• Tidak ada hasil yang ditemukan

عاری‎سازی دو توده تجاری سیر (Allium sativum L.) بومی ایران از پوتی ویروس‎ها با استفاده از گرمادرمانی و کشت مریستم

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2023

Membagikan "عاری‎سازی دو توده تجاری سیر (Allium sativum L.) بومی ایران از پوتی ویروس‎ها با استفاده از گرمادرمانی و کشت مریستم"

Copied!
8
0
0

Teks penuh

(1)

, ) (

*

:

:

E-mail: bahmanzahedi@gmail.com

يرﺎﻋ يزﺎﺳ رﺎﺠﺗ هدﻮﺗ ود ي

ﺳ ﻴ ﺮ

(Allium sativum L.)

ﻣﻮﺑ ﻲ ا ﻳ ناﺮ

ﺗﻮﭘ زا ﻲ سوﺮﻳو ﺎﻫ

ﻧﺎﻣردﺎﻣﺮﮔ زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺎﺑ ﻲ

ﺮﻣ ﺖﺸﻛ و ﻳ

ﻢﺘﺴ

يﺪﻫاز ﻦﻤﻬﺑ

*1

ﻲﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ ﻦﻴﺴﺤﻣﻼﻏ ، ﺢﻴﺑذ ،2

ﻲﻧﺎﻣز ﻪﻟا ﻲﺷﺎﻛ ﻢﻳﺮﻜﻟاﺪﺒﻋ و3

4

!

"# $% &'(

)

*+ ,#

: / / -.

01# ,#

: 2 / 2 / -.

(

ﻜﭼ ﻴ هﺪ

!" #$" %&'( )*

+

,-.

%" /"0

1 234 )"5

. 7 )"

3(

8) 9

"!

:;

<

"

8) =>

? "!

:@

" <

,A

*

BC12" )"5 1

%" /"0 ) %(

@ /

; E

? /

; F /

; E

@ /

;

G

"

A )<

H

& ,-.

I J )

(MS

. / ).

3"! )&

M

"

+ ) ,GN !O 9 /

; P /

; Q ( R M ,GN !O P /

; 9 G

3

* "

,-. ) )& R

)) .

.

,-.

STU /"0

V

%( 0

)& * +

!" )& =

W (

Q

)"5 1 .

"

J , W ( )(

Q Q

) * Q

@ /

; E

? /

; G

"

9;;

% . 3U

Q

* F /

; E

@ /

; G

"

Q Y9 % ) . )& * )

) *

(

Z9 % - . [*

M

% \<

]:

%

)*

@9 % %&'(

) 3U M

.

)&

^ F;

%

3(

) - .

* * / ).

3"! )&

" M + ,GN ) 9

/

;

G 3 S_"` "

2 a4 9

% ( bc I )2 +

- * Q .

Q ( R M * P /

; 9 /

; G 3 "

"- d M

( I )2

, "& + bc eC

+

"- d M

e

* P /

; G 3 , "

. [*

) /1 R V" d M

% /"0

bc a4 + 9

% 2 ) . *

S2C1

"- bc M

,& + .

هژاو يﺪﻴﻠﻛ يﺎﻫ :

W (

Q

,-.

/"0

.

(2)

ﻪﻣﺪﻘﻣ

!"

#$ %& '(() *( *+ ,(-

. / 01 '2 #

345 /6*

7 - #$

48 9 (

& ;(

;4 4

<4=

7 4 ; 4 7

& ; / 4

9 #>(

7 -(

. 9 +

& ;(

/* 4 /

34549 4 ) !" (

%&

(Van der Meer,

1997)

.

@A& #" 4&

%& '4 6* 345 49 (

#B C6D # *(8& 74 (01 E 6* #8F9 / (G

7

*- . #B %& 7 /6* '(() #" . #

,*

(&/6* H (D 6* 6&()6 C(AB4 8-*

# ' *( (/6* / - *(8&

7

*4)

* #B.

6*

6( # I8A '6( '(6*

;7J/42 7AJ (

K / 'G 74> ;'G6(L=

345 6 7

-

* .

