, ) (
*
:
:
E-mail: bahmanzahedi@gmail.com
يرﺎﻋ يزﺎﺳ رﺎﺠﺗ هدﻮﺗ ود ي
ﺳ ﻴ ﺮ
(Allium sativum L.)
ﻣﻮﺑ ﻲ ا ﻳ ناﺮ
ﺗﻮﭘ زا ﻲ سوﺮﻳو ﺎﻫ
ﻧﺎﻣردﺎﻣﺮﮔ زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺎﺑ ﻲ
ﺮﻣ ﺖﺸﻛ و ﻳ
ﻢﺘﺴ
يﺪﻫاز ﻦﻤﻬﺑ
*1
ﻲﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ ﻦﻴﺴﺤﻣﻼﻏ ، ﺢﻴﺑذ ،2
ﻲﻧﺎﻣز ﻪﻟا ﻲﺷﺎﻛ ﻢﻳﺮﻜﻟاﺪﺒﻋ و3
4
!
"# $% &'(
)
*+ ,#
: / / -.
– 01# ,#
: 2 / 2 / -.
(
ﻜﭼ ﻴ هﺪ
!" #$" %&'( )*
+
,-.
%" /"0
1 234 )"5
. 7 )"
3(
8) 9
"!
:;
<
"
8) =>
? "!
:@
" <
,A
*
BC12" )"5 1
%" /"0 ) %(
@ /
; E
? /
; F /
; E
@ /
;
G
"
A )<
H
& ,-.
I J )
(MS
. / ).
3"! )&
M
"
+ ) ,GN !O 9 /
; P /
; Q ( R M ,GN !O P /
; 9 G
3
* "
,-. ) )& R
)) .
.
,-.
STU /"0
V
%( 0
)& * +
!" )& =
W (
Q
)"5 1 .
"
J , W ( )(
Q Q
) * Q
@ /
; E
? /
; G
"
9;;
% . 3U
Q
* F /
; E
@ /
; G
"
Q Y9 % ) . )& * )
) *
(
Z9 % - . [*
M
% \<
]:
%
)*
@9 % %&'(
) 3U M
.
)&
^ F;
%
3(
) - .
* * / ).
3"! )&
" M + ,GN ) 9
/
;
G 3 S_"` "
2 a4 9
% ( bc I )2 +
- * Q .
Q ( R M * P /
; 9 /
; G 3 "
"- d M
( I )2
, "& + bc eC
+
"- d M
e
* P /
; G 3 , "
. [*
) /1 R V" d M
% /"0
bc a4 + 9
% 2 ) . *
S2C1
"- bc M
,& + .
هژاو يﺪﻴﻠﻛ يﺎﻫ :
W (
Q
,-.
/"0
.
ﻪﻣﺪﻘﻣ
!"
#$ %& '(() *( *+ ,(-
. / 01 '2 #
345 /6*
7 - #$
48 9 (
& ;(
;4 4
<4=
7 4 ; 4 7
& ; / 4
9 #>(
7 -(
. 9 +
& ;(
/* 4 /
34549 4 ) !" (
%&
(Van der Meer,
1997)
.
@A& #" 4&
%& '4 6* 345 49 (
#B C6D # *(8& 74 (01 E 6* #8F9 / (G
7
*- . #B %& 7 /6* '(() #" . #
,*
(&/6* H (D 6* 6&()6 C(AB4 8-*
# ' *( (/6* / - *(8&
7
*4)
* #B.
6*
6( # I8A '6( '(6*
;7J/42 7AJ (
K / 'G 74> ;'G6(L=
345 6 7
-
* .
