬﭘﺎﻧ ﻱﺎـﻨﺒﻣ ﺮـﺑ ﺎـﻳ ﻱﺭﺍﺬـﮔ

ﺍﺩﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻲﻣ ﻝﺎﻤﻋﺍ ﺩ ﻲـﻣ ﻲﻤـﺳﺭ ﺮـﻴﻏ ﻭ ﻲﻤﺳﺭ ﺶﺨﺑ ﻭﺩ ﻪﺑ ﺭﺍﺯﺎﺑ ﻢﻴﺴﻘﺗ ﻪﺑ ﺮﺠﻨﻣ ،ﺩﻮﺷ

ﻮـﺷ ﺩ

ﻭﺭﺍﺩﻮﺗ ﻭ ﺲﻳﺮﻫ) ،5

1970 ﻪﻴﺿﺮﻓ .(

ﻱ ﻲﻣ ﻥﺎﻴﺑ ﻲﮕﻧﺎﮔﻭﺩ ﻖـﻳﺮﻃ ﺯﺍ ﺶـﺨﺑ ﻭﺩ ﺮـﻫ ﻪـﻛ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ

ﻭ ﻥﺍﺮﮔﺭﺎﻛ ﻦﺘﻓﺎﻳ ﻥﺎﻳﺮﺟ ﻪﺑ ﺮﺠﻨﻣ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻛﺮﺘﺸﻣ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﻮﺘﻛﺎﻓ ﺖﻴﻟﺎﻌﻓ

ﺎﻫ ﻪـﺑ ﻲﻤـﺳﺭ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺯﺍ

ﻪﻳﺎﺳ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻲﻣ ﻱﺍ

ﺪﻧﻮﺷ

، ﻫ ﻢﻫ ﻦﻴﺸﻧﺎﺟ ﺪﻨﺘﺴ

.

1. Chen.

2. Dualism.

3. Structuralism.

4.Legalism.

5. Harris & Todaro.

(6)

:ﻲﻳﺍﺮﮔﺭﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﻱﺮﻜﻓ ﺐﺘﻜﻣ ﻲـﻣ ﻥﺎﻴﺑ ﻥﺎﻳﺍﺮﮔﺭﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ

ﻭ ﻲﻤـﺳﺭ ﺶـﺨﺑ ﻪـﻛ ﺪـﻨﻨﻛ

ﺮﻴﻏ ﻂﺒﺗﺮﻣ ﺮﮕﻳﺪﻜﻳ ﻪﺑ ًﺎﺗﺍﺫ ﻲﻤﺳﺭ ﻩﺭﺎـﺷﺍ ﻉﻮـﺿﻮﻣ ﻦـﻳﺍ ﻪـﺑ ﻪﻴﺿﺮﻓ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺖﻘﻴﻘﺣ ﺭﺩ .ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ

ﻲﻣ ﻭ ﺪـﻴﻟﻮﺗ ،ﻲﻤـﺳﺭ ﻱﺩﺎـﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺕﻼﻴﻜـﺸﺗ .ﺪﻨﺘـﺴﻫ ﺮﮕﻳﺪـﻜﻳ ﻞﻤﻜﻣ ﺶﺨﺑ ﻭﺩ ﺮﻫ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻨﻛ

ﻪﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻲﻤﺳﺭ ﺮﻴﻏ ﺶﺨﺑ ﻝﺎﻐﺘﺷﺍ ﻪﻠﻴﺳﻭ

ﻱ ﺩﺮﻛ ﻊﻴﻄﻣ ﻪـﺑ ﻥﺍﺮﮔﺭﺎـﻛ ﻭ ﻱﺩﺎـﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻱﺎﻫﺪـﺣﺍﻭ ِﻥ

ﻪﻨﻳﺰﻫ ﺶﻫﺎﻛ ﺭﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﻲﻣ ﺞﻳﻭﺮﺗ ،ﺩﻮﺧ ﻱﺎﻫ

،ﻦﭼ) ﺪﻨﻨﻛ 2007

ﻥﺁ .(

ﻲﻋﺪﻣ ﺎﻫ ﻢﻫ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ

ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮﺳ ﻭ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺳﺆﻣ ﻞﻳﺎﻤﺘﻣ ﻲﻤﺳﺭ ﺮﻴﻏ ﺮﻴﮕﺑﺩﺰﻣ ﻥﺍﺮﮔﺭﺎﻛ ﻢﻫ ﻭ ﻲﻤﺳﺭ ﻥﺍﺭﺍﺬﮔ

ﺪﻧﺍ

ﺖﺑﺎﻗﺭ ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻲﺷﺎﻧ ﻊﻓﺎﻨﻣ ﺎﺗ ﻪﻄﺳﺍﻭ ﻪﺑ ﻱﺮﻳﺬﭘ

ﻱ ﻪـﻛ ﻲﻤـﺳﺭ ﺮـﻴﻏ ﺶﺨﺑ ﺭﻮﻀﺣ ﺍﺮـﻓ

ﻢﻫ

ﻩﺪﻧﺭﻭﺁ ﻥﺍﺯﺭﺍ ﺕﺎﻣﺪﺧ ﻭ ﺎﻫﻻﺎﻛ ﻱ ﻊﻤﺟ ﺍﺭ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﺮﺗ

ﻱﺭﻭﺁ ﻛ ﺭﺯﻮﻣ) ﺪﻨﻨ ،1

1978 ﻭ ﺲﺗﺭﻮـﭘ ﻭ

ﻥﺍﺭﺎﻜﻤﻫ ،

1989 ﻻﺎـﺑ ﻭ ﻩﺩﺮﻛ ﻚﻤﻛ ﺍﺭ ﻲﻤﺳﺭ ﺮﻴﻏ ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ ،ﻲﻤﺳﺭ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺪﺷﺭ ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﺭﺩ .(

ﻲﻣ .ﺩﺮﺑ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻗ ﻱﺮﻜﻓ ﺐﺘﻜﻣ :ﻲﻳﺍﺮﮔ

ﻦﻴـﺑ ﻁﺎﺒﺗﺭﺍ ﻪﺑ ﺍﺭ ﺩﻮﺧ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺐﺘﻜﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻥﺍﺮﻈﻧ ﺐﺣﺎﺻ

ﺖﻴﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﺎﻫ ﻲﻤﺳﺭ ﺮﻴﻏ ﻱ ﻢﻴﻈﻨﺗ ﻂﻴﺤﻣ ﻭ

ﻩﺪﻋﺎﻗ ﻭ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻲﻣ ﻑﻮﻄﻌﻣ ﻲﻤﺳﺭ ﺪﻨﻣ

ﻪـﺑ ﻪﻧ ﻭ ﺪﻨﻨﻛ

ﻩﺎﮕﻨﺑ ،ﻦﭼ) ﻲﻤﺳﺭ ﻱﺎﻫ 2007

ﻥﺁ .(

ﺖـﺳﺍ ﻢـﻬﻣ ﻪـﭽﻧﺁ ﺪﻨﺘـﺴﻫ ﻲﻋﺪﻣ ﺎﻫ

، ﻪـﻛ ﺖـﺳﺍ ﻦـﻳﺍ

ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮﺳ ﻪﻗﻼﻋ ﺭﺍﺩ ﻦﻴﻴﻌﺗ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺪﻨﻣ

» ﻱﺯﺎﺑ ﻲﻤﺳﺭ ﺪﻋﺍﻮﻗ «

ﺵﺯﺎـﺳ ﻭ ﻲﻧﺎـﺒﺗ ﺖـﻟﻭﺩ ﺎـﺑ

ﻮﺗﻮﺳﺩ) ﺪﻨﻛ ،4

1989 .(

،ﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﻱﻮﺳ ﺯﺍ ﻧ ﺯﺍ

ـﻈ ﺮ ﻦﻴـﺑ ﻲﻜﻳﺭﻮـﺌﺗ ﺍ

ﻪﻳﺎـﺳ ﺩﺎـﺼﺘﻗ ﻉﻮـﻧ ﻭﺩ ﻲﻤـﺳﺭ ﻭ ﻱﺍ

ﻪـﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﻱ

ﻪﺑ ﻭ ﻩﺪﺷ ﺡﺮﻄﻣ ﻲﻠﻤﻜﻣ ﻭ ﻲﻨﻴﺸﻧﺎﺟ ﻝﺎﺒﻧﺩ

ﻥﺁ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻞﻣﺎﻌﺗ ﻥﺁ ﺰﻴﻧ ﺎﻫ

ﺱﺎـﺳﺍﺮﺑ ﻡﺍﺪـﻛ ﻪـﻜﻨﻳﺍ

ﻲﻣ ﻪﺒﻠﻏ ﻱﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﺮﺑ ﻂﺑﺍﻭﺭ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻉﻮﻧ ﻲﻣ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﺚﺤﺑ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﺪﻨﻛ

ﻪﺳ ﺎﻨﺒﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺮﺑ .ﺩﺮﻴﮔ ﺩﺮﻜﻳﻭﺭ

ﻲﻣ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﻓﺮﻌﻣ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ﻱﺮﻈﻧ ﻪـﻧﺎﮔﻭﺩ ﻱﺮـﻜﻓ ﺐـﺘﻜﻣ ﻭﺩ ﻥﺍﻮﺗ

ـﺳ ﻭ ﻲـﻳﺍﺮﮔ ﺍﺭ ﻲﻳﺍﺮﮔﺭﺎﺘﺧﺎ

ﺱﺎﺳﺍﺮﺑ :ﺩﺮﻛ ﻲﻓﺮﻌﻣ ﺰﻴﻧ ﺎﻫﺩﺮﻜﻳﻭﺭ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻚﻴﺳﻼﻛﻮﺌﻧ ﻪﺑ ﻁﻮﺑﺮﻣ ًﺎﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﻪﻛ ﻝﻭﺍ ﺩﺮﻜﻳﻭﺭ ﺭﺩ ﺕﺍﺮـﺛﺍ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺮﺑ ﺎﻋﺩﺍ ،ﺖﺳﺍ ﺎﻫ

ﻲﻠﻤﻜﻣ ﺩﺎـﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻦﻴـﺑ ﻞـﻣﺎﻌﺗ ﻭ ﻞـﺑﺎﻘﺘﻣ ﻁﺎـﺒﺗﺭﺍ ﻪـﺠﻴﺘﻧﺭﺩ ﻭ ﻩﺩﺮﻛ ﻪﺒﻠﻏ ﻲﻨﻴﺸﻧﺎﺟ ﺕﺍﺮﺛﺍ ﺮﺑ

ﻪﻳﺎﺳ ﻭ ﻲﻤﺳﺭ ﺭﺩ .ﺖﺳﺍ ﺖﺒﺜﻣ ﻱﺍ

ﺎﺘﺧﺎـﺳ ﺐـﺘﻜﻣ ﺎـﺑ ﺽﺮـﻓ ﻦـﻳﺍ ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﮓـﻨﻫﺎﻤﻫ ﻲﻳﺍﺮﮔﺭ

ﻲﻣ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ،ﺏﺎﻬﺷ ﻭ ﻥﺎﻳﻭﮋﭘ) 1394

ﻪﻴـﺿﺮﻓ ﺯﺍ ﻪﻛ ﻲﺗﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻲﺧﺮﺑ ﻁﺎﺒﺗﺭﺍ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ .(

ﻱ ﺮـﺛﺍ

ﻭ ﺪﺷﺭ ﺮﺑ ﻲﻤﺳﺭ ﺮﻴﻏ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺪﻨﻣﺩﻮﺳ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ

ﺘﻗﺍ ﻱ ﻩﺩﺮﻛ ﺖﻳﺎﻤﺣ ﻱﺩﺎﺼ ﺗﺭﺎﺒﻋ ﺪﻧﺍ

ﺰﻠﻴﮔ :ﺯﺍ ﺪﻨ

1. Moser.

2. Portes et al.

3. Formal rules of the game.

4. de Soto.

