-1
!"
-2
$% &' ( )
3
+ , "
! :
"
.
$%&
' (
) * + ,-
. * ./ 0 * 1 23 ) 4
2
(Breast Self Examination: BSE)
. 5 4 )
2 ) 6 5
78 4&
90
% 6 4& 4
2 *
$%& 4 (
8 7 7 4 <"4+
.
2 4=8 /
>
&?
, 2 @) 2 4 ) * 1 5 .
1 , A 2 ) 4 B 3C+D
7 E F .
/ : 2 F& +
90
*G
40 I J CK 6788K 8
1 !
* K 7
1&
6 @ 30 K & 5 2 @ LM 5 1 ) 6 @ K 78 N @ " O P 4 6 2B
) N RC 2 8$
( M&
5 4 ) 78 N @ " BSE
30 6 @ 48D >
7 7 7 T $ . 6 * ) @ >
8%
U *
1V + "
W X$%
* N 3C+D 5 . 2 @) WG - 67 % I 8K 1N !
E F 1J * 4 BSE
. 6
<+J * 67 * )
6 E
>N * )
! * ) * 1 4 ) SPSS
)
! Y > / ) Z 2& N
(
! ) 4 K 3C
2 Y / 4/ 3 K (
28 [
* 05 /
P 0 78 N @ " U CM& >F& 4 .
N : K & 2 @ LM 5 5 4 ) % / * 2B
2 @) [ N G LD 5 .
3C+D
) 4 4
2 2
4 ) 000 /
P=0 (
^ Y > / ) 8_+
5 . 2 @) [ K %
3C+D
4 ) 28 W & 5 4 ) M& 6 @ 2 1 6 @ *
7 ) 000 /
P=0 .(
4 ) 28 ` B& 2. B+
*
W X$%
KAP * N ) 3C+D 5 . 2 @) (
7 %
.
2 @) [ 5 4 ) , 4 67 ) a J4& :
B 3C+D 5 .
6 BSE
2 @ * N 5 4 ) RD 2 4 ) W 3 b4
* 1 2 + - 2 71 >K * X 2
2 7 7 .
) 4 : 2
^ 71 5 4 )
^
* ./ 0
^ 2 @)
^ 5 .
^ 3C+D
' ) * +, - ./& "+, +0 12
) - 15 - " 6 4 6 1387 (
$ : 13 / 8 / 1386
& ?@!
: 15 / 10 / 1386 B : 17 / 2 / 1387
O 1
4 ) 8 K 2 71 5 4 ) 7 23 > E4CD 673%
' 7 & 6 .%
^I - 678 4 2
% 71 5 4 ) 6 @ 3%
23 > E4CD 67
& 6 .%
' 7
' ) : 1&
- I J +V < A&
I) 7+g - ' 7 & 6 .%
- 23 > E4CD 673%
- 71 5 4 ) 6 @ -
2 7K 1411713116
C&
: 88011001 - 021 2C 3549 + : 88013030 - 021
23 3/
niknami6@yahoo.com :
6 @ 3
1 j 23 > E4CD 6 .% 71 673% 2 71 W 7 71 5 4 )
K 2
B ) 2
7 4 ) 1 - 3 (.
* + / 2
67+D 2 k U / &
6 4 .
* 1/
< 4J 2
k . l X b4 CD 2 0
2/ N @ 2% 2
67+D 4%K * 8_+
&
8 k U /
35
&
54 2./
) 4 (.
) +F 5 >@
3 O 212920 7 7J 4
I 2005
67 8 3 ) *
40970
6 4 J U / +
7 .
" m ! ) 5 (.
/ 71 2 1J 5 >@
& !
6 >N 1J > 7j 2
4
n B A& 67 E F * 1 '
2 8 4 2+
4& I g * 4%K 67 2
7 ) 7 6 (.
4%K
>
'o * +
" * .
71 W 5 >@
23 > 5 4 ) I
1374
* B& <
E
^ I K 2/ g 1375
I E A
K 4 j .
7 7
* + 8_+
) 9 8 (.