7 01 H (D 6* 4& - 4BM 36(5 4 /I2 #
'2 N 7 6* 7*/@= *
*6/4=
( / 78-)
*6* *46(B @ ( !& # / *O(&
. H (D 6* /4
7 A
*6/4=
(
*+8 ' C6D # ;C(P-4
345 *6/ *" 6( 6* 41 / !Q> ;4& 6*9 64J 7 *4) )
Kamenetsky, 2007
.(
6(P (J6 4TB
7 60 0 * UV2 4&
/ 4TW 6 ( / B
*( * ( *(8& 7+ 7"41 X 4Y
ZG&
( ' 7 -(
. TW [/6 4
"41 4& 6* 7
HP # 4P
\/4 / ( 6(L8 / - 7() * 6*
](B ^" 6(B / %LB 7Y 6* / , 6 ( 5_
7 - )
Davis, 1995
.(
4& *4W2
#&/ #
\/4 / 4
`a ( ba )* %(c 6* / D6*
7
( dF ea
% 7 ](B D6*
E # 7<8 #B (
/ ;\/4 *6* 7)* #c4 / ' *g
(Lulleno et al.,
2000)
. h8 '4 6* 4& 5_ *4W2 #(&
# , O*
7)* #" / i8F / * (9 7&/4 / (
*/c e 6(8W 6*
%&
)
FAO, 2003
.(
\/4 / (
* U j9 # !" B
\/4 /O6(B ;\/4 / 79 ;!"
6 ;
\/4 / 4 ;
\/4 / Q /
\/4 / 79 ( '( #B 6* X+
1. Allium
2. Carlavirus 3. Rymovirus 4. Tobravirus 5. Nepovirus
\/4 / (
*(58J k(_
48 7
-(
(Van Dijk, 1994)
. 6(
( ^1 4& 7&/4 / #
#&/
*(P i8F \/4 / >
7 - 4 #B
l(G #) $ 7
-(
/ +K/
( %
\/4 / ( QB !W ) 7AB4 (
%& - #8G(-
)
Van Dijk, 1994
.(
#"
\/4 / ( #B 7=/4+
7 * 6 (4&
B 7 ' 7<B \/4 / # *6
(9 *6 6 \/4 / ;
4
<4=
7 '( * #B \/4 / ;
(9
;
& '( \/4 / 4
4& 7+ '( \/4 / /
*4B 6(- )
Walkey, 1990
.(
mn& 6* /4 ("
7
& *4W2 ] @= 4
;mn& c/ 6* 4 6(2
(&
(
4 %L$ *(8&
U8 C6D #
o ( 4) 7(6*(
64J (8& *6 7
*4)
(Verbeek et al., 1995;
Conci et al., 2003; Novak, 1990)
.
78& U8& 6* \/4 / 6(2 4& () 4TW 4) 6/(LB XY( 6* 78 ( 4 %& ,WL / '
6(2
\/4 / ( / ,J(
(
*4) (P ( .
'(6
*( * / 4TW 5_ (
7G #26@ 6*
%& (9 .
;, ( / CIWL 4 #A1 4 0
#L- '/6* X 4Y 6( 6(2 '(() 4TW
7 - *( *+ ( )
6* 6( 6(2 ( 7
( *P 7)* 4nG '/ / (B #
%&*
(Moriconi et al., 1990)
.
Bhojwani et al.
(1981)
%LB *(8& (
Y # 7 (8 6(G(- p
/ ( r / a 7 48 s_ 6*
%LB (B5
t / a 7 4) (V8 !Q& / * , @
6(G(- ,D(c ( ( %LB s_ '( #
t
7 4)
` / * ,89/@
u / a (8 4<
8&
* 49 8= s 4- 6* & Z e
6( %2(&
N 7 / ub
(-/6 %2(&
7 # X=
6(2 (&
' *6 '(()
*4) \/4 / .
Verbeek et al.
(1995)
6($
7 4 v %L$
U8
/ 6(> 30c 6*
'( \/4 +
7
&
& ;4 #
&
4
6. Onion yellow dwarf virus (OYDV)
7. Leek yellow stripe virus (LYSV) 8. Onion mite – borne latent virus (OMbLV) 9. Shallot latent virus (SLV)
10. Garlic latent common virus (GLCV)
\/4 / ( *6 6 4
<4=
7 )
LYSV-G
(
<$ ; 7
9 *6 ( )
OYDV-G
( 9 '( * #$ / ;
( )
OMbLV-
(G
/6 6 ZG&
( G& /
@ (
&
&64 *6 4 7
** 64J .
(8 ** '(L j N
# Z '@
uaa %
4 30c )
LYSV-G
( ; r`
% 4 30c )
OYDV-G
(;
b`
% 4 30c ) (GCLV
/ tp % 4 30c
)
OMbLV-G
( w %& * 4x )
Ucman et al., 1998
(
.
yW *(8& ( 7(6*(4)
4 %LB / 4& U8
%LB s_ 6*
#/MS
) /(c u / 6O/4W
* , @ / & y8&
( s_ # (V8 !Q& /
/(c %LB
t / & y&(" 6O/4W t
6O/4W
` ,89/@
*4) X= * UPc
\/4 / 6(2 * *(
%&* # 30c #B 6/
O ' ( (9 *6 7<B \/4 / *4) C(Ax @
.