(7)

ﺯﺪــﺗ ﻭ ) 2002 ﺖــﺴﻧﺍ ،(

) 2003 ﺭﺪﻳﺎﻨــﺷﺍ ،(

) 2003 ) ﺯﺪــﺗ ،(

2005 ﻝﺩ ﻭ ﻱﻭﺎــﺑ ،(

ﻮــﻧﺁ

4

) 2007 ﺍ ،(

ﺮﻨﻤﻫ ﻭ ﺭﺪﻳﺎﻨﺷ )

2007 ﻱﺎﻬﻴﻣ ،(

) 2008 ﻝﺩ ،(

) ﻮﻧﺁ 2008 ﻦﻴﭽﺳﺎﮔ ﻭ ﻥﺎﻣﺯ ،(

7

) 2015 . ... ﻭ ( ﻭ ﻩﺩﺮﻛ ﻪﺒﻠﻏ ﻲﻠﻤﻜﻣ ﺕﺍﺮﺛﺍ ﺮﺑ ﻲﻨﻴﺸﻧﺎﺟ ﺕﺍﺮﺛﺍ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺮﺑ ﺩﺎﻘﺘﻋﺍ ﻡﻭﺩ ﺩﺮﻜﻳﻭﺭ ﺭﺩ ﻦـﻳﺍ ﻪـﺠﻴﺘﻧﺭﺩ .ﺩﻮﺑ ﺪﻫﺍﻮﺧ ﻲﻔﻨﻣ ﻲﻤﺳﺭ ﺮﻴﻏ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻭ ﻲﻤﺳﺭ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻞﻣﺎﻌﺗ ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧﺭﺩ

ﻪﻧﺎﮔﻭﺩ ﺐﺘﻜﻣ ﺎﺑ ﺽﺮﻓ ﺮﮔ

ﻲـﺼﻴﺼﺨﺗ ﺕﺍﺮـﺛﺍ ﺮـﺑ ﺮﺘـﺸﻴﺑ ﻒـﻴﻃ ﻦـﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ .ﺖﺳﺍ ﮓﻨﻫﺎﻤﻫ ﻲﻳﺍ

ﻪﻳﺎﺳ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺏﺮﺨﻣ ﺮﺑ ﻱﺍ

ﻲﻣ ﺪﻴﻛﺄﺗ ﻪﺿﺮﻋ ﻑﺮﻃ ﻭ ﺎﺿﺎﻘﺗ ﻑﺮﻃ ﻩﺎﮔﺪﻳﺩ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻥﺍﺭﺍﺪﻓﺮﻃ .ﺩﻮﺷ

ﺵﺮﺘﺴﮔ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﻲﻋﺪﻣ ﺖﻴﻟﺎﻌﻓ

ﺎﻫ ﻪﻳﺎﺳ ﻱ ﻭ ﺖـﺑﺎﻗﺭ ﻑﺍﺮـﺤﻧﺍ ﺐﺒـﺳ ﻪﺿﺮﻋ ﻑﺮﻃ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺍ

ﻝﺩ) ﻩﺪـﺷ ﻊﺑﺎـﻨﻣ ﺺﻴـﺼﺨﺗ ءﻮﺳ ،ﻮـﻧﺁ

2008 ـﺳﺎﻧ ﻭ ﻪﻧﺎﻔـﺼﻨﻣﺮﻴﻏ ﺖـﺑﺎﻗﺭ ﻭ ( ﻦﻴـﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻲﻤﻟﺎ

ﻩﺎﮕﻨﺑ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻪﺑ ﻲﻤﺳﺭ ﺮﻴﻏ ﻭ ﻲﻤﺳﺭ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻲـﻣ

،ﺖـﺴﻧﺍ) ﺩﺭﻭﺁ 2003

ﻪـﺑ ﺎـﺿﺎﻘﺗ ﻑﺮـﻃ ﺭﺩ ﻭ (

ﻪﻄﺳﺍﻭ ﻱ ﺵﺮﺘﺴﮔ ﺯﺍ ﻲﺷﺎﻧ ﺖﻴﻓﺎﻔﺷ ﻥﺍﺪﻘﻓ ﺖﻴﻟﺎﻌﻓ

ﺎﻫ ﻪﻳﺎﺳ ﻱ ﻭ ﻱﺍ ،ﻥﺁ ﺭﺩ ﺭﺎﺘﺧﺎـﺳ ﻥﺍﺪـﻘﻓ

ﺕﺎﻧﺎﻳﺮﺟ ﺖﺳﺭﺩ

ﺖﻤﻴﻗ ﻥﺎﻳﺮﺟ ﻭ ﺕﺎﻣﺪﺧ ﻭ ﺎﻫﻻﺎﻛ ﺪﻣﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﻪﺴﻳﺎﻘﻣ ﻭ ﻑﺮﺤﻨﻣ ﺍﺭ ﻲﺗﺎﻋﻼﻃﺍ ﺎﻫ

ﻲﻣ ﻞﺘﺨﻣ ﺍﺭ ـﻨﻛ

ﺍ) ﺪ ،ﺭﺪﻳﺎﻨـﺷ 2007

ﻪﻳﺎـﺳ ﺩﺎـﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺪﻨﺘـﺴﻫ ﺪـﻘﺘﻌﻣ ﻲـﺧﺮﺑ .(

ِﻝﺎـﺣ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺍ

ﺶﻳﺎﺳﺮﻓ ﻪﺑ ﺵﺮﺘﺴﮔ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ

ﻪﻈﺣﻼﻣ ﻱ ﻲـﻣ ﻲﺗﺎﻴﻟﺎﻣ ﻪﻳﺎﭘ ﻙﺭﺍﺪـﺗ ﻪـﺑ ﺮـﻣﺍ ﻦـﻳﺍ ﻪـﻛ ﺪـﻣﺎﺠﻧﺍ

ﻒﻴﻌﺿ ﺖﺧﺎﺳﺮﻳﺯ ﺮﺗ ﻱﺩﺎﻴﻨﺑ ﻲﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﺕﺎﻣﺪﺧ ﻭ ﺎﻫ

ﻲﻤـﺳﺭ ﺪﺷﺭ ﻪﺑ ﺖﻳﺎﻬﻧ ﺭﺩ ﻭ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻲﻬﺘﻨﻣ

ﻦﻴﻳﺎﭘ ﻲﻣ ﺮﺠﻨﻣ ﺮﺗ ﻮﺷ

ﻝﺩ) ﺩ ،ﻮﻧﺁ 2008 .(

ﺧﺮﺑ ﻁﺎﺒﺗﺭﺍ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻛ ﻲﺗﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻲ

ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﻱ ﻭ ﻲﻤـﺳﺭ ﺮـﻴﻏ ﺩﺎـﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻦﻴـﺑ ﻲـﻔﻨﻣ

ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ ﺖﺳﺩ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺪﺷﺭ ﺕﺭﺎـﺒﻋ ﺪﻧﺍ

ﻮـﻣ ﻭ ﮓـﻳﺮﻬﻳﺍ :ﺯﺍ ﺪـﻧﺍ )8

2000 ، 2004 ﻭ ﻦﻣﺪـﻳﺮﻓ ،(

ﻥﺍﺭﺎﻜﻤﻫ )

2000 ﺲﻨﻳﺯ ﻭ ﺕﻼﻳﺍ ،(

) 2000 ﺕﻭﺍ ،(

) 2002 ﻝﺩ ،(

) ﻮـﻧﺁ 2003 ، 2007 ،(

ﻼــﺑﺍﺩ - ﻦﻴﺘــﺴﻨﺘﻠﻓ ﻭ ﺲﻳﺭﻮــﻧ )

2005 ﻦﻴﺘــﺳﺪﻧﺍﺮﮔ ﻭ ﮓــﻧﺎﭼ ،(

) 2007 ﻝﺩ ،(

ﻭ ﻮــﻧﺁ

1. Giles & Tedds.

2. Enste.

3. Schneider.

4. Bovi & Dell’Anno.

5. Schneider & Hametner.

6. Mihai.

7. Zaman & Goschin.

8. Ihrig & Moe.

9. Friedman et al.

10. Eilat & Zinnes.

11. Ott.

12. Dabla-Norris & Feltenstein.

13. Chong & Grandstein.

(8)

ﻥﺍﺭﺎــﻜﻤﻫ )1

2007 ﻥﺍﺭﺎــﻜﻤﻫ ﻭ ﺭﺪﻳﺎﻨــﺷﺍ ،(

)2

2010 ﻥﺍﺭﺎــﻜﻤﻫ ﻭ ﻱﺩﺎﺑﺁﺮــﺸﺑ ﻲــﺑﺍﺮﻬﻣ ،(

) 1389 ) ﺮﻨﻤﻫ ﻭ ﺭﺪﻳﺎﻨﺷﺍ ،(

2014 . ... ﻭ (

ﺍﺮﻛﻮﻛ ﻭ ﻲﻟﺎﮔ ﺮﻈﻧ ﻖﺒﻃ ﻭ ﻡﻮﺳ ﺩﺮﻜﻳﻭﺭ ﺭﺩ ،ﺖﻳﺎﻬﻧ ﺭﺩ )3

2003 ) ﺭﺪﻳﺎﻨـﺷﺍ ﻭ ( 2005

،(

ﻲﻤﻧ ﻲﻘﻠﺗ ﻲﺗﺍﺫ ،ﻲﻤﺳﺭ ﻭ ﻲﻤﺳﺭ ﺮﻴﻏ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻞﻣﺎﻌﺗ ﻉﻮﻧ ﺩﻮﺷ