7 01 H (D 6* 4& - 4BM 36(5 4 /I2 #

'2 N 7 6* 7*/@= *

*6/4=

( / 78-)

*6* *46(B @ ( !& # / *O(&

. H (D 6* /4

7 A

*6/4=

(

*+8 ' C6D # ;C(P-4

345 *6/ *" 6( 6* 41 / !Q> ;4& 6*9 64J 7 *4) )

Kamenetsky, 2007

.(

6(P (J6 4TB

7 60 0 * UV2 4&

/ 4TW 6 ( / B

*( * ( *(8& 7+ 7"41 X 4Y

ZG&

( ' 7 -(

. TW [/6 4

"41 4& 6* 7

HP # 4P

\/4 / ( 6(L8 / - 7() * 6*

](B ^" 6(B / %LB 7Y 6* / , 6 ( 5_

7 - )

Davis, 1995

.(

4& *4W2

#&/ #

\/4 / 4

`a ( ba )* %(c 6* / D6*

7

( dF ea

% 7 ](B D6*

E # 7<8 #B (

/ ;\/4 *6* 7)* #c4 / ' *g

(Lulleno et al.,

2000)

. h8 '4 6* 4& 5_ *4W2 #(&

# , O*

7)* #" / i8F / * (9 7&/4 / (

*/c e 6(8W 6*

%&

)

FAO, 2003

.(

\/4 / (

* U j9 # !" B

\/4 /O6(B ;\/4 / 79 ;!"

6 ;

\/4 / 4 ;

\/4 / Q /

\/4 / 79 ( '( #B 6* X+

1. Allium

2. Carlavirus 3. Rymovirus 4. Tobravirus 5. Nepovirus

\/4 / (

*(58J k(_

48 7

-(

(Van Dijk, 1994)

. 6(

( ^1 4& 7&/4 / #

#&/

*(P i8F \/4 / >

7 - 4 #B

l(G #) $ 7

-(

/ +K/

( %

\/4 / ( QB !W ) 7AB4 (

%& - #8G(-

)

Van Dijk, 1994

.(

#"

\/4 / ( #B 7=/4+

7 * 6 (4&

B 7 ' 7<B \/4 / # *6

(9 *6 6 \/4 / ;

4

<4=

7 '( * #B \/4 / ;

(9

;

& '( \/4 / 4

4& 7+ '( \/4 / /

*4B 6(- )

Walkey, 1990

.(

mn& 6* /4 ("

7

& *4W2 ] @= 4

;mn& c/ 6* 4 6(2

(&

(

4 %L$ *(8&

U8 C6D #

o ( 4) 7(6*(

64J (8& *6 7

*4)

(Verbeek et al., 1995;

Conci et al., 2003; Novak, 1990)

.

78& U8& 6* \/4 / 6(2 4& () 4TW 4) 6/(LB XY( 6* 78 ( 4 %& ,WL / '

6(2

\/4 / ( / ,J(

(

*4) (P ( .

'(6

*( * / 4TW 5_ (

7G #26@ 6*

%& (9 .

;, ( / CIWL 4 #A1 4 0

#L- '/6* X 4Y 6( 6(2 '(() 4TW

7 - *( *+ ( )

6* 6( 6(2 ( 7

( *P 7)* 4nG '/ / (B #

%&*

(Moriconi et al., 1990)

.

Bhojwani et al.

(1981)

%LB *(8& (

Y # 7 (8 6(G(- p

/ ( r / a 7 48 s_ 6*

%LB (B5

t / a 7 4) (V8 !Q& / * , @

6(G(- ,D(c ( ( %LB s_ '( #

t

7 4)

` / * ,89/@

u / a (8 4<

8&

* 49 8= s 4- 6* & Z e

6( %2(&

N 7 / ub

(-/6 %2(&

7 # X=

6(2 (&

' *6 '(()

*4) \/4 / .

Verbeek et al.

(1995)

6($

7 4 v %L$

U8

/ 6(> 30c 6*

'( \/4 +

7

&

& ;4 #

&

4

6. Onion yellow dwarf virus (OYDV)

7. Leek yellow stripe virus (LYSV) 8. Onion mite – borne latent virus (OMbLV) 9. Shallot latent virus (SLV)

10. Garlic latent common virus (GLCV)

(3)

\/4 / ( *6 6 4

<4=

7 )

LYSV-G

(

<$ ; 7

9 *6 ( )

OYDV-G

( 9 '( * #$ / ;

( )

OMbLV-

(G

/6 6 ZG&

( G& /

@ (

&

&64 *6 4 7

** 64J .

(8 ** '(L j N

# Z '@

uaa %

4 30c )

LYSV-G

( ; r`

% 4 30c )

OYDV-G

(;

b`

% 4 30c ) (GCLV

/ tp % 4 30c

)

OMbLV-G

( w %& * 4x )

Ucman et al., 1998

(

.

yW *(8& ( 7(6*(4)

4 %LB / 4& U8

%LB s_ 6*

#/MS

) /(c u / 6O/4W

* , @ / & y8&

( s_ # (V8 !Q& /

/(c %LB

t / & y&(" 6O/4W t

6O/4W

` ,89/@

*4) X= * UPc

\/4 / 6(2 * *(

%&* # 30c #B 6/

O ' ( (9 *6 7<B \/4 / *4) C(Ax @

.