(Ayabe & Sumi, 1998)
;%=( %L$ *(8& (
" [/6 '2 %_
* %L$
& #J(& Z
;4 #
'2 6 #@
4 6 @
*
*(
&
6* 8 ;4
($ C 7
&
(4 6(2 / 6 \/4
( .
(8 j
%&* #
&64 7 %L$ #$ ** '(L
* [/6 #J(& Z
A&( / 7
4
&
(4
6(2 / z_ \/4 7
-
* 6* .
N /6 Z
%&*
( 7 ( #
* 4 *(
H 7
*4) C / * #
%&*
'*6/
(4&
6(2 / ]($ \/4 7
( .
Ramirez- Malagon et al.
(2006)
Y 7
&64 Z 7
( #$ * {FL
&
# 4 Z # '@
\/4 / ( * 7 -
|+ %& N / 7
(
*+ #"
ZG&
(
& Z / 4
*+ (
}4 ( 9 # 7
\/4 / ( 6* - *
#$ 7(c
*+
( '5 ( .
6*
&64 7
>
[/6 6(2 (&
/ (6*(4) #" ;\/4 7
- ; 7
(6*
7 4 %L$ / U8
ZG&
(
*4) *(8&
/
(6*(4) - {FL 7
o 4 %L$ ( (8 U8
j
48 (V 6*
- ( # 7 (6*
7
$ / 4 %L ** U8
%&
. ]/g9 @ '4 6*
7 (&(- ( d(A6 6* 7 (
\/4 / (
&
%LB ( d(A6 6* 7/ #8=4) C6D 4
4 7 (8 U8 4
4& '*4B \/4 / 6(2
*6 *"/ 7-6@) .
7 (&(- ( d(A6 6*
\/4 / ( /6 y~ U~I2 !"
}4 ( / 74 4
4W9 . 79 #A- #8-6 (
\/4 / ( 6*
%& *4) [6@) / (L (9 / 4& ;#>(9 )
Izadpanah, 1982
.(
Shahraeen et al.
) (1998
# ( 4& / (9
&/4 / 7)* # WL 7
(&6 '( 6LB # 6
j (8 # (9 4 #B *4B
%&* # ' (
@ O
#=4Y /* /(& yW ( '/48W /
79W&/4W 7<B \/4 / # 4& / (9 7)* ;
*6 6 \/4 / / 4& # & 7B6G (9 *6 4
<4=
7
#8-6 \/4 / y # 7)* @ /
#8G(-( * #B
)
MBFV-Unclassified
( - [6@) .
\/4 / #& 4
7W(W (V8 %(J
#W *(P 2( / #8-*
(
6* 6 *6 7+K }4
(
# ( ) - 7
(
)
Chenopodium quinoa Wild
( *4) )
,V
Dizaji, 1998
.(
Dizaji
) ( 1998
@ \/4 / C(D5G
(&(- \6(= '(8& 6* 6 74 4 y~
7
6 *6/
( 7
** 64J .
'/6* %LB ( d(A6 6*
#L- ;4&
Etemadi
(1990)
@ 6 7L/g9 7Y
# (
& 4& 7
%L$ s_ 6* 6 (- 68B / * %LB MS
y ( 6 7 #G(- D6* 4TBc 7
4) 48 6*
8& /
& Z / p 7 4) 8B 48 6*
#
%&*
*(8& C6/4K / *6/
8& /
& Z /
B 4 6 8
#G(- 7 h
* .
# #" (
& #$
&/ mn& 6* ( 6L$ 6* 4
H
64J %L$ *6 7
*4) V_ 3 0 ;
6* ;4K(c X
7)* + / #c4 (
(4& 7&/4 / U
4Y 4 *6 O ' X
6(2 /* #c4 6* / @
*(8& ( ( '*4B \/4 / yW
%LB (
/ U8 4 7(6*(4)
%& * .