W * 1 + 7 >K 5 >@
I 71 1382
b4 9 / 15
% B&
6 p X 4 I )
10 (.
* ` B&
. 5 >@
) > +K 3 ) +F
20 - 40 I
) > %
75 - 79 /
. q8 . ( $%& 2 61
I
18& K 28 7 50
% * + 7 7J 4
61 2 r & I 7 N
) 11 (.
+F 5 >@
I 3 ) 1998
&
2002 95
% 7 7J 4 97
% k
*G
40 6 4 I )
12 (.
? b
4%K
4_+
.
* 4%K 4& I g
&
* 4%K
N % .
q
2 k
40
&
49 2./
^ K 2/ g
2. s 7 N % * 4%K
^
8
N % * 4%K & ! U" 7g J 6 4 * 4M OA J4&
k BJ W 7j * + 2 2 4&
* t
2 6 4 J
78K ) 13 (.
U 4D . 2
A 4&
2C N
q
2.C g / 2@7D " ' b
7 4 4 l X 2. s 7 2" V ) ' 2. s U3/ l X
2 K 6 23 > N 2K M&
) 14 (.
? 48 7 2 "
u/
4 * .%
2+ ) * R
) 15 (.
/ = * + 28
4BD 2 G4 2 $ Cg !
2 g 78K 7 8
&
10
2 I4 I
& 7%K
I4C !
7B& Y+/ U " 4 4& 2 4 U
^ 8 8 2
$%&
( 6 4&
/ Ug 2
J 4&
* +
W F k )
14 (.
D = Rs
%
*
* +
@ 7
!V4K 4 4& 2 "
7 2 D v
4 Y+/ K 7 k > 2N K 6 7 4 4& 2 "
7
^ Y
D +1
7 6 4& 4J <"
^ 3+ B/
U < 0 2+s D w&
2 Ux E 4"
E
*> "
5 2C3 7
5 4 4 4 [ & y4 2. N N
* 4
4J 7
) 15 (.
K 2& 4j I Ug * +
(Stage 1)
28
$%& 7M K 2
6 (
4 75
&
90
% 2@7 a8
4 2+/ /
4 78 4
^ _ 8V E Cg
(Stage 2) * + K
* 8/ 70
* 7 6 K 6 ( $%&
4 A I + g
* / a8
* + 16
% 2 O K 7
.
( $%& 1J '
5
67 18% * ./ 0
^ I4+ * 1
* ./ 0
) ' ( $%&
78& BD + u & &
: 2N @4
23 8 CK 8
(CBE)*
2 ) 4
(BSE)†
) 16 (.
2 ) 4 2Cj K 23
* ./ 0
^
5 K * 4
I
1950 ) +F z 4&
48D 3
5 !
0 R/
1J RJ 1 4.%
2
j4&
7 ) 17 (.
) 4 4=8
M 2
)
7 K O
W D
^ U /
E N K
N 2 N 7 4&
2 B 0
2 B
$%&
7 ( )
18 (.
2 @) BSE
W 1
* 2.
2 K 2 K 2X $%& 5 ! 48D ) 7 4
78K 6 4 2
@ N 2 4$ ) E F U+ /
{ n K 4 Y+/
3V4K & 4 8 )
* w&
b 4 ! > ) 7
) 19 (.
J4&
K 90
% 4 6 4&
2 *
N 4 z 4&
8 2
2 4 7 Mj 5 4 ) [
2 ) 4
2 +
4 Mj E F
,?& [
* ./ 0 )
5 4 ) E 7& 5 4 )
|C $ r )
20 (.
4 2 @) [ 67 E F W / J4&
4 Rs D
) 2 5 ! 48D
' ( $%&
2 7 8_+
D 2 U 4
2N K " 7 ' & C+J 2D + J 54 N E F < 4 * K }R1
) 21 (
^ 8
E F K ) * BSE
}7g ! K = T4C
*Clinical Breast Examination (CBE)
†Breast Self Examination
u 8 6 7 +
71 5 4 ) * 1
A&
* 2 * ~
7 ) 22 (.
