: * !" # "$
!% &
: 09122609517 goldansz@ut.ac.ir
E-mail:
Venturia canescens (Hym.: Ichneumonidae)
Ectomyelois ceratoniae (Lep.: Pyralidae)
! "
1 2
* 3
1 2 3
! " # $ %& '
) )*+ & ,&
25 / 12 / –89 )1& 2 ,&
2 / 9 / 90 (
5 65 7
Ectomyelois ceratoniae Zell. (Lep.: Pyralidae)
8 9 : 9
# & *+; <& => # $ *?&$ @ A B# C # @ .
Venturia
canescens Gravenhorst (Hym.: Ichneumonidae)
: + D E =&$ ' $ F& G @
H 9 ! & #$; *+; <& I @69 # .
# $ K # LH <
M NA O9 # : ! < PA Q5 RS < NA D $
V. canescens $ .
@ $ R ' 7 T 7 < : !
1 59 /
±0 6 / 31 86 /
±0 9 / 27 3 /
±0 86 / 22
& 5 * W .
NA D $ # $
$ X; O?G & QY D >
10
%
1 @ & QY # X;
31 / 0
87± / 15 21 /
± 0 77 / 11 14 /
±0 07 / 4 14 /
± 0 7 / 2
& 5 * W $ .
RS K # <& =
O?G X; @& P 7 D Q5 8
$ \ 5 $
MD @ ; .
$ @& P D >
10
% D # R= D $ Q5 RS K # <& = K
> <& $ 5 $ : ! @ @H @ Q5 RS K # <& =
& 5 O] 9 NA ^ 9 5 $ _ .
$ M
canescens
@ * ? V.
I `6=S# D R
#; * @ 7 a $ 5 65 7 ' 1 R ' <
. b
' K # < <& 1 # I R ' < @ cS # de <& L& = f
@=+ 5 C # O# G <& D & #$;
.
!
Venturia canescens: RS < PA >G : ! 5 65 7
M K # LH < Q5
"# $#
*+, +- .
Ectomyelois ceratoniae
/ 0 1 + 234 ! +5 6 +7 # # .
!
$ / !"9 / 0 : 234 1349
; < /
+, 0 $ 14 0, - = > + ,
.
234 !
$ 0% + ?$ & = @/
1360 *+, A/
+ .B
Khodakaram Tafti, 1995) .(
+># !
$ 1360 C , DE +5>"/
& 69 $ 0F@/ 4 0 "GE 29 # A/ >, 80
%
J 7 C K 05L +$ M# + NO
0 P+N M/ Q +"<
Shakeri, 2004) .(
A/ AR & /
= S 0%T 2"9 @3 234 ! AU#V M/ Q ; L
14 / 0 " " K A, 2$ A5L $ !Y +"<
[ %5$
+5 , A R ! Z\ R C =
0 C +7 ] ^ 9 "/
/ . ; _VE A %$ 5
` L 05# ML 234 ! 0@"KE 1 2$ Z": a, " / >, .
C 6> , * & 1 , &
234 ! / ] ^ 9 "/ +5 , A " * W 1 + / + Y +& C = K %5$ A/ +NO 14 0 M# + +\ @3 C = "b 5 - 2$
A53+ +Q 06R & 0/
Noori et al. 1994; )
Yousefi & Salehi, 2005
(.
0% 5T C = "b 5 -
234 ! C S M# + C DE +"L $ :
+ C ,
1
2$ [ Z
(Norouzi et al.
2009; Ehteshami et al. 2010; Kishani Farahani et al. 2011)
K A,
Venturia canescens
Gravenhorst (Hym.: Ichneumonidae)
6 4 0Y
/ 0 .
C = S C 0_ MN3 E A !
9 @3 C *+, 1 c 1 5 C+"\ >: 2"
a6 C = A 0Y 1 _ A/ & 0 2$
+ d+e 234 ! C S "b 5 -
(Kishani
Farahani et al. 2011; Kishani Farahani et al.
2012)
.
canescensA Mf "9 & g += C V.
:
A/ JQ .9 < 09 2$ 0 R ]& 0 R
& 0 R ]& ; h
` 5 "9 & +, Mf "9
0 L "b 5 - C +% C = A , 0
Koinobiont
/ 0 .