شور و داﻮﻣ
ﺎﻫ
) N$ #26@ '((
& ' (A1( 2 /4) 4 7
6L$ i8F XY( #$ '4 (<L*
H"
6/
/
1. DAS - ELISA
2. Imminu electeron microscopy
*( *6 * #8=4) 64J 6($ / %L$ *6 64J
/ #8=4) }4
( 6*
/ #A- U~I2
&/4 7
# 6*4 / ( 6*
/ (<L
\/4
&(- 7 /4)
) N-@Q(
7 4 )*
7 9 # 7
\/4 / ( ' *6
O V8 [/6 # @
*+ #$ 8=4) 64J U
# ( )* # %A 7
9 7
\/4 / (
* %AT .
(8 \(& 4 j
9 ;'
((
/*
# ( 5_ %-*4 !9 * 4
6(>
6< #(G*4& 6* #8
6 # !Q& /
(6*(4) 7 C # ;
(* 6* /6
a #"6*
78(&
C # (AJ(+8 / *4)
`u (* 6* /6
b #"6*
78(&
*4) - ** 64J .
.
*+
&
(
* ( '/
#<.
6(
'2 #
4 (- 6 ( 7 6*
6< #(G *4&
- . 6*
;#*
6(2 (&
# ( )*
7 Y 7 #c4 /*
&64 *6 7
%=4) 64J .
4 %-($ / #c4 6*
/ U8
%&* # '*6/
Z() ( 4 %-($ ,D(c / U8
O ' (P /* ]F 6*
6 6 # @ (
7 6|c
/ 9 6|c 2 ( 7
\/4 / (
* .
:
_ _ *(8& *6 %L$ s
s MS
(Murashige & Skoog, 1962)
/(c 6() ) e 6* 4)
48 (
*(V / '6 i8F 4 (
(8 8&
Z
&
) (NAA
;4D %1 ( u
/ a /
/ 7 4) /
@
* , ) (BA
;4D %1 ( ;
/ / 7 4) 6*
#$ * 48 */_ 6* ' pH
/
- U .
7 _ 48 - '/6* %L$ s
#L ( (4 7 H
(* 6* /I$ '/6* !Q& /
#"6*
78(&
*4)
4 C J*
- '/48& #V .
4 (& *(
# ( ) ( 7 8-*4 !9 ;
#8&9 (
"6(G 7 8 ; ZG&
( C #
`a J*
#V
/(c z 6*
( 4nJ >
L=4 H 7
/ - #8-
!Q&
6*
4" 4 ( 6* / 8=4) 64J z '(
z ( %
LN 6( > 4nV 7
*4) . L8- !9
/
;#
ZG&
( - #5 '( 4" ( ZJ( ,G* 6*
1. Laminar Air Flow Hood
C #
a (x ( 6* #
a %
#Y1 - 6/
6* /
C # + #c4 ut
J*
6* #V 4$Q
& % U u %
(9 6* / 6/ #Y1 J* j9 C # 6( 4 ;6( #& '(
( #V
48& 4nV z LN / L8- ,
7
*4) . !9
2 K 7 ZG&
( (&/ *(8& ( ; 48& ,
( ,
;4& / !9 ;,Q(N&
ZG&
( 4 / #8=(N- U8
N- A)
#_D #J(& 4 / ZG& 2(J 6* #$ ,
6* %-* 64J ( 4
/* *+ / " 4$
4 /6 34 4 6* U8
_ - ** 64J %L$ s .
# 4
6* #$
( /* ] 4
U8
- *(8&
; 0 4 6(AN A) U8
( 4 ,N-
*+
p
49
*6 ( )4 7 Y # 4V A 7 e / a b/
a
7 48 #8-*4 7
6* / -
+ 6(
30c (
*+
49
*6 ( )4 7 4 ; A) U8
( ,N-
` u 49
*6 ( )4 7 Y # e / a b/
a 6* / #8-*4
_ 4V8 %L$ s 7
*4) . 4 64V8& !9 U8
_ 6*
- ;%L$ s
#L 64J -6 ZJ( 6* ( 7
8=4) .
( 6* -6 ZJ
<(
(*
#/6
`e #"6*
78(&
*4) /
<(
(*
#(A-
`p #"6*
78(&
*4)
* . 498=
6* * ub (-/6 %2(&
7 / e 6( %2(&
N 7
O *(8& *6 6 HA / * - U (
& 6 ( %&6~=
6 C- #$ *
`aaa !$
6 h 7
* .