(Ayabe & Sumi, 1998)

;%=( %L$ *(8& (

" [/6 '2 %_

* %L$

& #J(& Z

;4 #

'2 6 #@

4 6 @

*

*(

&

6* 8 ;4

($ C 7

&

(4 6(2 / 6 \/4

( .

(8 j

%&* #

&64 7 %L$ #$ ** '(L

* [/6 #J(& Z

A&( / 7

4

&

(4

6(2 / z_ \/4 7

-

* 6* .

N /6 Z

%&*

( 7 ( #

* 4 *(

H 7

*4) C / * #

%&*

'*6/

(4&

6(2 / ]($ \/4 7

( .

Ramirez- Malagon et al.

(2006)

Y 7

&64 Z 7

( #$ * {FL

&

# 4 Z # '@

\/4 / ( * 7 -

|+ %& N / 7

(

*+ #"

ZG&

(

& Z / 4

*+ (

}4 ( 9 # 7

\/4 / ( 6* - *

#$ 7(c

*+

( '5 ( .

6*

&64 7

>

[/6 6(2 (&

/ (6*(4) #" ;\/4 7

- ; 7

(6*

7 4 %L$ / U8

ZG&

(

*4) *(8&

/

(6*(4) - {FL 7

o 4 %L$ ( (8 U8

j

48 (V 6*

- ( # 7 (6*

7

$ / 4 %L ** U8

%&

. ]/g9 @ '4 6*

7 (&(- ( d(A6 6* 7 (

\/4 / (

&

%LB ( d(A6 6* 7/ #8=4) C6D 4

4 7 (8 U8 4

4& '*4B \/4 / 6(2

*6 *"/ 7-6@) .

7 (&(- ( d(A6 6*

\/4 / ( /6 y~ U~I2 !"

}4 ( / 74 4

4W9 . 79 #A- #8-6 (

\/4 / ( 6*

%& *4) [6@) / (L (9 / 4& ;#>(9 )

Izadpanah, 1982

.(

Shahraeen et al.

) (1998

# ( 4& / (9

&/4 / 7)* # WL 7

(&6 '( 6LB # 6

j (8 # (9 4 #B *4B

%&* # ' (

@ O

#=4Y /* € /(& yW ( '/48W /

79W&/4W 7<B \/4 / # 4& / (9 7)* ;

*6 6 \/4 / / 4& # & 7B6G (9 *6 4

<4=

7

#8-6 \/4 / y # 7)* @ /

#8G(-( * #B

)

MBFV-Unclassified

( - [6@) .

\/4 / #& 4

7W(W (V8 %(J

#W *(P 2( / #8-*

(

6* ‚6 *6 7+K }4

(

# ( ) - 7

(

)

Chenopodium quinoa Wild

( *4) )

,V

Dizaji, 1998

.(

Dizaji

) ( 1998

@ \/4 / C(D5G

(&(- \6(= '(8& 6* 6 74 4 y~

7

6 *6/

( 7

** 64J .

'/6* %LB ( d(A6 6*

#L- ;4&

Etemadi

(1990)

@ 6 7L/g9 7Y

# (

& 4& 7

%L$ s_ 6* 6 (- 68B / * %LB MS

y ( 6 7 #G(- D6* 4TBc 7

4) 48 6*

8& /

& Z / p 7 4) 8B 48 6*

#

%&*

*(8& C6/4K / *6/

8& /

& Z /

B 4 6 8

#G(- 7 h

* .

# #" (

& #$

&/ mn& 6* ( 6L$ 6* 4

H

64J %L$ *6 7

*4) V_ 3 0 ;

6* ;4K(c X

7)* + / #c4 (

(4& 7&/4 / U

4Y 4ƒ *6 O ' X

6(2 /* #c4 6* / @

*(8& ( ( '*4B \/4 / yW

%LB (

/ U8 4 7(6*(4)

%& * .