! +5 6 0Y A !
C = "b 5 - +- .
L C =
Pyralidae
0
[ Z Z" C K ; 34 C " / C / 2$
Salt, 1975; Reinke et al. 2006) .(
* Q !"9
2 0 $ ] ^ 9 "/ +5 , M _ %5$
/ 0 6 4 D"Q 0$
. R * _ A/ AR & /
S C = "b 5 - 0$ 2 / 0 _ ; _VE *+,
; +7 U A/ D"BO& ! * W
K 0$ 2 0= \> 4 A@9 e
canescens V.
*+, S C = "b 5 - 0Y 1 @/
+ 0 iT>
.
% & '#
; < / D"BO& ! %5$ C = K ABe aQ 1 5$
"
a: A Q
"
+ C 4 J R .
C = C 4 J R j- *+, S A/ 94
0$ +># \> 4 A/ 2@"KE 0Y Zk= " +
1 +6& \>
-
= l +>& j- MB5 `+,
P+m _ ] 1 S += = S C $ R
@/ A/ 0Y"5$V- )
3
× 3
× 10 +5 05 $ (
o /
MB5 = A 6& U A/ C &
.
= S A cG& C +/
2
? + 23+ +Q P +m 1 * L A5 - _ 4 0= \>
1 6C
25 ±
0K 2/ E
±10 50
%
C 8 : 16 2_ $ ) 0Y &
: 0 ( 1 &
K ` +L C =
C 6\ "b 5 - .
! "
/ 0Q & [ +-
C C 1º 29±
0K 2/ E
±5 70 % / 16
0 2_ $
8
& 2_ $
; h 0Y
23+
. M K& 1 & 94 C = R C = S
@/ / 0Y"5$V- P +m A/ +"% A/
15cm
× 10
× 25
jk$ + MB5 / 0Q 3 A5 - 14 ML A,
j%Q 1 A/ M , ; +># 6m & = +"%
C =
80cm
× 50
× 150 B5 .
C+"\ T& 26R
E = 0 24 M , ; +># 6m j- 2_ $
5 / 0
&
1 + ; +># 0 MKQ 2_ $
@/ C+" 2%R # 48
; +># 6m 2_ $
; +># = 1 +, C+" 2%R q+3 / M , A 5$ P +m A/
C
@/ A/
25 cm
× 40 14 P+E A,
" - M A: - /
B5 /
. aT&
+= A5T C =
24 C 4 J R 2_ $
@& jk$
200 += C ` L aT& & S
a Q / [ +- ?"O +Q
.
#$ % &' ( " ) " * + , %
canescens V.
r9 / M# + E 0$ +/ C +/
5 -
+f, # A, r9 / K ] "b 24
2_ $
o T5 2 c 0 [+ _
.
@&
30
!$ S _
; A/ *+, aW -
24
ML 2_ $
@/ A/ C A 5$ P +m 8
× 20 +5 05 $ 20
"5L 03 N& sV , 0> 4 d+E .9 Q +Y&
23+ +Q 6 4 .
K e/ A, o4 M _ ?$ & =
0 A cG& 23+ +Q 6 4 "5L A R .
@/
24 / 03 +m A/ R 234 C = S 2_ $
@/
3
× 3
× 10
? + MB5 +5 05 $
0= \> 4 1 6C
25 ±
0K 2/ E
±10 50
%
C 8 : 16 2_ $ ) 0Y &
: 0 ( A5 - /
A cG& * L .
/ A e/ ,c P +m
W ; +""G&
)
; +># K +"% 6m
"b 5 - M , (
2Kt .
- & . ' (/ * + , %
canescens
." 01 23 4 5 6 %V.
K C = +"% C @& U ! C +/
o T5 C 6\ 0Y"5$V- P +m ML
53+ +Q / A
. 6m j-
ML C = K C @& M , ; +>#
o C MY C A 5$ 0Y"5$V- P % P +m
@/ / C &
8
× 20 +5 05 $ )
+eQ
× g %&
( +Q
. .&+ e/ P +m ! A53+ +Q /
+ 2 A ; h A/ = K ; % &
! .