7
8 |C $ 2 4 ) * 1 21
2 ) 4 ~ g / K 2 71 W D4~4 2
& ,- & 78 2& W ,?& * 7 u 8 1 &
2 8 > O K 2 > OA 7 4&
6 >
2 4 ) W 7 * J 2g 1 K 7 . ,?& > 2 l7 ~ g O P
2 4 ) 5 )
2 @ LM -
2B K &
(
* A&
BSE
67 * 1 ,?& A *7 Cg N @ E F 8 5 & ,- s 2N .
N 7
* K 2 3 • AM& * 2 71 W 7 K 7 4=8 2
A&
* 7 " J +J
.
- % . )/
/ AM& !
• + b4 2 F&
4 ) -
*7 .
7 & O P 90
*G
40
J I
CK 6788K 8
1 !
* K 7 1& 1
P 4 78 N @ " O .
*G T $
40 I
U / / 4
2 k > K
2 O >N N G 7
*G 40 I 48D
* ./ 0 * l7 +J
T4 M 2
4 ) 23 15 (.
4=8
$ 4+ T 2CB" 2.8 + •B
E +&
J
! 8 CK |C $ * 1%$ @788K )
2C
23 >€ 7 *7 4&
. (..
! I4
z K
! 8 CK 7g 78 > ~ g / 2N 8 K z 4& I g • N @ Y K 7 7
7g b4+F
90
*G 40 BC W 4j I
7 7 / . 4+
6 @ O P * 30
6
5
$ 2N X& T 8D
LM 5 5 4 )
K & 5 5 4 ) 2 @ 6 @ 2B
7 N @ =
7 7 . / K * N
}7J * +
78 *
4+ 48D 7 7% T $ O P *
.
6 * ) @ >
8% U O P
* . E N ! )
!V / 2 ( U O 8 >@
1J
E F 64M OF8 2& 7A Cg K 4 BSE
1 78 N @ " 6 4 2 .
8%
U O P
2 @) WG - )
U 17 I - ( 5 . ) U 10 I - (
3C+D ) U 6 I - ( W X$% >
* N ) U 6
I - ( 4 . 6 + 64M 2 @) + " WG - * t@
j W 4j )
zC0 * 1 $ * (
1 )
* 1 $ *
[ Mj ( j W 4j 5 . + " WG - )
*
|/ $ * = (
5 / 0 )
<8 + * = * (
1 )
*
•N 4 * = (
j W 4j 3C+D + " WG -
) N E F E7D * (
1 ) N E F * (
7 E F .
6 + 2 4
E N
* . *
WG - 78 +
3C+D + "
7 E F . 8% 2 5 6
*4 M B D 7 & z 4&
* 7
& 6 .%
' 7 2 %1 7 1
& 1&
? 7 7 @ . 2
>
4 ) 5 -
}7F 4 ) 7 @ E F ‚ B K * /)
^
6 I 5 2 @) 8% * K W 4j
u ~ 7A 7
5 r
77 / 0 7 ) 7 .
*
5 5 . 8%
&
N K .
& 7A
*
8%
65 / 0 I4B" 4 > 2 7A K 4
2 7 .
7 /
OF8 *
>
5 . 2 @)
) 4 B 3C+D
2
* 1 @
6 @ 2 4 ) 7
2& 7A 4 ) !
(Pre-test)
7 ) U+D .
U +3& 4 N
E
* . * U+D 4@
N K 7 4
! * 4 /
&
r
2j X E F 2 " W 4j BSE
2 4 7
.% P )
2 (X$& K (
U K 67 % Y E F 64M
* . E N BSE
U +3& 4 2
4+
^
M& 4 ) * 1 @ Y€
7 78 N @ " 2 4 ) C .
) 4 5 4 )
LM 5 I 6 @ 2
7 E F 2 @ K & E 6 @
1 + 2B
) RC N
6 1V 6 1V 2 8$
( 6 7 . E4 6 @
6 @ 48D 7
C 7 4@ v N . W 4j *
. 4 )
4 ,
6 !