، ﻠﺑ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺮﺑ ﻩﺪﻴﻘﻋ ﻪﻜ ﺖﺳﺍ

ﻪﺑ ﺶﺨﺑ ﻭﺩ ﻦﻳﺍ ِﻞﻣﺎﻌﺗ ﻩﻮﺤﻧ ﻭ ﻁﺎﺒﺗﺭﺍ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻥﺩﻮﺑ ﻲﻔﻨﻣ ﺎﻳ ﺖﺒﺜﻣ ﻪﻛ ﻪﺟﺭﺩ

ﻱ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻲﮕﺘﻓﺎﻳ

ﻂﺒﺗﺮﻣ ﻞﻣﺍﻮﻋ ﻭ ﺎﻫﺭﻮﺘﻛﺎﻓ ،ﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﻭ ﻥﺁ ﺎـﺑ

ﻩﺭﻭﺩ ﻱ ،ﺮـﮕﻳﺩ ﺕﺭﺎـﺒﻋ ﻪـﺑ .ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﻲﮕﺘـﺴﺑ ﻲﻧﺎـﻣﺯ

ﺮـﻴﻏ ﻭ ﻲﻤـﺳﺭ ﺩﺎـﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻦﻴـﺑ ﻲﮕﺘـﺴﺒﻤﻫ ﺖﻣﻼﻋ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﺪﻘﺘﻌﻣ ﻩﺎﮔﺪﻳﺩ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻥﺍﺭﺍﺪﻓﺮﻃ ﻲﻤﺳﺭ ﺍﺮﺑ ﺱﺎﺳ ﻪﺟﺭﺩ ﻱ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ .ﺖـﺳﺍ ﻲﻳﺎـﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻭ ﻒـﻳﺮﻌﺗ ﻞـﺑﺎﻗ ﺮـﺘﻬﺑ ﺎﻫﺭﻮـﺸﻛ ﻲﮕﺘﻓﺎـﻳ

ﻪﺑ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﮓﻨﻴﻠﻛ ﻭ ﺭﺪﻳﺎﻨﺷﺍ ﻝﺎﺜﻣ

4ﺮﻳﺎﻣ ) 2004 (،

ﺭﺩ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻱ ﻩﺪﻴﺳﺭ ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﺑ ﺩﻮﺧ ﺪـﻧﺍ

ﻪﻛ 1 ﺶﻫﺎﻛ ﻪﺑ ﺮﺠﻨﻣ ﻲﻤﺳﺭ ﺮﻴﻏ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ 6/

0 ﻱﺩﺎـﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺪـﺷﺭ ﻱﺪﺻﺭﺩ

ﻝﺎﺣﺭﺩ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻧﻻﺎﺳ ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﻭ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ

8 / 0 ﻭ 1 ﻱﺎﻫﺭﻮـﺸﻛ ﺭﺩ ﺐـﻴﺗﺮﺗ ﻪـﺑ ﻱﺪﺻﺭﺩ

ﻝﺎﺣﺭﺩ ﻲﻣ ﻲﺘﻌﻨﺻ ﻭ ﺭﺍﺬﮔ ﻮﺷ

ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﺭﺩ .ﺩ ﻥﺁ ﺭﺩ ﻪـﻛ ﻪـﺘﻓﺎﻳ

ﺖﺧﺎـﺳﺮﻳﺯ ﺎـﻫ ﻱﺎـﻫ

ﺏﻮﻠﻄﻣ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻢﻫﺍﺮﻓ

ﻩﺎﮕﻨﺑ ﻭ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﻭ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﺪـﺣ ﺯﺍ ﺶﻴـﺑ ﺭﺎﺑ ﺽﺮﻌﻣ ﺭﺩ ﺎﻫ

ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻗ ﻭ ﺕﺎﻴﻟﺎﻣ ﻪﻳﺎﺳ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺢﻄﺳ ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ ،ﺪﻧﺭﺍﺩ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻱﺭﺍﺬﮔ

ﻲﻣ ﻱﺍ ﺠﻨﻣ ﺪﻧﺍﻮﺗ ﺶﻳﺍﺰـﻓﺍ ﻪﺑ ﺮ

ﺩﻮﺷ ﻲﻤﺳﺭ ﺶﺨﺑ ﺭﺩ

، ﻲﻓﺎـﺿﺍ ﻱﺎﻫﺪـﻣﺁﺭﺩ ﻭ ﻩﺪـﺷ ﺩﺎـﺠﻳﺍ ﻩﺩﻭﺰﻓﺍ ﺵﺯﺭﺍ ﺖﻟﺎﺣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺮﻳﺯ

ﻪﺑ ﺖﺳﺩ ﻪﻳﺎﺳ ﺶﺨﺑ ﺭﺩ ﻩﺪﻣﺁ .ﺪـﺷ ﺪـﻨﻫﺍﻮﺧ ﻪـﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺭﺎـﻛ ﻪﺑ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻲﻤﺳﺭ ﺶﺨﺑ ﺭﺩ ،ﻱﺍ

ﺯﺍ

ﻱﻮﺳ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﺭﺩ ،ﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﻝﺎﺣ

ﺖﺧﺎـﺳﺮﻳﺯ ﻪﻛ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﺭﺩ ﻲـﻤﻬﻣ ﺶـﻘﻧ ﻱﺩﺎـﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻱﺎـﻫ

ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺎﻫﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺪﺷﺭ ﻪﻳﺎﺳ ﺶﺨﺑ ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ ،

ﻲﺗﺭﻮـﺻ ﺭﺩ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻱﺍ ﻦﻳﺰﮕﻳﺎـﺟ ﻪـﻛ

ﻪﻳﺎﭘ ﺭﺩ ﻲﺘﺳﺎﻛ ﻭ ﺶﻳﺎﺳﺮﻓ ﻪﺑ ﺮﺠﻨﻣ ،ﺩﻮﺷ ﻲﻤﺳﺭ ﺶﺨﺑ ﻲﻣ ﻲﺗﺎﻴﻟﺎﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ

ﺩﻮﺷ

، ﻪـﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﻪﻛ ﻱ

ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﻥﺁ ﻢﻛ

ﺮﺗ ﻭ ﻲﻤﺳﺭ ﺶﺨﺑ ﺭﺩ

ﻦﻴﻳﺎﭘ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺪﺷﺭ ﺖﻳﺎﻬﻧ ﻲـﺑﺍﺮﻬﻣ) ﺩﻮـﺑ ﺪـﻫﺍﻮﺧ ﺮـﺗ

-

،ﻥﺍﺭﺎﻜﻤﻫ ﻭ ﻱﺩﺎﺑﺁﺮﺸﺑ 1389

.(

ﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺕﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺭﻭﺮﻣ ﻦﻴﺸﻴﭘ

ﺸﻧ ﻲﻣ ﻥﺎ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻫﺩ ﺭﺩ ﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ

ﺶﻫﻭﮋﭘ ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ ﻩﺯﻮﺣ ﺭﺩ

ﻱ ﺮﻴﻏ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻪﺑ ،ﻲﻤﺳﺭ

ﻱ ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ گﺭﺰﺑ ﻪﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ

ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺪﺷﺭ ﺮﺑ ﻲﻤﺳﺭ ﺮﻴﻏ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ

، ﻥﺁ ﻲﻔﻴﻛ ﺕﺭﻮﺻ ﻪﺑ ﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﻢﻫ

، ﻪﺘﺧﺍﺩﺮﭘ ﻩﺪﺷ

ﺖﺳﺍ ﻭ

ﻪﺑ ﺭﻮﻃ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﺭﺩ ﺺﺨﺸﻣ ﻩﺪﻳﺪﭘ

ﻱ

"

ﻻﺎﻛ ﻕﺎﭼﺎﻗ

"

ﻪﺑ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﺩﺎـﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻢـﻬﻣ ﺶـﺨﺑ ﺮـﻳﺯ ﻚﻳ

ﺮﻴﻏ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻤﺳﺭ ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ

ﻪﺑ ﻲﻣ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺪﺷﺭ ﺮﺑ ﻲﻳﺍﺰﺳ ﻱﺩﻭﺪﺤﻣ ﺭﺎﻴﺴﺑ ﺕﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ،ﺩﺭﺍﺬﮔ

ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ

1. Dell’Annoet al.

2. Schneider et al.

3. Galli & Kucera.

4. Schneider & Klinglmair.

(9)

ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ،ﻢـﻫ ﺩﻭﺪـﺤﻣ ﺕﺎـﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻦﻴـﻤﻫ ﺭﺩ ﻪـﻜﻨﻳﺍ ﻦﻤـﺿ .ﺖﺳﺍ ﺩﺎـﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺮـﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺭﺎـﺑﻭﺩ

ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﻲﻤﺳﺭﺮﻴﻏ ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﻢﻴﻤﻌﺗ ﻥﺁ ﻪﺑ ﻻﺎﻛ ﻕﺎﭼﺎﻗ ﻭ

ﺯﺍ .ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻱﻮﺳ

ﺮـﮕﻳﺩ ﻥﺎـﻤﻫ ﺭﻮـﻃ

ﻪﻤﻫ ًﺎﺒﻳﺮﻘﺗ ،ﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﻔﮔ ﻪﻛ ﻱ

ﺕﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ

ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻩﺪﻳﺪﭘ ﻱ ﻪﺑ ،ﻻﺎﻛ ﻕﺎﭼﺎﻗ ﺕﺭﻮـﺻ

،ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺩﻮﺑ ﻲﻔﻴﻛ ﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ

ﻱﺭﻭﺁﻮﻧ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ

ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﻱ ﺭﺩ

ﻨﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺴ ﻦـﻳﺍ

ﻖـﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﺵﻼـﺗ

ﻩﺪﺷ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺎﺗ ﺍﺮﺑ ﻱ ﻦﻴﺘﺴﺨﻧ ﺭﺎﺑ

ﻦﻤﺿ ﻭﺁﺮﺑ

ِﻲﻤﻛ ﺩﺭ ﻭ ﻻﺎﻛ ﻕﺎﭼﺎﻗ ﺮﺛﺍ

ﺰﻴﻧ ﻪـﺟﺭﺩ ﻱ ﻥﺩﻮﺑﺯﺎـﺑ

،ﻥﺍﺮﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺪﺷﺭ ﺮﺑ ﻱﺭﺎﺠﺗ ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ

ﻱ ﻻﺎﻛ ﻕﺎﭼﺎﻗ ﻥﺎﻴﻣ ﻭ

ﻪـﺟﺭﺩ ﻱ ﻱﺭﺎـﺠﺗ ﻥﺩﻮﺑﺯﺎـﺑ

ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﺰﻴﻧ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ

ﺩﺮﻴﮔ .