شور و داﻮﻣ

ﺎﻫ

) N$ #26@ '((

& ' (A1( 2 /4) 4 7

6L$ i8F XY( #$ '4 (<L*

H"

6/

/

1. DAS - ELISA

2. Imminu electeron microscopy

(4)

*( *6 * #8=4) 64J 6($ / %L$ *6 64J

/ #8=4) }4

( 6*

/ #A- U~I2

&/4 7

# 6*4 / ( 6*

/ (<L

\/4

&(- 7 /4)

) N-@Q(

7 4 )*

7 9 # 7

\/4 / ( ' *6

O V8 [/6 # @

*+ #$ 8=4) 64J U

# ( )* # %A 7

9 7

\/4 / (

* %AT .

(8 \(& 4 j

9 ;'

((

„ /*

…

# ( 5_ %-*4 !9 * 4

6(>

6< #(G*4& 6* #8

6ƒ # !Q& /

(6*(4) 7 C # ;

† (* 6* /6

‡a #"6*

78(&

C # ˆ(AJ(+8 / *4)

`u (* 6* /6

‡b #"6*

78(&

*4) - ** 64J .

.

*+

‰&

(

* ( '/

#<.

6(

'2 #

4 (- 6 ( 7 6*

6< #(G *4&

- . 6*

;#*

6(2 (&

# ( )*

7 Y 7 #c4 /*

&64 *6 7

%=4) 64J .

4 %-($ / #c4 6*

/ U8

%&* # '*6/

Z() ( 4 %-($ ,D(c / U8

O ' (P /* ]F 6*

6 6ƒ # @ (

7 6|c

/ 9 6|c 2 ( 7

\/4 / (

* .

:

_ _ *(8& *6 %L$ s

s MS

(Murashige & Skoog, 1962)

/(c 6() ) e 6* 4)

48 (

*(V / '6 i8F 4 (

(8 8&

Z

&

) (NAA

;4D %ƒ1 ( u

/ a /

Š / 7 4) /

@

* , ) (BA

;4D %ƒ1 ( ;

Š / / 7 4) 6*

#$ * 48 */_ 6* ' pH

‹ /

Š

ƒ - U .

Š

7 _ 48 - '/6* %L$ s

#L ( (4 7 H

(* 6* /I$ '/6* !Q& /

#"6*

78(&

*4)

4 C J*

- '/48& #V .

4 (& *(

# ( ) ( 7 8-*4 !9 ;

#8&9 (

"6(G 7 8 ; ZG&

( C #

`a J*

#V

/(c z 6*

( 4nJ >

L=4ΠH 7

/ - #8-

!Q&

6*

4" 4 ( 6* / 8=4) 64J z '(

z ( %

LN 6( > 4nV 7

*4) . L8- !9

/

;#

ZG&

( - #5 '( 4" ( ZJ( ,G* 6*

1. Laminar Air Flow Hood

C #

‡a (x ( 6* #

†a %

#Y1 - 6/

6* /

C # + #c4 ut

J*

6* #V 4$Q

& % U u %

(9 6* / 6/ #Y1 J* j9 C # 6( 4 ;6( #& '(

( #V

48& 4nV z LN / L8- ,

7

*4) . !9

2 K 7 ZG&

( (&/ *(8& ( ; 48& ,

( ,

;‚4& / !9 ;,Q(N&

ZG&

( 4 / #8=(N- U8

N- A)

#_D #J(& 4 / ZG& 2(J 6* #$ ,

6* %-* 64J ( 4

/* *+ / " 4$

4 /6 34Π4 6* U8

_ - ** 64J %L$ s .

# 4ƒ

6* #$

( /* ] 4

U8

- *(8&

; 0 4 6(AN A) U8

( 4 ,N-

*+

p

‡ 49

*6 ( )4 7 Y # 4V A 7 e / a b/

a

7 48 #8-*4 7

6* / -

+ 6(

30c (

*+

49

*6 ( )4 7 4 ; A) U8

( ,N-

` u 49

*6 ( )4 7 Y # e / a b/

a 6* / #8-*4

_ 4V8 %L$ s 7

*4) . 4 64V8& !9 U8

_ 6*

- ;%L$ s

#L 64J -6 ZJ( 6* ( 7

8=4) .