! "#
$
%
6 ;#8 #& */c %-0) !9 @
# ( 6*
%L$/ ( %L$ s_
j9 %-0) ( / *4)
6* -6 #8 -
#L {G(- ( (
,(- -6
'> 7(D :
;Z() Y ;*4$ -6 U8 4 *+
4 *+ ;}4 *+
/ zG ;s&8 ;U$ -6 ( U8
2 ( ( 7 * # *+ /
%-**(
6*4 - .
(AJ(+8
# ( )4 7 4 U8 ( -6 # #8=(
'@
u / a 4 4) O % ) / - " @
Z(
(
J(
7 _ # (
6 %L$ s
#L 7 i8F n& (
6 7 / 4
& Z ) (IBA
;4D mn& 6*
t / a / u 7 4) 6*
( #8 6(> !9 / ,V8 48
2. Stem disc
3. Subculture
6 6
#L 6 # d4 C(D ( / Y #" #L
( *+
%-**(
6*4 6 / ( 7
*4) . !9
6
#L 7 ) Z(
( 7 +K/ #$
zn -6 %
_ # * 6*6G4
) %L$ s 7
$4 ( 9 ^ / %
49 48& % 4 / ,V8 ,
/ #8 4- 6*
s
^5 ( E(A- c 6* O( %Y6
' ( 3(- 6(AN
') 4 345 (
C6D # . / #/6/
(
*(8& ( #/6 %Y6 48& z
%=4) C6D , .
) 64V8& !9
Z(
_ 6* (
" -6 s 6 #
j
8-0) j$ (
' C(+=* ]($ / (
6(
'@
# / ]($ %Y6 6
h 01 4D(2 7
) Z(
(
01 _ 7
~$
z ( 4 Z
6(
*(8&
*4) . 6* -6 #8 6(> !9 4-
]($ ( ;s
6 P 7 ;%Y6 Z() ( 6 _ # - 6* #L
s
) %L$
7
"
$4 ( 49 ^ ) v(G / % 7
2K 7 ( - (J
6 ]$
4- 6* / ,V8 , s
_ n 7 4 *4& #(F)
6()(&
4- ( s '/4
8=4) 64J -6 ZJ(
.
&'
%
! () *
# 6 6
( 7 4xh (68$(=
6 n&
7 ;
( 4 . / U8
( ;*(8& *6
( 4Y L
7 v ( I($
=*(5 7 C6D #
68$(=
*4) *(8& ,
. 6*
4Y
(6(
6 7 4D mn& #& 6* BA
)
B0
( ; t / a )
B1
( / u
)
B2
( 7 4) 6*
;48
#& 6*NAA
4D mn&
)
N0
( ;
/ )
N1
( / t / a )
N2
( 7 4) 6*
48 / ) (IBA
4 ;
#L 6 7 mn& #& 6* ; )
;4D t / a / u 7 4) 6*
48 ( ; 4 /* 6* U8 b/
a p / a )
S1
( /
e / a b/
a )
S2
( 7 48
/* /
' / 4-6M
*4) *(8&
. (
@P (8 6( #
**
( ,D(c
( 4 *(8& ( ] 6@=
MSTAT-C
/
SAS
%=4) C6D .
+ :
!*, -./
%
*0 /
! 1
6 6 # (
7 )*
7 Z() ( ,D(c
4 %L$
U8 9 # 7
\/4 / ( ( / / 6|c (8 (
/ 6|c 2 O ' ;\/4
- *(8& @ .
\(& 4 ' *
,+68&
Clark & Adams (1977)
j /(& ( UV8 [/6 # / /*
78 #=4Y
*(
# #B
(DAS-ELISA)
%& 3/4+
4"
*4) . -6 !9
Z() ( '/6*
-
#L
# ( )4 7 # ( '@
u / a ( 6* / " 4) / (<L
&(- \/4 7
/4)
) N-@Q(
7 ' *(8& (
ELISA-DAS
/
8 7
*(
9 7
\/4 / ( ; - #
#&w
V_
(V 7
$ ( DSMZ AS-0573/1
4 *
&64 7
'@
6(2 (&
O ' ,+68&* *(8& ( @
w /
%A # 6$0 #&
u:uaaa J6 *6 / - X
%=4) 64J *(8&
. # 48& _ '*/@= +
Z(>
( #D(= 6* ; ut
( ba z0" *2 '@ #VJ*
6 Z(>
( Y 6*
pat (<8&* 6* 48(
)
ELISA-Reader
( + / # d4 *2 (
Z(>
( (- )
) 4=( / U(& ;* '((
( (V #
- . (9 4 6 4 (L + # '** '(
6V y(> 4 # ((= (W U @ ]B/
ta (
uaa /4W *& _ 48 #=(K 6O #&NaOH
*4) . Z(>
( z0" *2 #B 7 44 #& (
) z0" <(
4 * 48L 4=( / 7 (
- 7V %AT 7&/4 / 7)*
.