= K A cG& C +/ X 4 4
d+ A/ "&
+ +U
/ A53+
: , $ M _ o4 10
%
"& o4
* 6:
c< 1 / .
C M _ "& !" & C +/
R e/ o4 "9 0 C =c< , ?$ & A
& 23+ +Q 1 4 "5L L j"L C = AK - C+" R M _ o4 0 " +& +/
. a ^ +"t &
C 0 c< C =
+ _ E
r9 / C = K 20
+Y&
03 N& sV , 0> 4 d+E .9 Q + A@9 e
.
) 7 1 - % 8 9 : , %
canescens V.
0 $ A #+ l"R+& 0$ +/ A/ u /+ ; > 4 23+ * W ; h A/ 1 /Z"
:
4 ;$ ' % <, ' 8 9 : = >:
? @1 A'
*+, C S A #+ CS / !" $ X 4 !
) aW - * 6: * $ !" $ (
A,
6 4 C S A #+ g +
@& A/ 2 c 0 30
_
g W !$ +=
90
P % P +m 1 S _
@/ / C & o C MY C A 5$ 0Y"5$V- 8
× 20 +5 05 $ )
+eQ
× g %&
( +Q .
]
+f, # A, K
24 2 c 0 [+ _ 2_ $
o T5 .
; A/ = S ! 24
! "5L 2_ $ 53+ +Q = K
A/ = S Pc# = K jk$
/ C A>" P +m 1 A/ R !$ ]"Y%&
@/
3
× 3
× 10 A cG& * L A5 - / MB5 +5 05 $
.
? + P +m
+,v 0= \> 4 C 6\
! A/ + ` L "b 5 - M , ; +># &
@& ."&+&
h iT> A5 - C = S
+Q A B !""@& a "5 - 23+
.
!
X 4
20 sV , 0> 4 d+E .9 Q +Y&
* W 03 N&
.
? @1 A' ")% ;$ ' % 8 9 : = >:
@& 0 KQ X 4 w 5 A/ AR & / X 4 ! 30 *+, S _
* $ !" $ * , +=
A, aW - * 6:
6 4 C S A #+ g + 0
0Y"5$V- P % P +m 1 A R e/ 2 c
@/ / C & o C MY C A 5$
8
× 20
+5 05 $ )
+eQ
× g %&
(
A, K ] "5L
24 2 c 0 [+ _ 2_ $ 20
+Y&
.9 Q
+Q 03 N& sV , 0> 4 d+E .
@/
24
@/ / C A>" P +m A/ = S 2_ $ 3
× 3
× 10
A cG& * L A5 - / MB5 +5 05 $ .
P +m
0= \> 4 ? + +,v
; +># & C 6\
@& ."&+& ! A/ + ` L "b 5 - M , S
!""@& a "5 - h iT> A5 - C = 23+ +Q A B
Krugner et al. 2005) .(
#$ % 4 - 4 2 5@: ) " = >:
+= 0E 24
/ ] 2_ $
@&
30 S _
!$
5
; A/ *+,
24
ML 2_ $
@/ A/ C A 5$ P +m 8
× 20 +5 05 $
"5L
53+ +Q r9 / C = K .
C = "& ?$ & = K
0 c<
$ , 10
% A R e/ A, o4 M _
A cG& +Q 6 4 "5L .
@/
24
A/ R 234 C = S 2_ $
@/ / 03 +m 3
× 3
× 10 MB5 +5 05 $ +
? + v 0= \> 4 +,
* L A5 - / C 6\
A cG&
.
x+ 1 & A e/ X 4 !
23 A C = K
A5 - C = S @&
2Kt !""@& +=
.
X 4 !
20 +Y&
* W .
>% : < " = >:
-
y $ +/
4 2$ / w 5 C = X 4
R+&
l"
1 /Z" 0 $ A #+
C = a, +&
2 4 6 8 10 15
20 25 30 35 40 45 50 234 aW - !$ S
) lR 0 $ A #+
( ] r9 / C = K "5L
23+ +Q .
; A/ = S !