3 - ﻲﻧﺎﺒﻣ ﻱﺮﻈﻧ ﻭ ﺭﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﻮﮕﻟﺍ

3 - 1 - ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﻱ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺪﺷﺭ ﻭ ﻻﺎﻛ ﻕﺎﭼﺎﻗ

ﺩﺮﻜﻠﻤﻋ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﺗﺎﻋﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻜﻳ ﻻﺎﻛ ﻕﺎﭼﺎﻗ ﺶﺨﺑ

ﺎﻫ ﺖـﺤﺗ ﺍﺭ ﺩﺎـﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻱ

ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ ﻲﻣ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﺖـﻤﻴﻗ ﻢﺘـﺴﻴﺳ ﺯﺍ ﻪـﻛ ﻲﻳﺎﻫﺭﻮـﺸﻛ ﺭﺩ ﻩﺪﻳﺪﭘ ﻦﻳﺍ .ﺪﻫﺩ ﺭﺎﻛﺎﻧ ِﻱﺭﺍﺬـﮔ

ﻱﺪـﻣﺁ

ﻪﻨﻳﺰﻫ ﺎﻳ ﻭ ﻩﺩﻮﺑ ﺭﺍﺩﺭﻮﺧﺮﺑ ﻥﺁ ﺭﺩ ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﻱﺎﻫ

ﻱﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﻊﻧﺍﻮﻣ ﺎﺑ ﻲﺟﺭﺎﺧ ﺕﺭﺎﺠﺗ ﻭ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻻﺎﺑ ﺎﻫ

ﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ،ﺖﺳﺍ ﻭﺮﺑﻭﺭ ﻲﻣ ﻩﺪﻳﺩ

ﻪﺑ ﻝﺎﺣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺎﺑ .ﺩﻮﺷ ﻞﻴﻟﺩ

ﻥﺍﺮـﻳﺍ ﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻜﻨﻳﺍ ﻢﺘـﺴﻴﺳ ﻚـﻳ

ﻪﻧ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻪـﺑ ًﺎـﻀﻌﺑ ﻒـﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻞﺋﺎـﺴﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻝﻮﺻﺍ ﻪﻛ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﻥﺎﻳﺮﺟ ﺪﻣﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﻥﺍﺪﻨﭼ

ﻲﻤﻧ ﺍﺮﺟﺍ ﻲﺘﺳﺭﺩ ﻲﻬﺟﻮـﺗ ﻞـﺑﺎﻗ ﺯﺎـﻴﻧ ،ﺭﺍﺯﺎـﺑ ﺭﺩ ﻒـﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻱﺎﻫﻻﺎﻛ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﻦﻳﺍﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ ،ﺩﻮﺷ

ﻕﺎـﭼﺎﻗ ﺪـﻨﻧﺎﻣ ﻲﻤﺳﺭ ﺮﻴﻏ ﻱﺩﺎﺒﻣ ﻖﻳﺮﻃ ﺯﺍ ﻞﺧﺍﺩ ﻱﺎﻫﺯﺎﻴﻧ ﺯﺍ ﻲﺸﺨﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻦﻴﻣﺄـﺗ

ﻲﻣ ﺎﺑ ﻁﺎﺒﺗﺭﺍ ﺭﺩ .ﺩﻮﺷ ﻩﺪﻳﺪﭘ

ﻱ ،ﻲـﺘﻤﻴﻗ ﻡﺎـﻈﻧ ﻥﺩﻮـﺑ ﻝﺩﺎـﻌﺘﻣﺎﻧ ﺰـﻴﻧ ﻻﺎﻛ ﺝﻭﺮﺧ ﻭ ﺕﺍﺭﺩﺎﺻ

ﺯﻭﺮﺑ ﻪﺑ ﺮﺠﻨﻣ ﻩﺪﻳﺪﭘ

ﻱ ﻲﻣ ﻕﺎﭼﺎﻗ ﻦﻴﻨﭽﻤﻫ .ﺩﻮﺷ

ﻪﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ ﻥﺍﺮﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺭﺎﮔﺯﺎـﺳﺎﻧ ﻱﺎﻫﻻﺎﻛ ﺯﺍ ﻱﺍ

ﻲﻣ ﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﺩﺭﺍﻭ ﻕﺎﭼﺎﻗ ﺕﺭﻮﺻ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻢﻛﺎﺣ ﺕﺍﺩﺎﻘﺘﻋﺍ ﻭ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﺎﺑ ﺪﻧﻮـﺷ

، ﺭﺩ ﺎـﻣﺍ

ﻥﺍﺪﻘﻓ ﺕﺭﻮﺻ ﺭﺩ ﺪﻧﺭﺍﺩ ﻲﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﻑﺮﺼﻣ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻳﺎﻫﻻﺎﻛ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﺖﺳﺎﻴﺳ

ﺭﺍﺬﮔ ﺖـﺳﺭﺩ ﻱ ﻕﺎـﭼﺎﻗ ،

ﻲﻣ ﺕﺭﻮﺻ .ﺩﺮﻴﮔ

ﻊﻧﺍﻮﻣ ﺶﻴﭘ ﻪﺘﻔﮔ ﺭﺩ ﺭﻮﺸﻛ

،ﺎﻣ ﻩﻭﻼﻋ ﺮﺑ ﻦـﻣﺍﺩ ﻥﺩﺯ ﻪـﺑ ﺪـﻳﺪﭘ ﻩ ﻱ ﻕﺎـﭼﺎﻗ ،

ﺐﺟﻮﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻦﺘﻓﺭ ﻱﺎﻫﺮﺘﺴﺑ ﻡﺯﻻ

ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻦﺘﺳﻮﻴﭘ ﻪﺑ

ﻲﻧﺎﻬﺟ ﺕﺭﺎﺠﺗ ﻥﺎﻣﺯﺎﺳ )1

(WTO

ﺰﻴﻧ

ﻩﺪﺷ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﻣ ﻉﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﻛ ﻭ ﺪﺷﺭ ﻪﺑ ﻥﺪﻴﺳﺭ ﺖﻬﺟ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻌﻧﺎﻣ ﺪﻧﺍﻮﺗ

ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﺘﻗﺍ ﻱ ﻱﺩﺎـﺼ

،ﻲﻳﻮﻠﻧﺍﺮﻄﻣ) ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﺮﺗﻻﺎﺑ 1394

.(

ﻢـﺸﭼ ﺪﻨـﺳ ﺕﺎـﻣﺍﺰﻟﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻜﻳ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻳﺎﺠﻧﺁ ﺯﺍ ﻦﻳﺍﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ ﺯﺍﺪـﻧﺍ

ﺖﺴﻴﺑ ﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻪﻟﺎﺳ ﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﻱﺩﺎ

، ﻕﺎﭼﺎﻗ ،ﺖﺳﺍ ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﺖﻳﻮﻘﺗ ﻪـﺑ

ﻥﺍﻮـﻨﻋ ﻱﺩﺎـﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺪـﻳﺪﻬﺗ ﻚـﻳ

ﻲﻣ ﻭ ﺪﻨﻛ ﻞﻜﺸﻣ ﺭﺎﭼﺩ ﺎﻳ ﻭ ﻪﺘﺷﺍﺩﺯﺎﺑ ﻑﺪﻫ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻥﺪﻴﺳﺭ ﺯﺍ ﺍﺭ ﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻡﺎﻈﻧ ﺪﻧﺍﻮﺗ

1.World Trade Organization.

(10)

ﺩﻮـﺷ ﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺕﺭﺪﻗ ﻒﻴﻌﻀﺗ ﻪﺑ ﺮﺠﻨﻣ ﺖﻳﺎﻬﻧﺭﺩ

، ﻲـﻣ ﻩﺪﻫﺎـﺸﻣ ﻦﻳﺍﺮﺑﺎـﻨﺑ ﻪـﻛ ﺩﻮـﺷ

ﻣﺎﺟ ﻪﺑ ﻲﻨﻴﮕﻨﺳ ﺕﺎﺑﺮﺿ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺪﻌﺑ ﺯﺍ ﻻﺎﻛ ﻕﺎﭼﺎﻗ ﺩﺭﺍﻭ ﻪﻌ

ﻲﻣ ﻪـﺑ ﻻﺎـﻛ ﻕﺎﭼﺎﻗ .ﺩﺭﻭﺁ ﺭﻮـﻃ

ﻲﻣ ﻢﻴﻘﺘﺴﻣﺮﻴﻏ ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮﺳ ﺮﺑ ﺪﻧﺍﻮﺗ

ﺭﻮـﺸﻛ ﻲـﻠﻣ ﻱﺭﺍﺬـﮔ ﺮﻴﺛﺄـﺗ

ﺩﻭﺭﻭ ﺎـﺑ .ﺪـﺷﺎﺑ ﻪﺘـﺷﺍﺩ ﻲـﻔﻨﻣ

ﺪـﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﺕﻻﻮـﺼﺤﻣ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﺎﺿﺎﻘﺗ ﻭ ﻩﺩﺭﻮﺧ ﻪﺑﺮﺿ ﻲﻠﻣ ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ (ﻦﻴﻳﺎﭘ ﺖﻤﻴﻗ ﺎﺑ) ﻕﺎﭼﺎﻗ ﻱﺎﻫﻻﺎﻛ ﺶﻫﺎﻛ ﻞﺧﺍﺩ

ﻲﻣ ﺎﻳ ﺪﺑ ﻭ ﻪﺑ ﻝﺎﺒﻧﺩ ﻳﺎﻣﺮـﺳ ﺶﻫﺎﻛ ﺖﻳﺎﻬﻧﺭﺩ ﻭ ﻱﺭﻭﺁﺩﻮﺳ ﺶﻫﺎﻛ ﺩﻮﺧ ﻪ

ﻱﺭﺍﺬـﮔ

ﻲﻣ ﺐﺟﻮﻣ ﺍﺭ ﻲﻠﺧﺍﺩ ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﺶﺨﺑ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮﺳ ﺶﻫﺎﻛ .ﺩﺩﺮﮔ

ﺰﻴﻧ ﻱﺭﺍﺬﮔ ﺐﺒﺳ

ﻝﺎﻐﺘﺷﺍ ﺶﻫﺎﻛ

ﺷ ﻩﺪ ﻭ ﻥﺍﺮـﺤﺑ ﻱﺭﺎـﻜﻴﺑ ﺶﻳﺍﺰـﻓﺍ ﺎـﺑ .ﺩﺍﺩ ﺪـﻫﺍﻮﺧ ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﺍﺭ ﻱﺭﺎﻜﻴﺑ ﺥﺮﻧ ﻲﻋﺎـﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻱﺎـﻫ

-

،ﻒﻴﺳ) ﺖﻓﺎﻳ ﺪﻫﺍﻮﺧ ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﺰﻴﻧ ﻥﺁ ﺯﺍ ﻲﺷﺎﻧ ﺕﺎﻌﺒﺗ ﻭ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ 1385

.(

ﺯﺍ ﻳﻮﺳ ﻪﻨﻳﺰﻫ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ﻕﺎﭼﺎﻗ ﻲ ﺍ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﻳﺎﻫ

ﻪﻨﻳﺰﻫ ﻦﻳ ﻲﻣ ﺍﺭ ﺎﻫ

ﻲﻠﻛ ﻪﺘﺳﺩ ﻭﺩ ﻪﺑ ﻥﺍﻮﺗ

ﻪﻨﻳﺰﻫ ﻪﻨﻳﺰﻫ ﻭ ﻲﻌﻗﺍﻭ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻢﻴﺴﻘﺗ ﻲﻟﻮﭘ ﻱﺎﻫ

ﻱﺪﻨﺑ ﺮﻛ ﻪﻨﻳﺰﻫ .ﺩ ﻝﺎـﻘﺘﻧﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻕﺎـﭼﺎﻗ ﻲﻌﻗﺍﻭ ﻱﺎﻫ

ﻪـﺑ ﺭﺎـﻛ ﻱﻭﺮﻴﻧ ﻭ ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮﺳ ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﻞﻣﺍﻮﻋ ﺶـﺨﺑ

ﺎـﻫ ﻭ ﺩﺎـﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻲـﻔﺨﻣ ﻭ ﻲﻧﻮﻧﺎـﻗﺮﻴﻏ ﻱ

ﻪﻨﻳﺰﻫ ﻪﺑ ﻲﻟﻮﭘ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻪﻓﺮﻌﺗ ﻭ ﺕﺎﻴﻟﺎﻣ ﺯﺍ ﺭﺍﺮﻓ ﻞﻴﻟﺩ

ﻪﺑ ﻲـﻣ ﺩﻮـﺟﻭ ـﻨﻳﺁ

ﻲﺗﺎـﻴﻟﺎﻣ ﻱﺎﻫﺪـﻣﺁﺭﺩ .ﺪ

ﻊﺒﻨﻣ ﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﺎﻫﺭﻮـﺸﻛ ﺯﺍ ﻱﺭﺎﻴﺴﺑ ﺭﺩ ﺖﻟﻭﺩ ﻱﺎﻫﺪﻣﺁﺭﺩ ،ﺪﻨﺘـﺴﻫ

ﻱﺎﻫﺭﻮـﺸﻛ ﻪـﻛ ﻲﻟﺎـﺣ ﺭﺩ

ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﺕﺎﻴﻟﺎﻣ ﺮﺑ ﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮـﺳ ﺩﻮـﺳ ﻭ ﺩﻮـﺳ ،ﺪـﻣﺁﺭﺩ ﺮﺑ ﺕﺎﻴﻟﺎﻣ ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ ﻢﻴﻘﺘﺴﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ

ﺭﺩ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﻮﺸﻛ ،ﺪﻧﺭﺍﺩ ﻪﻴﻜﺗ ﻝﺎﺣ

ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﺕﺎﻴﻟﺎﻣ ﻪﺑ ﺕﺎـﻴﻟﺎﻣ ﻪـﻠﻤﺟ ﺯﺍ ،ﻢﻴﻘﺘـﺴﻣﺮﻴﻏ ﻱﺎﻫ

ﺭﺎﺠﺗ ﺮﺑ ﻦﻴﺑ ﺕ ﻱﺮﻜﺴﻋ) ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﻲﻜﺘﻣ ﻲﻠﻠﻤﻟﺍ ،1

2006 .(

ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻞﻴﻟﺩ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻉﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ

ﻪﻨﻳﺰﻫ ﺕﺎـﻴﻟﺎﻣ ﻲﻳﺍﺮﺟﺍ ﻭ ﻱﺭﺍﺩﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺕﺎـﻴﻟﺎﻣ ﻪـﺑ ﺖﺒـﺴﻧ ﻢﻴﻘﺘـﺴﻣﺮﻴﻏ ﻱﺎـﻫ

ﻢﻴﻘﺘـﺴﻣ ﻱﺎـﻫ

ﻦﻴﻳﺎﭘ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺮﺗ

، ﻂﻴﺤﻣ ﺭﺩ ،ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧﺭﺩ ﻦﻴﻳﺎـﭘ ﻱﺩﺎـﻬﻧ ﺖـﻴﻔﻴﻛ ﺎـﺑ ﻲﻳﺎـﻫ

ﻱﺎﻫﺭﻮـﺸﻛ ﺪـﻨﻧﺎﻣ ﺮـﺗ

ﻝﺎﺣﺭﺩ ﻥﺎﺳﺁ ﻢﻴﻘﺘﺴﻣﺮﻴﻏ ﺕﺎﻴﻟﺎﻣ ﻊﺿﻭ ،ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﺮﺗ

ﺖﺳﺍ ، ﺯﺍ ﺏﺎـﻨﺘﺟﺍ ﺎـﺑ ﻥﺎﻴﭽﻗﺎﭼﺎﻗ ،ﻦﻳﺍﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ

ﺕﺎﻴﻟﺎﻣ ﻭ ﻲﻧﻮﻧﺎﻗ ﻒﻳﺎﻇﻭ ﻪﻓﺮﻌﺗ/ﺎﻫ

ﻪﺟﺩﻮﺑ ﻪﺑ ﻲﻓﺎﺿﺍ ﺭﺎﺑ ﻚﻳ ،ﺎﻫ ﻱ

ﻲـﻣ ﻞـﻴﻤﺤﺗ ﺖـﻟﻭﺩ .ﺪـﻨﻨﻛ

ﻪﺑ ،ﻲﻌﻴﺒﻃﺭﻮﻃ ﺖﻴﻟﺎﻌﻓ

ﺎﻫ ﻥﺁ ﻱ ﻪـﺋﺍﺭﺍ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﺍﺭ ﺖﻟﻭﺩ ﻲﻳﺎﻧﺍﻮﺗ ﺎﻫ ﻱ

ﺶﻫﺎـﻛ ﻲﻣﻮـﻤﻋ ﻱﺎـﻫﻻﺎﻛ

ﻲﻣ ) ﺪﻫﺩ ﺑﻪ ﻩﮋﻳﻭ ﻝﺎﺣﺭﺩ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﺭﺩ ﻥﺁ ﻪﻛ ﻞﻴﻟﺩ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ

ﺎﻫ ﺕﺎـﻴﻟﺎﻣ ﺮﺑ ﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﻱﺎـﻫ

ﻲﻣ ﻉﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ .(ﺪﻧﺭﺍﺩ ﻪﻴﻜﺗ ﻢﻴﻘﺘﺴﻣﺮﻴﻏ ﺭﺩ ﺖﻟﻭﺩ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻱﺮّﻀﻣ ﺐﻗﺍﻮﻋ ﺪﻧﺍﻮﺗ

ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﻪـﺋﺍﺭﺍ ﻱ

ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻪﺘﺷﺍﺩ ﻲﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﻱﺎﻫﻻﺎﻛ

، ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﻟﺎﺣ ﺭﺩ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﺿﺮﻋ

ﻱ ﻩﺮـﻬﺑ ،ﻲﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﻱﺎﻫﻻﺎﻛ ﻱﺭﻭ

ﺖﻛﺮﺷ ﺎﻫ ﻲـﻣ ﺶﻳﺍﺰـﻓﺍ ﺩﺎـﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻲﻤﺳﺭ ﺶﺨﺑ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ ﻥﺍﺭﺎـﻜﻤﻫ ﻭ ﻥﻮـﺴﻧﺎﺟ) ﺪـﻫﺩ

،2

1977 ،

1. Askari.

2.Johnson et al.

(11)

ﺍﺰﻳﻮﻟ ، 1996 (،

ﺏﺎـﻴﻤﻛ ﻊﺑﺎـﻨﻣ ﻑﻼـﺗﺍ ﻖـﻳﺮﻃ ﺯﺍ ﻕﺎـﭼﺎﻗ ﻦﻳﺍﺮﺑﺎـﻨﺑ ﺮـﺑ ﻲـﻔﻨﻣ ﺮـﺛﺍ ﻱﺍﺭﺍﺩ_

ﻩﺮﻬﺑ ﻥﺎﮕﻧﺍﺯﺮﻓ ﻭ ﻦﺋﻮﺑ) ﺖﺳﺍ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺪﺷﺭ ﻭ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ،ﻱﺭﻭ ،

2012 .(

ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ ﻩﺯﺍﺪﻧﺍ ﻭ ﻩﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ ﻱﺭﺍﻮﺷﺩ

ﻪـﺑ ﻦﻴﻨﭽﻤﻫ ﻭ ﻻﺎﻛ ﻕﺎﭼﺎﻗ ﻱﺮﻴﮔ ﺖـﻴﻫﺎﻣ ﻞـﻴﻟﺩ

ﻲﻤﻧ ﺖﺒﺛ ﻲﻤﺳﺭ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﺎﻣﺁ ﺭﺩ ﻩﺪﻳﺪﭘ ﻦﻳﺍ ،ﻥﺁ ﻥﺎﻬﻨﭘ ﺁ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻭ ﺩﻮﺷ

ﻥﺪـﻧﺎﻣ ﻥﺎـﻬﻨﭘ ﺐﺟﻮﻣ ﻥ

ﻲـﻣ ﺮـﻣﺍ ﻦﻳﺍ .ﺪﺷ ﺪﻫﺍﻮﺧ ﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺩﺮﻜﻠﻤﻋ ﺯﺍ ﻲﺸﺨﺑ ﺖـﺳﺎﻴﺳ ﻲﻳﺍﺭﺎـﻛ ﺪـﻧﺍﻮﺗ

ﻱﺎـﻫ

ﻪﺟﺍﻮﻣ ﺶﻟﺎﭼ ﺎﺑ ﺍﺭ ﺖﻟﻭﺩ ﻲﺼﻴﺼﺨﺗ ﻭ ﻲﻌﻳﺯﻮﺗ ﻨﻛ

ﺰﺋﻮﮕﻨﻴﻣﻭﺩ) ﺪ ،

1975 ﺩﺭﺍﻮﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ .(

ﻲﻣ ﻻﺎﻛ ﻕﺎﭼﺎﻗ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺕﺍﺮﺛﺍ ﻪﻠﻤﺟﺯﺍ ،ﻩﺪﺷ ﺮﻛﺫ ﻞﻜﺷ ﻪﺑ ﻥﺍﻮﺗ