( 6* -6 ZJ

<(

(*

#/6

`e #"6*

78(&

*4) /

<(

(*

#(A-

`p #"6*

78(&

*4)

* . 498=

6* * ub (-/6 %2(&

7 / e 6( %2(&

N 7

ƒ …O *(8& *6 6 HA / * - U (

& 6 ( %&6~=

6 C- #$ *

`aaa !$

6 h 7

* .

! "#

$

%

6 ;#8 #& */c %-0) !9 @

# ( 6*

%L$/ ( %L$ s_

j9 %-0) ( / *4)

6* -6 #8 -

#L {G(- ( (

,(- -6

'> 7(D :

;Z() Y ;*4$ -6 U8 4 *+

4 *+ ;}4 *+

/ zG ;s&8 ;U$ -6 ( U8

2 ( ( 7 * # *+ /

%-**(

6*4 - .

ˆ(AJ(+8

# ( )4 7 4 U8 ( -6 # #8=(

'@

u / a 4 4) O % ) / - " @

Z(

(

J(

7 _ # (

6 %L$ s

#L 7 i8F n& (

6 7 / 4

& Z ) (IBA

;4D mn& 6*

t / a / u 7 4) 6*

( #8 6(> !9 / ,V8 48

2. Stem disc

3. Subculture

(5)

6 6Œ

#L 6 # d4 C(D ( / Y #" #L

( *+

%-**(

6*4 6 / ( 7

*4) . !9

6

#L 7 ) Z(

( 7 +K/ #$

zn -6 %

_ # * 6*6G4

) %L$ s 7

$4 ( 9 ^ / %

49 48& % 4 / ,V8 ,

/ #8 4- 6*

s

^5 ( E(A- c 6* O( %Y6

' ( 3(- 6(AN

') 4 345 (

C6D # . / #/6/

(

*(8& ( #/6 %Y6 48& z

%=4) C6D , .

) 64V8& !9

Z(

_ 6* (

" -6 s 6 #

j

8-0) j$ (

' C(+=* ]($ / (

6(

'@

# / ]($ %Y6 6ƒ

h 01 4D(2 7

) Z(

(

01 _ 7

~$

z ( 4 Z

6(

*(8&

*4) . 6* -6 #8 6(> !9 4-

]($ ( ;s

6 P 7 ;%Y6 Z() ( 6 _ # - 6* #L

s

) %L$

7

"

$4 ( 49 ^ ) v(G / % 7

2K 7 ( - (J

Ž6 ]$

4- 6* / ,V8 , s

_ n 7 4 *4& #(F)

6()(&

4- ( s '/4

8=4) 64J -6 ZJ(

.

&'

%

! () *

# 6 6ƒ

( 7 4xh (68$(=

6 n&

7 ;

( 4 . / U8

„ … ( ;*(8& *6

( 4Y L

7 v ( ˆI($

=*(5 7 C6D #

68$(=

*4) *(8& ,

. 6*

4Y

(6(

6 7 4D mn& #& 6* BA

)

B0

( ; t / a )

B1

( / u

)

B2

( 7 4) 6*

;48

#& 6*NAA

4D mn&

)

N0

( ;

/ )

N1

( / t / a )

N2

( 7 4) 6*

48 / ) (IBA

4 ;

#L 6 7 mn& #& 6* ; )

;4D t / a / u 7 4) 6*

48 ( ; 4 /* 6* U8 b/

a p / a )

S1

( /

e / a b/

a )

S2

( 7 48

„ /* /

' / 4-6M …

*4) *(8&

. (

@P ˆ(8 6( #

**

( ,D(c

( 4 *(8& ( ] 6@=

MSTAT-C

/

SAS

%=4) C6D .

+ :

!*, -./

%

*0 /

! 1

6 6ƒ # (

7 )*

7 Z() ( ,D(c

4 %L$

U8 9 # 7

\/4 / ( ( / / 6|c ˆ(8 (

/ 6|c 2 O ' ;\/4

- *(8& @ .