24
ML 2_ $
@/ A/ C A 5$ P +m 8
× 20
"5L +5 05 $
/ = K .
e/ A, o4 M _ ?$ & = K
0 A cG& 23+ +Q 6 4 "5L A R .
@/
24 / 03 +m A/ R 234 C = S 2_ $
@/
3
× 3
× 10 MB5 +5 05 $ 6m 1 &
"b 5 - M , ; +>#
0= \> 4 ? + +,v
L A5 - / C 6\
A cG& * .
!
X 4
20
&
25 +Y&
W
* .
: / = A 5$ C eL ; h 1 "/ !"\ " ±
Z3 *+ ?$ & A h # C = j
SAS
ver.9.1
Z"9 4
(ANOVA)
+ .
= !"\ " A B
le$ 0, & 1 4 ?$ &
5
% 23+ * W .
A ZW&
%5$ / A #+ 0@/ & X , C = M" O&
Z3 *+
SAS ver. 9.1
[ y $ +/
2009) (
Juliano
* W . 5/ 0@/ & X , g !""@& C +/
A5 - C = S 2K ]"5 W9 1 "$+
(Na)
A"9 a, +& R C = S A/
(Nt)
* W .
!
Z" 1 "$+
A$ ." 1 / 2Kf 0% ." 1
AR 0 O 0 h 2 Q
3 )
Na 2K
Nt A/
( 0 @
0 1 > * $ * AR 0eL C = 2 Q .
! Ae/
1 Z"
."
0%
2Kf 1 /
2 Q
C = 0eL AR
AR A$
A9 @
!""@&
g
X , 0@/ &
/
%5$
14 FQ
; +Q 23+
.
/
= >
2 V_
XT/
0eL 0 O X , g 0@/ &
!""@&
. + + 2 V_
XT/
0 O 0eL
0%
/ X , 0@/ &
09 2$ g 2 V_ +
14
2Kf / / 0 A$ g
.
j- * A #+
0eL +"< 1 "$+ %5$ / 0@/ & X , !""@&
(Least Square) [ W5 R ; Q C =+5 -
A # . +7 0/ "5$ 1 (a)
(Th)
4+/
(Ragers ,1972)
.
+R :
C =+5 -
Na
A53+ +Q A # 1 /Z" @&
N0
A"9 1 /Z" @&
Tt
!53+ +Q q+@ 1
) 24 2_ $
a (
3 A # z+
Z" 4 2 B
Th
1
0/ "5$
2$ 2/ t C B b
.
() *
#$ % &' ( " ) " * +
canescens V.
!"/ C 0 @ ; %& 4 2$ / w 5 y $ +/
K C E
canescens
!" $ C +/ V.
+ = > 1 /Z" C S { 5T
0.0001,
F=42.832, df=2) (P<
. 5>"/
C E ! +
1 ! +5 , * $ !$ C K r9 / M# + 1 /Z" C S aW - !$
!""@&
) MY - 1 .(
* &
C { 5T M# + ` L r9 / ; +>#
/ .
1 canescens -
V.
!"
#$ %
& ' ( )* +,- . /- & 0
* 2$ 0 @ ; %& R = 1 > ; %5 P +#
) 0, & 1 4 (P < 0.01
. 1 )]
exp(
1 [
0
0 aTN
N aT N
h t
a= +
- & . ' (/ * +
canescens V.
." 01
!"/
K M , ; +># + _ E
canescens V.
C 2 R 0 @ ; %& 0 c< C = "&
(P<0.0001, F=896.106, df=3)
. + _ E C = K
r9 / + $ +5>"/ M _ o4 0 c< "& C
/ = "&
) MY - 2 .(
MY 2 - r9 / C = K + _ E canescens
0= \> 4 ? + { 5T 0 c< C = a ^ C V.
* 0 @ ; %& R = 1 > ; %5 P +#
2$
) 0, & 1 4 (P < 0.01
.
- % 8 9 :
canescens V.
C 29 #
!"/ o T5 D#
a "5 - h
aW - * 6: * $ !$
C S 0 @ ; %&
R
0.0001, F=641.927, df=2) 2
(P<
! +5>"/
aW - !$ a "5 - h
= > 1 /Z" C S +
. 1 / 29 # o T5 D#
a "5 - h Z"
0 @ ; %& C C S { 5T !" $ /
0.0001 , F=11890 , df=2)
.(P<
Z" 29 # !