ﺎﺘﻧ
ﻳ ﺚﺤﺑ و ﺞ
(8
@P j 6/ # 3I8G ;!(
7+
6*
6 4x
(6(
(8 '6 i8F
8&
& Z 6*
_ 6/49 C(D 4 %L$ s
) Y ; *+ / Z(
6 4 6* }4
@ ** '(L # 6Y #
mn& #N
N1
)NAA
%1 u / a 7 4) 6*
48 ( 48L 4xh 6
/6
** '(L C(D .
6 6*
( 7 n& 4x
U
$
@ -6
* , 6/49 4
) Y ; Z(
;}4 *+ /
(6(
/ B1
)B2
%1 t / a / u
7 4) 6*
48 ( 4 # ^ 48L x 6/49 4 6 4
/
) 4 6* }4 *+
( d(A6 6* / %& #8-* Z(
Y Z() ( 48L # d4 4x
6(
t / a
7 4) 6*
%& * 48 .
4x 6 6/49 4 # @
; ) Y *+ / Z(
}4 4xh 7+
6*
mn& 6* 6 u
%
** '(L . mn&
1. Double Antibody Sandwich - ELISA
6 /*
@ ) e / a b/
a 48 ( 48L 6/49 ;
) Y ) 6* 6 }4 *+ / Z(
%& #8-* Z(
.
. 4 / UJ6 ,(V8 4x 4 ( U8
Y
) mn& 6* Z(
u % 7+
6*
*4) 4 / 6/49 /
3I8G }4 *+
7+
6*
/* mn& / * '(L
6 6(- UJ6 / #@
Z )
S2C1
( 48L Y
)
%-* 6 Z(
.
!
%
!
%
U
$ -6 / 4
& Z mn& 6*
u % 4xh 7+
6*
D6* 4
#L 6 7
** '(L .
6*
%1 t / a 7 4) 6*
^" 48 rt
% 6
#L 7
Z() (
*4) . # #" ( 6* #N
&64 7 /*
6
& UJ
*4) *(8& 4-6M / ' 4 UJ6 4x *
/6 D6*
#L 6 7 mn& 6*
t % 3I8G 7+
6*
6
s&8 ( ' UJ6 / %& #8-*
t %
#L 6 7
#$ 4-6M UJ6 # %A be
% 6
#L 7 44 %-*
** '(L ) /"
u ( .
#
$ 6Y 7 (8 ,D(c j
&64 7 ** '(L
U
$ -6 / 4
& Z 4
#L 6 7
Z() ( - '/6*
#L
&
4 4xw 7 -(
/ 7
D6*
#L 6 7
@= ( %1 ]
U
$ -6 / 4
& Z t / a # u
7 4) 6*
]($ 48
%=(
. 4(
Z() ( '/6*
#L-
&
NL 4 7 4 6
#L '- 6*
/ 6
#L 6 ($8 (& J(= %L$ s_ 6* O+ 7
#
8c6 7 / 4
% Z() ( C6D 7
*4) .
1. Cytokinin
-"/
0 1 "2 34 5 6 7
$ % 89
;<=
#
> ? @A &
"
"% B'(C -
IBA (mg/l)
/
a /
/ / /
b /
/ / /
/b a /c !
! /*0 23
! 1 * ()
4*, 5
! 6 7
(8 \(&4 j
%&* # '
DAS-ELISA
8 *(8& ( / 7
*(
2 7 9 7
\/4 / ( ; 6(
(6*(4) 7 o 4 %L$ ( (8 U8
7 ) # Y
b/
a p / a 7 48 ( # '@
uaa % 6*
6(2 (&
&
4
UJ6 ( 9 4-6M / ' 7
\/4 / ( 4xw
* . 6*
#$ 7(c 6 %L$ (
#@
) 4 U8 ( Y # e / a b/
a
7 48 ; '@
6(2 (&
b/
r`
% +
*4) . 6*
(c )* 2 '@
7 ( # 9 # (- 7
\/4 / ( ur %
%&* # .