\(& 4 ' *

,+68&

Clark & Adams (1977)

j /(& ( UV8 [/6 # / /*

78 #=4Y

*(

# #B

(DAS-ELISA)

%& 3/4+

4"

*4) . -6 !9

Z() ( '/6*

-

#L

# ( )4 7 # ( '@

u / a ( 6* / " 4) / (<L

&(- \/4 7

/4)

) N-@Q(

7 ' *(8& (

ELISA-DAS

/

8 7

*(

9 7

\/4 / ( ; - #

#&w

V_

(V 7

$ ( DSMZ AS-0573/1

4 *

&64 7

'@

6(2 (&

O ' ,+68&* *(8& ( @

w /

%A # 6$0 #&

u:uaaa J6 *6 / - X

%=4) 64J *(8&

. # 48& _ '*/@= +

Z(>

( #D(= 6* ; ut

( ba z0" *2 '@ #VJ*

6 Z(>

(  Y 6*

pat (<8&* 6* 48(

)

ELISA-Reader

( + / # d4 *2 (

Z(>

( (- )

) 4=( / U(& ;* '((

( (V #

- . (9 4 ‚6 4 (L + # '** '(

6V y(> 4 # ((= (W U @ ]B/

ta (

uaa /4W *& _ 48 #=(K 6O #&NaOH

*4) . Z(>

( z0" *2 #B 7 44 #& (

) z0" <(

4ƒ * 48L 4=( / 7 (

- 7V %AT 7&/4 / 7)*

.

ﺎﺘﻧ

ﻳ ﺚﺤﺑ و ﺞ

(8

@P j 6/ # 3I8G ;!(

7+

6*

6 4x

(6(

(8 '6 i8F

8&

& Z 6*

_ 6/49 C(D 4 %L$ s

) Y ; *+ / Z(

6 4 6* }4

@ ** '(L # 6Y #

mn& #N

N1

)NAA

%ƒ1 u / a 7 4) 6*

48 ( 48L 4xh 6

/6

** '(L C(D .

6 6*

( 7 n& 4x

$

@ -6

* , 6/49 4

) Y ; Z(

;}4 *+ /

(6(

/ B1

)B2

%ƒ1 t / a / u

7 4) 6*

48 ( 4 # ^ 48L x 6/49 4 6 4

/

) 4 6* }4 *+

( d(A6 6* / %& #8-* Z(

Y Z() ( 48L # d4 4x

6(

t / a

7 4) 6*

%& * 48 .

4x 6 6/49 4 # @

; ) Y *+ / Z(

}4 4xh 7+

6*

mn& 6* 6 u

%

** '(L . mn&

1. Double Antibody Sandwich - ELISA

(6)

6 /*

@ ) e / a b/

a 48 ( 48L 6/49 ;

) Y ) 6* 6 }4 *+ / Z(

%& #8-* Z(

.

. 4 / UJ6 ,(V8 4x 4 ( U8

Y

) mn& 6* Z(

u % 7+

6*

*4) 4 / 6/49 /

3I8G }4 *+

7+

6*

/* mn& / * '(L

6 6(- UJ6 / #@

Z )

S2C1

( 48L Y

)

%-* 6 Z(

.

!

%

!

%

$ -6 / 4

& Z mn& 6*

u % 4xh 7+

6*

D6* 4

#L 6 7

** '(L .

6*

%ƒ1 t / a 7 4) 6*

^" 48 rt

% 6

#L 7

Z() (

*4) . # #" ( 6* #N

&64 7 /*

6

& UJ

*4) *(8& 4-6M / ' 4 UJ6 4x *

/6 D6*

#L 6 7 mn& 6*

t % 3I8G 7+

6*

6

s&8 ( ' UJ6 / %& #8-*

†t %

#L 6 7

#$ 4-6M UJ6 # %A be

% 6

#L 7 44 %-*

** '(L ) /"

u ( .

#

$ 6Y 7 (8 ,D(c j

&64 7 ** '(L

ƒ U

$ -6 / 4

& Z 4

#L 6 7

Z() ( - '/6*

#L

&

4 4xw 7 -(

/ 7

D6*

#L 6 7

@= ( %ƒ1 ]

$ -6 / 4

& Z t / a # u

7 4) 6*

]($ 48

%=(

. ˆ4(Œ

Z() ( '/6*

#L-

&

NL 4 7 4 6

#L '- 6*

/ 6

#L 6 ($8 (& J(= %L$ s_ 6* ˆO+ 7

#

8c6 7 / 4

Š % Z() ( C6D 7

*4) .

1. Cytokinin

-"/

0 1 "2 34 5 6 7

$ % 89

;<=

#

> ? @A &

"

"% B'(C -

IBA (mg/l)

/

a /

/ / /

b /

/ / /

/b a /c !