1 /Z" C S aW - !$ a "5 - h ! +5>"/
= >
) MY - 3 .(
MY 3 - 5 - 1 Z"
29 # 1 /Z" C S !$ A$ a "
: {9 - o o T5 D# C -
o O5 D# 1 /
* 2$ 0 @ ; %& R = 1 > ; %5 P +#
) 0, & 1 4 (P < 0.01
.
#$ % . ' 4 2 5@: ) "
aT& 1 Z" ! +5>"/ A, 1 > 4 2$ / w 5 !$ C c 8
G& "& 0 M _ o4 / A
@/ z
6 X= , A/ 14 .
C = "&
, $ / A G&
10
% 1 Z" ! +5>"/ Z"
aT&
C c E A/ AR & / A, = > a5>=
0
"& ! K +& & , 1 Z" ! +5>"/
C c aT&
Mh # r9 / ; +># 0 +L +
.
) MY - 4 .(
M _ o4 / A cG& C = K
!"/ 0 E g W
68
&
101 aT&
, $ / A cG& C = K 10
%
!"/
52
&
72 _
}}
T&
}}}
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, }}}
+ }}}
.
4 - 2 #32 4 5 V. canescens
- & 0& ' 6 7- % )* +,- . /
>% : < " = >:
X , A, 1 > = A ZW& Mh # w 5 K 0@/ &
canescens
{ 5T C = a, +& A/ 2K V.
S
0 * g *+, +- . aW - !$
/ ) MY - 5 .(
y $ +/ W5 R ; Q + B
(a) +R 2997 /
± 0 6597 / 0 _ $ +/
2 1
0/ "5$
(Th)
0190 /
±0 5691 / 0 2_ $ + 4+/
.
a "5 - z+ +f, #
(T/Th)
17 / 42
A5 - S
24 2_ $ + 4+/
. 1 /Z" @& !"\ "
] A5 - C =
65 / 27 - 64 / 1 4+/
.
MY 5 - K 0@/ & X , V.canescens
S C 0= \> 4 ? + *+, aW - !$
+,-
Harvey & Vet 1997)
( E A, , 0 1 "/
K r9 / M# + C
canescens
0 \ = V.
C S +& !" - !" $ C A,
(L.) (Lep.: Pyralidae)
Galleria mellonella
/ 0 +5>"/ 53 [ +-
!" $ C A, [ +- C S +&S /
.
!$ C S aW - !$ A, AR 5 6 4 !" ~ = L r9 / C = K 1 Z" / r9 / ; +># C +/ lR
`
C 0 @ e/ 1 /Z" C S +&S / !" $ / 1 /Z" C S !" - !" $ +5>"/
. y $ +/
(1968)+U
Corbet Harvey et al. (1994)
K
canescens
A/ / 1 /Z" !" - !" $ C = S V.
A/ 1 /Z" 1 "$ 1 & L !5L +"L &
L r9 / C E X Z3 •_ / +&S / !" $ 0 . 1 /Z" A, 2 +E T/ + ! M"9
C +7 K C = S " 0 c< !" & C +/
(Smilowitz & Iwantsch 1973; Herbert & 2$
Cloutier 1990)
. M , ; +># C +/ 0 c< JK A$ 2@"KE
R "b 5 - :
; O +& ] _ 6 /Z"
+ 5Y 0= "
Jerwis & Kidd, 1986) .(
5 = = "b 5 - C +/ 0 c< J/ ! +5 6 6
& 0
a "5 - C 4 0 X Z3 •_ /
Allen & Smith, 1986; Jerwis et al. 1993)
Syme, 1975;
.(
."&+& !" = A/
Mitsunaga et al. (2004)
B5@
C C " / +"t & "b 5 - 0 c< a ^ A, J/ ! X= , 03+E 14 0 f "9 & 2"B3
/ + 0 0/ 1 /Z" 2"9 @3 X= , •_
. 1 > 6 4
a "5 - 0 & 0
Cotesia plutellae
Kurdjumor(Hym.: Braconidae)
s
+"t & 2O&
/ A cG& 2 +Q 6 4 A cG& 0 c< J/ R / M _ A
!" & +- R 2 _
= !" 5 =
0 @
0 , 0 X Z3 •_ / 14
+Y 6 & A cG& A, 059 # A/ 2K = "b 5 - 0 / A53+ ; h
Mohan & Sathima .