. 6*
6(
7(6*(4) ( #
7 '@
6(2 (&
9 7
\/4 / ( 4 ' UJ6
% /
4 4-6M UJ6 bu
% +
*4) )
/"
` .(
6*
6(
V_
3 ( - (P C(V
6(2 (&
&
/ 4 *(8& ( \/4 4 %L$
U8
( # 7 / (6*(4) ( 7
( # 7 ; 6(2 (&
#
'@
uaa % (8 ( #$ %& L [6@) ( j
]
*6* %V(n 4K(c .
V=
6* %
%&* # ) '*6/
'((
6(2 / \/4
#&/ # 4 %L$
( # U8 7
<8 7 / #
6 # @
# ( 4 / *6* U8
#.(>
/ 4 # U8 c ( - "
}6@
%=( #$ -(
( ( @ 34Y #8=(
@ # 4 '
-"/
D 1
& )
&$ % 8A5 ;7E & # ' $ F GHI "# J% K 9
!
"
#$
%&
%'(
$)!
* )!
$
%&
%'(
#$
%&
%'(
$)!
* $)!
%&
%'(
#$
%&
%'(
+,- / / + 0 $ 1 23
23 455
23 23
455 455
+,- / / + 0 $ 1 23
26 44
/ 73 23
24 48
/ 74 93
/ 76
0-:! *; 0 $ 1 69
47 58
/ 82 4<
44 44
/ 94 57
/ 98
43 *
2 36
/ 64 46
6 99
/ 49 53
/ 47
% =>- ' :& *; ? @A B# %? %! *C ? $; @DE F-G ' ' HI ? *&F $ *J * $)!*
-$1 .
J( * (8c - ** %L$ / - "
7 '(
Z() ( 4 %L$ #D(c
*6* *"/ U8 .
(8 j ( ,D(c 4 %L$ ]
(6*(4) / U8 7
6 7 ' 4- #
* #DIG 4 :
U
$ ( (8 -6 8&
& Z
@ / ,
* 3I8G 7+
6*
mn& 6*
u % -6 4
Z() ( '/6*
#L-
#$ 8-*
(8 ( j
Ayabe
& Sumi (1998)
;.
Ucman et al (1997)
;
Verbeek et
al.
(1995)
/
Nagakubo et al.
(1997)
%-* %V(n .
6 '/6* %L$ 6* 48)6@ #@
#L-
( -6 7 48L / %-*
7 ( d(A6 6*
30c '@
/ 6 ;\/4 Z>$ # @ 2 ;4
7 6-* U16
/ 64V8&
(8 ;48$ -6 48 j
6* 6 6(2 (&
/ \/4 6(N-
#$ %G(&
j (8 ( j (8
;
Ramires - Malagon &
Perez-Moreno (2006)
;
Ucman et al.
(1997)
;
Verbeek et al.
(1995)
/
Nagakubo et al.
(1997)
<(
7
%-*
. ( d(A6 6*
(6*(4) 6(
7 6*
(
*4) {FL C(L
6(
o %L$ (
4 U8 '(N 6(2 (&
/ 30c /
@= 6 \/4 ]
7 ( # #>4) * 7
# %& 6*(J @
,(J '@
"
7 4xw (8 ( #$ -(
* j
#" '(VV_ 4<
Walkey (1990)
;
Ramires-Malagon & Perez-
Moreno (2006)
;
Verbeek et al.
(1995)
/
Ucman et
al.
(1997)
* %V(n .
REFERENCES
1. Ayabe, M. & Sumi, S. (1998). Establishment of a novel tissue culture method, stem-disc-culture, and its practical application to micropropagation of garlic (Allium sativum L.). Plant Cell Report, 17, 773-779.
2. Bhojwani, S. S., Cohen, D. & Fry, P. R. (1981). Production of virus-free garlic and field performance of micropropagated plants. Scientia Horticulturae, 18, 39-43.