! /*0 23

! 1 * ()

4*, 5

! 6 7

(8 \(&4 j

%&* # '

DAS-ELISA

8 *(8& ( / 7

*(

2 7 9 7

\/4 / ( ; 6(

(6*(4) 7 o 4 %L$ ( (8 U8

7 ) # Y

b/

a p / a 7 48 ( # '@

uaa % 6*

6(2 (&

&

4

UJ6 ( 9 4-6M / ' 7

\/4 / ( 4xw

* . 6*

#$ 7(c 6 %L$ (

#@

) 4 U8 ( Y # e / a b/

a

7 48 ; '@

6(2 (&

b/

r`

% +

*4) . 6*

(c )* 2 '@

7 ( # 9 # (- 7

\/4 / ( ur %

%&* # .

. 6*

6(

7(6*(4) ( #

7 '@

6(2 (&

9 7

\/4 / ( 4 ' UJ6

†‡

% /

4 4-6M UJ6 bu

% +

*4) )

/"

` .(

6*

6(

V_

3 ( - (P C(V

6(2 (&

&

/ 4 *(8& ( \/4 4 %L$

U8

( # 7 / (6*(4) ( 7

( # 7 ; 6(2 (&

#

'@

uaa % (8 ( #$ %& L [6@) ( j

]

*6* %V(n 4K(c .

V=

6* %

%&* # ) '*6/

'((

6(2 / \/4

#&/ # 4 %L$

( # U8 7

<8 7 / #

6 # @

# ( 4 / *6* U8

#.(>

/ 4 # U8 c ( - "

}6@

%=( #$ -(

( ( @ 34Y #8=(

@ # 4 '

-"/

D 1

& )

&$ % 8A5 ;7E & # ' $ F GHI "# J% K 9

!

"

#$

%&

%'(

$)!

* )!

$

%&

%'(

#$

%&

%'(

$)!

* $)!

%&

%'(

#$

%&

%'(

+,- / / + 0 $ 1 23

23 455

23 23

455 455

+,- / / + 0 $ 1 23

26 44

/ 73 23

24 48

/ 74 93

/ 76

0-:! *; 0 $ 1 69

47 58

/ 82 4<

44 44

/ 94 57

/ 98

43 *

2 36

/ 64 46

6 99

/ 49 53

/ 47

% =>- ' :& *; ? @A B# %? %! *C ? $; @DE F-G ' ' HI ? *&F $ *J * $)!*

-$1 .

(7)

J( * (8c - ** %L$ / - "

7 '(

Z() ( 4 %L$ #D(c

*6* *"/ U8 .

(8 j ( ,D(c 4 %L$ ]

(6*(4) / U8 7

6 7 ' 4- #

* #DIG 4 :

$ ( (8 -6 8&

& Z

@ / ,

* 3I8G 7+

6*

mn& 6*

u % -6 4

Z() ( '/6*

#L-

#$ 8-*

(8 ( j

Ayabe

& Sumi (1998)

;.

Ucman et al (1997)

;

Verbeek et

al.

(1995)

/

Nagakubo et al.

(1997)

%-* %V(n .

6 '/6* %L$ 6* 48)6@ #@

#L-

( -6 7 48L / %-*

7 ( d(A6 6*

30c '@

/ 6 ;\/4 Z>$ # @ 2 ;4

7 6-* U16

/ 64V8&

(8 ;48$ -6 48 j

6* 6 6(2 (&

/ \/4 6(N-

#$ %G(&

j (8 ( j (8

;

Ramires - Malagon &

Perez-Moreno (2006)

;

Ucman et al.

(1997)

;

Verbeek et al.

(1995)

/

Nagakubo et al.

(1997)

<(

7

%-*

. ( d(A6 6*

(6*(4) 6(

7 6*

(

*4) {FL C(L

6(

o %L$ (

4 U8 '(N 6(2 (&

/ 30c /

@= 6 \/4 ]

7 ( # #>4) * 7

# %& 6*(J @

,(J '@

"

7 4xw (8 ( #$ -(

* j

#" '(VV_ 4<

Walkey (1990)

;

Ramires-Malagon & Perez-

Moreno (2006)

;

Verbeek et al.

(1995)

/

Ucman et

al.

(1997)

* %V(n .

REFERENCES

1. Ayabe, M. & Sumi, S. (1998). Establishment of a novel tissue culture method, stem-disc-culture, and its practical application to micropropagation of garlic (Allium sativum L.). Plant Cell Report, 17, 773-779.

2. Bhojwani, S. S., Cohen, D. & Fry, P. R. (1981). Production of virus-free garlic and field performance of micropropagated plants. Scientia Horticulturae, 18, 39-43.