ﻭ ﻲـﻨﻴﻣﺯﺮﻳﺯ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻱﺮﻴﮔ

ﺎﻣ ﺭﺍﺮﻓ ﻪﻨﻳﺰﻫ ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ ،ﺖﻟﻭﺩ ﻱﺎﻫﺪﻣﺁﺭﺩ ﺶﻫﺎﻛ ،ﻲﺗﺎﻴﻟ ،ﻪـﺟﺩﻮﺑ ﻱﺮﺴﻛ ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﻭ ﺖﻟﻭﺩ ﻱﺎﻫ

ﻪـﻧﻻﺩﺎﻋﺎﻧ ﻊﻳﺯﻮﺗ ،ﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﻱﺯﺭﺍ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﻦﺘﻓﺭ ﺭﺪﻫ ،ﻝﺎﻐﺘﺷﺍ ﺶﻫﺎﻛ ،ﻲﻠﺧﺍﺩ ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﺢﻄﺳ ﺶﻫﺎﻛ ﻲﺗﺎﻘﺒﻃ ﻪﻠﺻﺎﻓ ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﻭ ﺪﻣﺁﺭﺩ ﻑﺮﺼﻣ ﻩﺎﻓﺭ ﺶﻫﺎﻛ ،

ﻥﺎﮔﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﺭﺩ ﻝﻼـﺧﺍ ،

ﺖـﺳﺎﻴﺳ ﺎـﻫ ﻱ

ﺖﻧﺍﺭ ﻭ ﺭﺎﺼﺤﻧﺍ ﻞﻴﻬﺴﺗ ،ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ

،ﻱﺭﺍﻮﺧ ،ﻱﺩﺎـﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻱﺎـﻫﺭﺎﻣﺁ ﻪـﺑ ﻪـﻤﻄﻟ ،ﻲﻟﻮـﭘ ﺕﻼﻜﺸﻣ

ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮﺳ ﺖﻴﻨﻣﺍ ﺪﻳﺪﻬﺗ ﻪﻛ ﺩﺮﻛ ﻩﺭﺎﺷﺍ ﻩﺮﻴﻏ ﻭ ﻱﺭﺍﺬﮔ

ﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﻪﺑ ﻞﻣﺍﻮﻋ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺮ ﻭ ﻩﺩﻮـﺑ ﻂﺒﺗﺮﻣ ﻢﻫ

ﻢﻫ ﺮﺑ ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ ﻲﻣ .ﺪﻧﺭﺍﺬﮔ

3 - 2 - ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﻱ ﻪﺟﺭﺩ ﻱ :ﻻﺎﻛ ﻕﺎﭼﺎﻗ ﻭ ﻱﺭﺎﺠﺗ ﻥﺩﻮﺑﺯﺎﺑ

ﻳ ﻞﻜﺷ ﻞﻣﺍﻮﻋ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻜ ﻩﺪـﻨﻫﺩ

ﻱ ﻲـﻨﻴﻣﺯﺮﻳﺯ ﺩﺎـﺼﺘﻗﺍ (ﻕﺎـﭼﺎﻗ)

ﺩﻮـﺟﻭ ﺖﻳﺩﻭﺪـﺤﻣ ـﻫ

ﻱﺎ

.ﺖﺳﺍ ﻱﺭﺎﺠﺗ ﺖﻳﺩﻭﺪﺤﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ

ﻱﺭﺎﺠﺗ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺐﺒﺳ

ﻭ ﻲـﻠﺧﺍﺩ ﻱﺎـﻫﺭﺍﺯﺎﺑ ﻥﺎـﻴﻣ ﺖـﻤﻴﻗ ﻑﻼﺘﺧﺍ

1.Loayza.

2. Buehn & Farzanegan.

3. Dominguez.

4 . ﻪﺑ ﻕﺎﭼﺎﻗ ،ﺹﺎﺧ ﻲﻄﻳﺍﺮﺷ ﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺎﻨﺜﺘﺳﺍ ﺭﻮﻃ

، ﻣ ﺮﺛﺍ ﺎﻨﻛﺎﺳ ﻱﺪﻣﺁﺭﺩ ﺖﻴﻌﺿﻭ ﺩﻮﺒﻬﺑ ﺮﺑ ﻲﺘﺒﺜ ﺶﺨﺑ ِﻥ

ﺯﺍ ﻲﺻﺎﺧ ﻱﺎﻫ

ﻲﻣ ﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﻲﻣ ﺕﺄﺸﻧ ﺎﺠﻧﺁ ﺯﺍ ﻕﺎﻔﺗﺍ ﻦﻳﺍ .ﺩﺭﺍﺬﮔ ﺶﺨﺑ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻛ ﺩﺮﻴﮔ

ﻭ ﻲﻳﺎﻴﻓﺍﺮﻐﺟ ﻂﻳﺍﺮﺷ ﻪﺑ ﺎﻨﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻳﺎﻫ

ﻮﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻞﻣﺍﻮﻋ ﺮﻳﺎﺳ ﻲﻣ ﻩﺮﻬﺑ ﻲﺻﺎﺧ ﻲﻜﻳﮋﺗﺍﺮﺘﺳﺍ ﺖﻴﻌﻗ

ﻕﺎﭼﺎﻗ ،ﺪﻧﺮﻴﮔ ﺐﺒﺳ

ﺖﻴﻌﺿﻭ ﺩﻮﺒﻬﺑ ﻥﺁ ﻱﺪﻣﺁﺭﺩ

ﻲﻣ ﺎﻫ ﻮﺷ ،ﺩ

ﻲﻣ ﺩﻮﺒﻬﺑ ﺍﺭ ﺪﻣﺁﺭﺩ ﻊﻳﺯﻮﺗ ﺪﻧﻭﺭ ﻭ ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﺶﻫﺎﻛ ﻖﻃﺎﻨﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ ﺮﻘﻓ ﻪﺑ .ﺪﺸﺨﺑ

ﻭ ﻭﺎﺧ ﻱﺯﺮﻣ ﺶﺨﺑ ﺭﺩ ﻝﺎﺜﻣ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ

ﺩﺎﺑﺁﺮﻴﻣ ﻥﺍﻮﻳﺮﻣ–

، ﻻﺎﻛ ﻕﺎﭼﺎﻗ ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ

ﺶﻫﺎﻛ ﻭ ﻝﺎﻐﺘﺷﺍ ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ ،ﺪﻣﺁﺭﺩ ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﺮﺑ ﻲﺘﺒﺜﻣ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻪﺘﺷﺍﺩ ﻱﺭﺎﻜﻴﺑ

ﻪﻨﻬﻛ) ،ﻲﻧﺎﺘﺴﺑﺎﻨﻋ ﻭ ﻲﺷﻮﭘ 1391

.(

5 ﻢﻫ ﻡﺪﻋ ﻂﻳﺍﺮﺷ ﺭﺩ ﻥﺍﺮﮕﺸﻫﻭﮋﭘ ﻲﺧﺮﺑ ﺩﺎﻘﺘﻋﺍ ﻪﺑ . ﺮﺠﻨﻣ ﻩﺎﻓﺭ ﺶﻫﺎﻛ ﻪﺑ ﻻﺎﻛ ﻕﺎﭼﺎﻗ ،ﻲﻧﻮﻧﺎﻗ ﺕﺭﺎﺠﺗ ﻭ ﻕﺎﭼﺎﻗ ﻲﻧﺎﻣﺯ

ﻲﻣ ﻥﺎﻜﻣﺍ ﻲﺻﺎﺧ ﻂﻳﺍﺮﺷ ﺖﺤﺗ ﻪﺘﺒﻟﺍ .ﺩﻮﺷ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﺰﻴﻧ ﻩﺎﻓﺭ ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ

، ﺭﺩ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺯﺍ ﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﻲﺧﺮﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﻟﺎﺣ

ﻴﺑ ﻥﺍﺮﮕﺸﻫﻭﮋﭘ ﻲﻣ ﻥﺎ

ﻢﻫ ﺖﻟﺎﺣ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﻥﺎﻜﻣﺍ ﺰﻴﻧ ﻲﻧﻮﻧﺎﻗ ﺕﺭﺎﺠﺗ ﻭ ﻕﺎﭼﺎﻗ ﻲﻧﺎﻣﺯ

ﻕﺎﭼﺎﻗ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ﻩﺎﻓﺭ ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ

.ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ

(12)

ﻲﻣ ﻲﺟﺭﺎﺧ ﻲـﺗﺍﺩﺭﺍﻭ ﻱﺎﻫﻻﺎﻛ ﺭﺩ ﺱﺎﻨﺟﺍ ﺥﺮﻧ ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻭ ﺩﻮﺷ

ﺐﺒـﺳ ﺭﺩ ﻩﺰـﻴﮕﻧﺍ ﺩﺎـﺠﻳﺍ

ﻪﻓﺮﻌﺗ ﺖﺧﺍﺩﺮﭘ ﺯﺍ ﺭﺍﺮﻓ ﻭ ﻲﻧﻮﻧﺎﻗﺮﻴﻏ ﺕﺍﺩﺭﺍﻭ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﻲﻣ ﺎﻫ

،ﺖـﻴﭘ) ﺩﺩﺮﮔ 1981

ﺺﺧﺎـﺷ .(

ﻪﺟﺭﺩ ﻱ

ًﻻﻮﻤﻌﻣ ﺕﺭﺎﺠﺗ ﻥﺩﻮﺑ ﺯﺎﺑ ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ

ﻱ ﺎـﺑ ﻪـﻛ ﻲﻨﻌﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﺑ ،ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﻕﺎﭼﺎﻗ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ ﺎﺑ ﻲﻔﻨﻣ

ﻦﻴﺑ ﺕﺭﺎﺠﺗ ﺯﺎﺑ ﻱﺎﻀﻓ ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﻭ ﻲﺟﺭﺎﺧ ﺕﺭﺎﺠﺗ ﻱﺯﺎﺳﺩﺍﺯﺁ ﻖـﻳﺮﻃ ﺯﺍ ﻻﺎـﻛ ﻕﺎـﭼﺎﻗ ،ﻲـﻠﻠﻤﻟﺍ

ﻪﻓﺮﻌﺗ ﻊﻧﺍﻮﻣ ﻑﺬﺣ ﻲﻣ ﺶﻫﺎﻛ ﺎﻫﺰﻣﺮﻗ ﻂﺧ ﻭ ﻱﺍ

.ﺪﺑﺎﻳ ﺖﻳﺩﻭﺪـﺤﻣ ﺮـﺑ ﻩﻭﻼﻋ ﻪـﻓﺮﻌﺗ ﻱﺎـﻫ

ﻱﺍ

،

ﺖﺳﺎﻴﺳ ﺎﻫ ﻪﻓﺮﻌﺗﺮﻴﻏ ﻱ ﺎﺻ ﺎﻳ ﺕﺍﺩﺭﺍﻭ ﺖﻴﻋﻮﻨﻤﻣ ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ ﻱﺍ

ﻡﻼﻗﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻲﺧﺮﺑ ﺕﺍﺭﺩ ﻪﺑ

ﺭﻮﻃ ﻢﺋﺍﺩ ﺎـﻳ

ﺖﻗﻮﻣ

، ﻊﻄﻗ ﺎﻳ ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﻱ ﺵﺮﺘﺴﮔ ﺐﺒﺳ ﺹﺎﺧ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﺎﺑ ﻱﺭﺎﺠﺗ ﻩﺪﻳﺪﭘ

ﻱ ﻻﺎـﻛ ﻕﺎﭼﺎﻗ ﺭﺩ

ﻲﻣ ﺎﻫﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﺩﻮﺷ

. ﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﺭﺩ ﺖﺳﺎﻴﺳ ﺎﻫ ﻲﻨﻴﻣﺯﺮﻳﺯ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺵﺮﺘﺴﮔ ﺎﺑ ﻪﻠﺑﺎﻘﻣ ﻩﺍﺭ ،ﻱﺰﻳﻮﺠﺗ ﻱ

ﺖﻳﺩﻭﺪﺤﻣ ﺶﻫﺎﻛ ﺍﺭ ﻲﻣ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﻲﻧﻮﻧﺎﻗ ﻱﺎﻫ

ﻮﻧﺎـﻗﺮﻴﻏ ﺕﺭﺎـﺠﺗ ﺶﻫﺎﻛ ﻝﺎﺜﻣ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ .ﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﺍﺭ ﻲﻧ

ﺯﺎﺳﺩﺍﺯﺁ ﻪﺑ ﻁﻮﻨﻣ ﻱ

ﻲـﻣ ﻱﺭﺎـﺠﺗ ـﻨﻳﺎﻤﻧ

،ﻲﻳﺎـﺟﺭ ﻭ ﻲـﻳﺍﺮﻴﭘ) ﺪ 1394

ﺩ ﻱﻮـﺳ ﺯﺍ .(

ﻳ ﺭﺩ ،ﺮـﮕ

ﻪﻄﻘﻧ ﻱ ﺍ ﻞﺑﺎﻘﻣ ﻳ ﺩ ﻦ ﻳ ﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ،ﻩﺎﮔﺪ ﻳ

ﻧ ﻪﺘﻜﻧ ﻦ ـﻴ ﻱﺯﺎـﺳﺩﺍﺯﺁ ﻪـﻛ ﺖـﺳﺍ ﻱﺭﻭﺮـﺿ ﺰ ﻧ ﺎـﻫ

ـﻴ ﺰ

ﻥﺎﻨﭼ ﻌﺿﻭ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﻥﻭﺪﺑ ﻪﭼ ﻴ

ﻧ ﻭ ﻲـﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻭ ﻲﻋﺎـﻤﺘﺟﺍ ،ﻱﺩﺎـﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻲﻣﻮـﻤﻋ ﺖ ـﻴ

ﺢﻄـﺳ ﺰ

ﻫﺪﻧﺎﻣﺯﺎﺳ ﺭﺩ (ﺖﻣﻮﻜﺣ) ﺖﻟﻭﺩ ﻱﺪﻨﻤﻧﺍﻮﺗ ﻧﺍﻮﻗ ﻱﺍﺮﺟﺍ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻣ ﻲ

ﻴ ﺕﺭﺎﻈﻧ ﻭ ﺕﺍﺭﺮﻘﻣ ﻭ ﻦ

ﺬﭘ ﺕﺭﻮﺻ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﻱﺍﺮﺟﺍ ﺮﺑ ﻳ

ﺩ ﺭﺎـﺛﺁ ﺮﺑ ﻩﻭﻼﻋ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻦﻜﻤﻣ ،ﺩﺮ ﻳ

ﺍﺰـﻓﺍ ﻪـﺑ ﺮـﺠﻨﻣ ،ﺮـﮕ ﻳ

ﻢـﺠﺣ ﺶ

ﺖﻴﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﺎﻫ ﻏ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻱ ﻴ

.ﺩﻮﺷ ﻲﻧﻮﻧﺎﻗﺮ ﺱﺎﺳﺍﺮﺑ

ﺍﻳ ﺩ ﻦ ﻳ ﺖـﻟﻭﺩ ﻱﺪـﻨﻤﻧﺍﻮﺗ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻧﺎﻣﺯ ﺎﺗ ،ﻩﺎﮔﺪ

ﻮﺼﺗ ،ﻲﺣﺍﺮﻃ ﺭﺩ ﻳ

ﻧﺍﻮﻗ ﻱﺍﺮﺟﺍ ﻭ ﺐ ﻴ

ﺕﺍﺭﺮﻘﻣ ﻭ ﻦ

، ﺑ ﺎﺑ ﺐﺳﺎﻨﺘﻣ ﻭ ﻲﻘﻄﻨﻣ ،ﻲﻋﺎـﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻱﺎﻫﺮﺘﺴ

ﺳ ﻴ ﻧ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻧﺎﻣﺯ ﺎﺗ ﻭ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺩﻭﺪﺤﻣ ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻭ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ،ﻲﺳﺎ ﻴ

،ﺮـﺸﺑ ﻲﻋﺎـﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻲﮔﺪﻧﺯ ﻱﺎﻫﺯﺎ

ﺩﻭﺪﺤﻣ ﻊﺿﻭ ﻳ

ﺖ ﻱﻮﺳ ﺯﺍ ﺎﻫ ﺖﻟﻭﺩ

ﺎﻫ ﻲﻣ ﻲﻣﺍﺰﻟﺍ ﺍﺭ ﻨﻛ

ﺩﻭﺪﺤﻣ ﻞﻣﺎﻛ ﻮﻐﻟ ﻭ ﺪ ﻳ

ﺖ ﺯﺍ ،ﻊـﻧﺍﻮﻣ ﻭ ﺎﻫ

ﻣﺯ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻠﻤﺟ ﻴ

ﻪﻨ ﻱ ﻥﺎﻜﻣﺍ ﻲﺟﺭﺎﺧ ﺕﺭﺎﺠﺗ ﺬﭘ

ﻳ ﻲﻤﻧ ،ﺪﺷﺎﺒﻧ ﺮ ﻪـﻛ ﺖﺷﺍﺩ ﺭﺎﻈﺘﻧﺍ ﻥﺍﻮﺗ

ﻦﺘـﺷﺍﺩﺮﺑ

ﺍ ﻲﺸﺨﺑ ﺩﻭﺪﺤﻣ ﺯ ﻳ

ﺖ ﻧﺍﻮـﻗ ﺯﺍ ﻒـﻠﺨﺗ ﻲـﻠﻛ ﺶﻫﺎـﻛ ﺐـﺟﻮﻣ ﻲﻤﺳﺭ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻴ

ﻣﺯ ﺭﺩ ﻦ ﻴ ﻪـﻨ ﻱﺎـﻫ

ﺏﺮﻋ) ﺩﻮﺷ ﻂﺒﺗﺮﻣ ﺭﺍﺯﺎﻣ

ﻳ ،ﻱﺩﺰ 1380 .(

ﻚﻳ ﺯﺍ ﻮﺳ ﻪﻓﺮﻌﺗ ، ﺖﻳﺩﻭﺪﺤﻣ ﻭ ﺎﻫ ﻱﺭﺎﺠﺗ ﻱﺎﻫ

ﺐﺒﺳ ﻪـﻠﻣﺎﻌﻣ ﻱﺍﺮـﺑ ﻩﺰﻴﮕﻧﺍ ﺩﺎﺠﻳﺍ ﻥﺍﺮـﮔ

ﻲﻣ ﻩﺍﺭ ﻪﺑ ﺎﺗ ﺩﻮﺷ ﺕﺭﻮﺻ ﺭﻭﺪﺻ ﺎﻳ ﺕﻻﻮﺼﺤﻣ ﻕﺎﭼﺎﻗ ﻪﻠﻤﺟﺯﺍ ﺕﺭﺎﺠﺗ ﻲﻧﻮﻧﺎﻗﺮﻴﻏ ﻱﺎﻫ

ﺏﺎـﺴﺣ

ﺩﺎﺻ ﻩﺎﺒﺘﺷﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺭﺍﻭ ﻭ ﺕﺍﺭ

ﺭﻭﺁ ﻱﻭﺭ .ﺪﻧ ﺖﻳﺩﻭﺪﺤﻣ ﻭ ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮﺳ ﻝﺮﺘﻨﻛ ،ﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﻱﻮﺳ ﺯﺍ ﺭﺍﺯﺎـﺑ ﻱﺎﻫ

ﻲﺟﺭﺎﺧ ﺯﺭﺍ ﺐﺒﺳ

ﻖﺣ ﻚﻳ ﻭ ﻲﺟﺭﺎﺧ ﺯﺭﺍ ﻩﺎﻴﺳ ﺭﺍﺯﺎﺑ ﺩﺎﺠﻳﺍ ﻲﻤﺳﺭ ﺥﺮﻧ ﺯﺍ ﺶﻴﺑ ﻱﺯﺍﻮﻣ ﻞﻤﻌﻟﺍ

ﻲﻣ ﺯﺭﺍ ﻖﺣ ﻦﻳﺍ .ﺩﻮﺷ ﻩﺎﻴﺳ ﺭﺍﺯﺎﺑ ﻞﻤﻌﻟﺍ

ﻚﻳ ﻪـﻠﻣﺎﻌﻣ ﻱﺍﺮـﺑ ﺏﺍﺬﺟ ﺭﺎﻴﺴﺑ ﻩﺰﻴﮕﻧﺍ :ﺖـﺳﺍ ﻥﺍﺮـﮔ

ﺕﺭﻮﺻ ﻖﺒﻃ ﺕﺍﺭﺩﺎﺻ ﻲﻌﻗﺍﻭﺮﻴﻏ ﺏﺎﺴﺣ

ﻥﺁ ، ﻲﻣ ﺎﻫ ﻪـﺑ ﻲﻓﺎـﺿﺍ ﻱﺎﻫﺩﻮـﺳ ﺪﻨﻧﺍﻮﺗ ﺖـﺳﺩ

ﻩﺪـﻣﺁ

ﺖﺒﺛ ﺪﻣﺁﺭﺩ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ

ﻦـﻳﺍ ﺎـﺑ .ﺪـﻨﻨﻛ ﺪﻘﻧ ﺯﺭﺍ ﻩﺎﻴﺳ ﺭﺍﺯﺎﺑ ﺮﻴﺴﻣ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ ﻩﺪﺸﻧ