(2007)
Z"
06/ > w 5 A, , 0 1 "/
y $ +/
Viereck (Hym.: Braconidae) 14
Apanteles
taragamae
0E A cG& * _ ; h 12
- 24
$ 2_
0 +"
. A, , 0 "b & S / ; B"BO& Z" w 5
>" 0 , 0 X Z3 •_ / M _ / A cG&
.
! +/ / A, $ 0 +U A/
+= C = { _ R
! 0 , + 6 !" & / & 0 ; < / *+, ; L X= , 26R "b 5 - S /
+K/
.
canescensA /V.
A 0 R+"< 0 R ; h
]& ; h A/ JQ .9 < , 0 Mf "9 &
6 4 C "9 & ` 5 * & +, Mf "9 & 0 R 2$ o " , " / A ! + j R / 0
0 = > ; /
Bernstein & Dreissen )
.(1996 Harvey et al. (2001)
& A, B5@
2 j-
aT& +/ C+"t & A cG& g r9 / ; +># ` +L
"b & + ! Z" w 5 A, A ! C c , 0 . A ! C c aT& 1 Z" A " ; %&
0 = > 14 0 " !" $ .
! +\ C $
C A K
Synovigenic
r9 / ; +># A, 2$
, 0 aT& "9 & A/ * Q 0 E * &
aT& 1 Z" X Z3 0 Z / XB A G& 2"%", C "9 &
.
Harvey et al. (2001)
! A, B5@ !" ~ =
O +& 0 < 0 c< J/ A cG& * \ = K 0 & M _ + _ E
= +5>"/
` 5 "9 & !" ~
C+5>"/
Eliopoulos & Stathas (2005) . 1 "/
C M _ / A cG& C = K +,
25 AR
!"/ L C E
67
&
108
"9 & aT&
, 0 . 2 _ A/ M _ / A cG& w 5 y $ +/
XB C = K " C +7 1 /
/
= L = 0 f "9 & 0 , X Z3 0 Z 2 .
0 c< A, 0@/ 1 Y R
c 0 = "b 5 - "5L X Z3 •_ / s
0 a5 "$ , + ] ] ^ 9 "/ M _ 0 , { _ 1 = " R M"9 !" = A/
/ += C = A
A, 0@/ 1 _
" 5Y 6 , !" &
0 , X Z3 •_ / & 0 / = "b 5 -
; < / R C = "b 5 - .
X ,
1 /Z" @& 1 /Z" a, +& X Z3 / * g 0@/ &
C =
0 X Z3 A53+ +Q A #
X Z3 ! 09 /
/ A
K 0eL ; h
A/
A5$ , 0 O ." w &
0 2K 29 # ! $+/ 2/ t B ] A/ &
1 /Z"
A/ A53+ +Q A # C = 0 X= , w &
-
/ ) jY_ A5 / A/
a, +&
Huffaker & Matsumoto .(
(1982)
g 4 "/ C K ! 0@/ & X , +, !""@& * .
A/
0 , E 2"B3 * _ 2"B3
X , g A/ 0 6 & A/ ] ^ 9 "/ +5 , M _ ] 0 0@/ &
0Y ^ 9 "/ M _ C " / 2K 1 &
] ^ 9 "/ +5 , M _ ] 2"B3 0e"O ? + XB .
X , / 2$ !Y M _ !
0@/ &
/ A5 X Y =+/
A
0/ iL ] 1 _
+" +Q %5$ ] ^ 9 "/ +5 , M _ 2"%", .
0 +U A/ D"BO& ! Ab w 5 A/ AR & / / A, ! 2" / Q "b 5 - ! A, $ A
1 _
2@"KE C $ = K [ +- C = , 0Y
C E A, +: + d+e
M# + r9 /
s 5K + j R A/ " * _ j R "9 & & ,
; / 0 .$ a "5 - z+ +f, #
! A, 2$ A ! +3 A/ +NO C = 0 € !"G9 /
$ 0 a= +3 1 Y }}}
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