3. Clark, M. F., A. N. Adams, A., D. Voller and E. Bidwell, M. F. (1976). The detection of viruses by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Journal of General Virology, 33, 165-167.

4. Conci, V. C., Canqvelli, A., Lunello, P., Di Rienzo, J., Nome, S. F. & Zumelzu, G. (2003). Yeild losses associated with virus – infected garlic plant during five successive years. Plant Disease, 87, 1411-1415.

5. Davis, R. M. (1995). Disease caused by viruses and mycoplasmalike organisms. In: H. F. Schwarts, & S.

K. Mohan, (Eds.). Compendium of Onion and Garlic Diseases. St. Paul. APS Press. p. 54.

6. FAOSTAT data. (2003). http://apps.fao.org/default.htm.Last updated October 2003.

7. Dizaji, I. A. & Izadpanah, K. (2001). Characterization of the virus causing mosaic in Persian leek (Allium ampeloprasum ssp. Persicm Mousavi & Kashi). Iranian Journal of Plant Pathology, 37, 39–49.

(In Farsi).

8. Etemadi, N. (1991). The effect of media and explants in producing garlic plantlet in-vitro. M. Sc. thesis of horticulture sciences, College Agriculture. Tehran University. P.109. (In Farsi).

9. Izadpanah, K. (1982). An annotated list of virus and virus - like diseases of plant in Fars province.

Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran. (In Farsi).

10. Kamenetsky, R. (2007). Garlic: Botany and Horticulture. In: J. Janick, (Ed.) Horticultural Reviews, Volume 33. (pp. 123 – 172). John Wiley & Sons. Inc.

11. Lunello, P. F., Almonacid, B., Kobayashi, K., Helguera, M., Nome, S. F., Menteaberry, A. & Conci, V.

C. (2000). Distribution of garlic virus A in different garlic production regions of Argentina. Journal of Plant pathology, 82, 17-21.

12. Moriconi, D. N., Conci, V. C. & Nome, S. F. (1990). Rapid multiplication of garlic (Allium sativum L.) in vitro. Phyton, 51, 145-151.

13. Murashige, J. & Skoog, F. (1962). A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with tobacco tissue culture. Physiologia Plantarum, 15, 473-497.

14. Nagakubo, T., Takaichi, M. & Oeda, K. (1997). Micropropagation of Allium Sativum L. (Garlic). In: Y.

P. S. Bajaj (Ed.), Biotechnology in Agriculture and Forestry. (pp. 3-19). (39th ed.), Springer, verlag.

Berlin- Heidelberg

15. Novak, F. J. (1990). Allium tissue culture. In: H. d. Rabinowitch and J. L. Brewster (eds.), Onions and Allied crops. P. 233-250. Vol. I CRC Press, Boca Raton. Fl.

16. Shahraeen, N., Bananej, K., Ahoonmanesh, A. & Lesemann, D. E. (1998). Identification of three elongated viruses from Allium species (onion and garlic) in Tehran province. Iranian Journal of Plant Pathology, 34(1, 2), 37 – 38. (In Farsi).

17. Ramires- Malagon, R. & Perez-Moreno, L. (2006). Differential organ infection studies, potyvirus elimination, and field performance of virus-free garlic plants produced by tissue culture. Plant Cell Tissue and Organ Culture, 86, 103-110.

(8)

18. Ucman, R., Zel, J. & Ravnikar, M. (1998). Thermotherapy in virus elimination from garlic: Influences on shoot multiplication from meristems and bulb formation in vitro. Scientia Horticulture, 73, 193-202.

19. Van der Meer, Q. P. (1997). Old and new crops within edible alliums. Acta Horticulture, 433, 17-31.

20. Van Dijk, P. (1994). Virus disease of Allium species and prospects for their control. Acta Horticulture, 358, 299-306.

21. Verbeek, M., Van Dijk, P. & Van Well, M. A. (1995). Efficiency of eradication of four viruses from garlic (Allium sativum L.) by meristem-tip culture. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 101, 231-239.

22. Voller, A., Bartleh, A., Bidwell, D. E., Clark, M. F. & Adams, A. N. (1976). The detection of viruses by enzyme – linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Journal of General Virology, 33, 165-167.

23. Walkey, D. G. A. (1990). Virus diseases. In: H. D. Rabinowitch and J. L. Brewster (Eds.), Onions and allied crops. (pp. 191-212). Vol. II. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fl.

Referensi

Dokumen terkait