ﻦـﻳﺍ ﺩﻮـﺟﻭ ،ﻝﺎـﺣ

ﻖﺣ ﻩﺪـﻧﺭﺍﺩﺯﺎﺑ ﻞـﻣﺎﻋ ﺖـﺳﺍ ﻦـﻜﻤﻣ ،ﻩﺎﻴﺳ ﺭﺍﺯﺎﺑ ﻞﻤﻌﻟﺍ .ﺪـﺷﺎﺑ ﻲﻧﻮﻧﺎـﻗﺮﻴﻏ ﺕﺭﺎـﺠﺗ ﻱﺍﺮـﺑ ﻱﺍ

(13)

ﻲﻧﻮﻧﺎﻗﺮﻴﻏ ﻥﺎﮔﺪﻨﻨﻛﺩﺭﺍﻭ ﻪﻛ

ﺭﺩ ﺕﺭﻮﺻ ﺭﻭﺪﺻ ﺏﺎﺴﺣ

ﻠﻘﺗ ﺕﺍﺩﺭﺍﻭ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻲـﻣ ﺐ

ﺭﻮـﺒﺠﻣ ،ﺪـﻨﻨﻛ

ﺯﺭﺍ ﻩﺎﻴـﺳ ﺭﺍﺯﺎـﺑ ﺯﺍ ﺖـﺳﺍ ﻩﺪـﺸﻧ ﺵﺭﺍﺰـﮔ ﺕﺎـﻣﺎﻘﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺕﺍﺩﺭﺍﻭ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻧﺍﺰﻴﻣ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﺎﺗ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﻲﺟﺭﺎﺧ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺳﺩ ﺭﺩ ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ ،ﺖﻟﺎﺣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻧﺭﻭﺁ ﻖﺣ

ﻪﺑ ﻩﺎﻴﺳ ﺭﺍﺯﺎﺑ ﻞﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﻲﻨﻌﻣ

ﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﻧﻮﻧﺎﻗﺮﻴﻏ ﻥﺎﮔﺪﻨﻨﻛﺩﺭﺍﻭ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻪﻨﻳﺰﻫ ﻪـﺠﻴﺘﻧ

ﻱ ﺍﺭ ﻕﺎـﭼﺎﻗ ﻱﺍﺮـﺑ ﻩﺰـﻴﮕﻧﺍ ﺶﻫﺎـﻛ

ﻲﻣ ﺪﻫﺩ ،ﻥﺎﮕﻧﺍﺯﺮﻓ ﻭ ﻦﺋﻮﺑ) 2012

.(

ﻥﻭﺪـﺑ ﺕﺭﺎـﺠﺗ ﻊﻳﺮـﺳ ﻱﺯﺎﺳﺩﺍﺯﺁ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻥﺁ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻛﺎﺣ ﺕﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻲﺧﺮﺑ ﻝﺎﺣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺎﺑ ﺭﺩ .ﺪـﻫﺩ ﺶﻳﺍﺰـﻓﺍ ﺍﺭ ﺩﺎـﺴﻓ ﺢﻄـﺳ ﺖـﺳﺍ ﻦـﻜﻤﻣ ﻦﻴﻧﺍﻮـﻗ ﺪﻣﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﻱﺍﺮﺟﺍ ﻭ ﺖﻴﻓﺎﻔﺷ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ

ﺖﻘﻴﻘﺣ ﻲﻣ ﺕﺭﺎﺠﺗ ﻊﻳﺮﺳ ﻱﺯﺎﺳﺩﺍﺯﺁ ﺖـﺻﺮﻓ ﺪـﻧﺍﻮﺗ

ﻕﺎـﭼﺎﻗ ﻭ ﺩﺎـﺴﻓ ﻱﺍﺮـﺑ ﻱﺮﺘـﺸﻴﺑ ﻱﺎـﻫ

ﻪﺑ .ﺩﺭﻭﺁ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻪﺑ

ﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﻥ ﻪـﺑﺮﺠﺗ ،ﻥﺎﮕﻧﺍﺯﺮﻓ ﻭ ﻱﺩﺰﻳ ﺭﺍﺯﺎﻣ ﺏﺮﻋ ﺕﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻝﺎﺜﻣ ﻱ

ﺭﺩ ﻥﺍﺮـﻳﺍ

.ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﻱﺭﺎﺠﺗ ﺩﺍﺯﺁ ﻖﻃﺎﻨﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻧﻮﻧﺎﻗﺮﻴﻏ ﺕﺍﺩﺭﺍﻭ ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ 3 - 3 - ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﻱ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺪﺷﺭ ﻭ ﻱﺭﺎﺠﺗ ﻥﺩﻮﺑﺯﺎﺑ

ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﺭﺩ ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ ﺩﻮـﺟﻭ ﺕﺎـﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﺯﺍ ﻪﺘـﺳﺩ ﻭﺩ ﻱﺩﺎـﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺪـﺷﺭ ﺮﺑ ﻲﺟﺭﺎﺧ ﺕﺭﺎﺠﺗ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ

.

ﺎﻧﺍﺩﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻲﺧﺮﺑ ﻲـﻣ ﺏﺎﺘـﺷ ﺍﺭ ﻱﺩﺎـﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺪﺷﺭ ،ﺩﺍﺯﺁ ﺕﺭﺎﺠﺗ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﺪﻘﺘﻌﻣ ﻥ

.ﺪـﻫﺩ

ﻥﺁ ﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺯﺁ ﺕﺭﺎﺠﺗ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺎﻫ ﻪﺑ

ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﻴـﺻﻮﺗ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺪﺷﺭ ﺮﺑ ﺮﺛﺆﻣ ﺭﺍﺰﺑﺍ ﺮـﻛ

ﻩﺩ ﺯﺍ ﻭ ﺪـﻧﺍ

ﻥﺁ ﻪﺑ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﻩﺩﺮﻛ ﺩﺎﻳ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺪﺷﺭ ﺭﻮﺗﻮﻣ ﺪﻧﺍ

، ﺎﺑ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻚﻳ ﺍﺮﻳﺯ ﻪﺟﺭﺩ

ﻱ ﻥﺩﻮﺑﺯﺎـﺑ ﻱﻻﺎـﺑ

ﺖﻳﺩﻭﺪﺤﻣ ﺎﺑ ﻱﺭﺎﺠﺗ ﻢﻳژﺭ ﻭ ﻱﺭﺎﺠﺗ ﭘﺎ

ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻱﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﺖﻴﻠﺑﺎﻗ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺭﺍﻮﻤﻫ ،ﻦﻴﻳ ﻱﺭﻭﺎـﻨﻓ ﺏﺬﺟ

ﺯﺍ ﻲـﺷﺎﻧ ﺖﺒﺜﻣ ﺕﺍﺮﺛﺍ ﺩﻭﺭﻭ ﺎﺑ ﻭ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺭﺍﺩﺭﻮﺧﺮﺑ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﺸﻴﭘ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﺯﺍ ﻪﻌـﺳﻮﺗ

ﺎـﻨﻓ ﻱ ،ﻱﺭﻭ

ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ

، ﺱﺎﻴﻘﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻲﻣ ﺖﻳﺍﺪﻫ ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ گﺭﺰﺑ ﻱﺎﻫ

ﺯﺍ .ﺩﻮﺷ ﻱﻮـﺳ ﺕﺭﺎـﺠﺗ ﺮـﮕﻳﺩ

ﻦﻴﺑ ﻦﻴﺑ ﺢﻄﺳ ﺭﺩ ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﻞﻣﺍﻮﻋ ﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﻲﻳﺍﺭﺎﻛ ﻪﺑ ﻞﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﻲﻠﻠﻤﻟﺍ

ﻲﻣ ﺮﺠﻨﻣ ﻭ ﻂـﺴﺑ ﺎـﺑ ﻭ ﺩﻮـﺷ

ﺕﺎﻣﺪﺧ ﻭ ﻻﺎﻛ ﺭﺍﺯﺎﺑ ﺵﺮﺘﺴﮔ

، ﻲـﻣ ﺪـﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﺪـﻨﻳﺁﺮﻓ ﺢﻄﺳ ءﺎﻘﺗﺭﺍ ﻪﺑ ﺮﺠﻨﻣ ﻲـﻠﻋ) ﺩﻮـﺷ

ﻭ ﺭﻮـﭘ

،ﻲﭽﻛﺪﻗ 1390

ﻪـﻛ ﺪﻨﺘـﺴﻫ ﺪﻘﺘﻌﻣ ﻥﺎﻧﺍﺩﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻩﻭﺮﮔ ﻦﻳﺍ ،ﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﺕﺭﺎﺒﻋ ﻪﺑ .(

ﻪﻌـﺳﻮﺗ ﻱ

ﻭ ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﺍﺭ ﺎﻫﻻﺎﻛ ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﺭﺩ ﺺﺼﺨﺗ ،ﻲﺟﺭﺎﺧ ﺕﺭﺎﺠﺗ ﺐﺒﺳ

ﻭ ﻲﻳﺍﺭﺎـﻛ ﺢﻄـﺳ ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ

ﺪﺷﺭ ﻬﻣ ﺕﺭﺎ ﺎﻫ ﻲﻣ ﻲﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﻱ ﻱﺎﻫﻻﺎﻛ ﺕﺍﺩﺭﺍﻭ ﻖﻳﺮﻃ ﺯﺍ ﻲﺟﺭﺎﺧ ﺕﺭﺎﺠﺗ ﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﻱﻮﺳ ﺯﺍ .ﺩﻮﺷ

ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮﺳ ﻪﻄﺳﺍﻭ ﻭ ﻱﺍ ﺪـﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﺐـﺟﻮﻣ ،ﺖﺳﺍ ﻪﺘﺷﺍﺩ ﻩﺍﺮﻤﻫ ﻪﺑ ﺩﻮﺧ ﺎﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻲﺟﺭﺎﺧ ﻱﺭﻭﺎﻨﻓ ﻪﻛ ﻱﺍ

ﺷ ﺕﺎﻣﺪﺧ ﻭ ﺎﻫﻻﺎﻛ ﺪ

ﻩﺮﻬﺑ ﻭ ﺪﺷﺭ ﻖﻳﺮﻃ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻭ ﻩ ﻝﺎﺣﺭﺩ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﻱﺭﻭ

ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﺶﻳﺍﺰـﻓﺍ ﺍﺭ

ﻲﻣ ﺪﻨﻫﺩ .