3. Clark, M. F., A. N. Adams, A., D. Voller and E. Bidwell, M. F. (1976). The detection of viruses by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Journal of General Virology, 33, 165-167.
4. Conci, V. C., Canqvelli, A., Lunello, P., Di Rienzo, J., Nome, S. F. & Zumelzu, G. (2003). Yeild losses associated with virus – infected garlic plant during five successive years. Plant Disease, 87, 1411-1415.
5. Davis, R. M. (1995). Disease caused by viruses and mycoplasmalike organisms. In: H. F. Schwarts, & S.
K. Mohan, (Eds.). Compendium of Onion and Garlic Diseases. St. Paul. APS Press. p. 54.
6. FAOSTAT data. (2003). http://apps.fao.org/default.htm.Last updated October 2003.
7. Dizaji, I. A. & Izadpanah, K. (2001). Characterization of the virus causing mosaic in Persian leek (Allium ampeloprasum ssp. Persicm Mousavi & Kashi). Iranian Journal of Plant Pathology, 37, 39–49.
(In Farsi).
8. Etemadi, N. (1991). The effect of media and explants in producing garlic plantlet in-vitro. M. Sc. thesis of horticulture sciences, College Agriculture. Tehran University. P.109. (In Farsi).
9. Izadpanah, K. (1982). An annotated list of virus and virus - like diseases of plant in Fars province.
Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran. (In Farsi).
10. Kamenetsky, R. (2007). Garlic: Botany and Horticulture. In: J. Janick, (Ed.) Horticultural Reviews, Volume 33. (pp. 123 – 172). John Wiley & Sons. Inc.
11. Lunello, P. F., Almonacid, B., Kobayashi, K., Helguera, M., Nome, S. F., Menteaberry, A. & Conci, V.
C. (2000). Distribution of garlic virus A in different garlic production regions of Argentina. Journal of Plant pathology, 82, 17-21.
12. Moriconi, D. N., Conci, V. C. & Nome, S. F. (1990). Rapid multiplication of garlic (Allium sativum L.) in vitro. Phyton, 51, 145-151.
13. Murashige, J. & Skoog, F. (1962). A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with tobacco tissue culture. Physiologia Plantarum, 15, 473-497.
14. Nagakubo, T., Takaichi, M. & Oeda, K. (1997). Micropropagation of Allium Sativum L. (Garlic). In: Y.
P. S. Bajaj (Ed.), Biotechnology in Agriculture and Forestry. (pp. 3-19). (39th ed.), Springer, verlag.
Berlin- Heidelberg
15. Novak, F. J. (1990). Allium tissue culture. In: H. d. Rabinowitch and J. L. Brewster (eds.), Onions and Allied crops. P. 233-250. Vol. I CRC Press, Boca Raton. Fl.
16. Shahraeen, N., Bananej, K., Ahoonmanesh, A. & Lesemann, D. E. (1998). Identification of three elongated viruses from Allium species (onion and garlic) in Tehran province. Iranian Journal of Plant Pathology, 34(1, 2), 37 – 38. (In Farsi).
17. Ramires- Malagon, R. & Perez-Moreno, L. (2006). Differential organ infection studies, potyvirus elimination, and field performance of virus-free garlic plants produced by tissue culture. Plant Cell Tissue and Organ Culture, 86, 103-110.
18. Ucman, R., Zel, J. & Ravnikar, M. (1998). Thermotherapy in virus elimination from garlic: Influences on shoot multiplication from meristems and bulb formation in vitro. Scientia Horticulture, 73, 193-202.
19. Van der Meer, Q. P. (1997). Old and new crops within edible alliums. Acta Horticulture, 433, 17-31.
20. Van Dijk, P. (1994). Virus disease of Allium species and prospects for their control. Acta Horticulture, 358, 299-306.
21. Verbeek, M., Van Dijk, P. & Van Well, M. A. (1995). Efficiency of eradication of four viruses from garlic (Allium sativum L.) by meristem-tip culture. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 101, 231-239.
22. Voller, A., Bartleh, A., Bidwell, D. E., Clark, M. F. & Adams, A. N. (1976). The detection of viruses by enzyme – linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Journal of General Virology, 33, 165-167.
23. Walkey, D. G. A. (1990). Virus diseases. In: H. D. Rabinowitch and J. L. Brewster (Eds.), Onions and allied crops. (pp. 191-212). Vol. II. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fl.