+& 7 5 4 ) E 7 ) U+D
^ 1
A 4 6 @ 4 ) a N @ "
.
6
>N E 6
SPSS (12.0)
* 1 4 )
! * )
)
! Y > / ) Z 2& N
(
! ) 2 Y / 4/ 3 K 4 K 3C (
[
28
* 05 /
P 0 78 N @ " U CM& >F& 4 .
/ 4 ) Cg O P * 7 K 4 E G * 1 @ 4
2 @) 78 2Cj * w = /
3C+D 5 . +
(Matching) * K 7 4
+ Y / 4/ 3 K Y > / ) * ) * 1 4 )
6 4=8
7 @ .
K % / a 90
4+
* 4
O P 83 ) 3 / 92 (%
? U 7 q F 4
7 .
=
Uw 9 / 78
% 1
/ 21
% 7 4 U0 .
> =
W XM&
50
% RC€ y 7 * 1
/ 41
% RC€
7 4
^ 18&
7 / 6
% W XM&
78 2 .%
2
>
2 7 4 4 . 2C N A ` B&
71 ) 9 / 78 (%
* 7g
78 7 2C N A O P 7
/ 16
%
* + A
J .
7 K Kƒ 8 )
^ 2
* + A
J .
2 Kƒ ! J E 4"
7 K
^
b4+F 8_+
24
* 1 + A *
54 ) ! K B N Ux R .
..
7 4 . 2 j4& )
* w `4
* N r4N Kt/
6 @ ! 3 &
4 I 7J / 1
67 6 ) .
a '
I 7J * 1 @ 4
/
* w =
* N >J
4 4.+ W XM& [ 4 7
28 W &
*
7 7 %
.
` B&
W 5 4 ) ,?& 2 2 @)
5 4 ) 7 UB" 3C+D 5 .
W + .
2 @) 4
* + 2
UB" BSE
6 @ 5 4 ) 7
2 @ LM
2B K &
) RC N 2 8$
6 1V 6 1V (
u & &
71 / 14
21 / 13 48 / 14 5 4 ) 7 2 @) W + . K 4
* 6 @ * 23
/ 17 48 / 20 20 / 20 w&
K 7 . 28 l K % 2J 2& 4 )
*
) 000 / 0
P= ( 4+ 2 @) >
UB" O P * Y
4J 5 4 ) M& 6 @ 5 4 )
^ 2/ g
6 @ 2 @) W + . K 7
28 l
*
7% 67 % )
309 / 0
P= (.
` B&
4+ 5 . > &
UB" O P *
5 4 ) 7
. W + .
4 Bx 5
2B K & 6 @ 5 4 ) UB" O P
2 @ LM
7 u & &
05 / 8 21 / 8 8 / 7 K 4 5 4 ) 7
67 Kƒ 6 @ 06
/ 9 31 / 9 10 / 8 K 7 w&
.
A& 5 4 ) OA 2 ` B&
* Bx 5 .
BSE B 28 l 4+ 5 . [ *
5 4 ) 6 @ 5 4 ) 7 UB"
4J 67
) 000 / 0
P= (
^ W &
6 @
28 7
4B
) 233 / 0
P= (
^ 8_+
UB" 3C+D W + . 5 4 )
2B K & 6 @
2 @ LM
7 u & &
1 / 1 9 / 0
1 4 5 4 ) 7 K 63
/ 2 7 / 2 93 / 0 w&
K 7 .
/ a
28 W &
3C+D W + *
@
… 6 4 )
…
% 5 4 )
000
P=/
(
^ / g
… K 2
@
… 6
… 7 28 l O *
Y 4 )
4 )
! 1 -
$ %& '( )
* + , -& .
* ( /0 1
* %2 ) 3( ) * & + . 4 5
$ 6
)
* / : 30
&
(
% ; . )
* / : 30
&
(
%<
)
* / : 30
&
(
% / =1+
*
* %2 3( )
q F 4
2
1 U ?& ~
U ? 26
28 34 29
/ 0
21 24
26 2Cw ~
U0 9
6 28 4
/ 0
2 4 0
1 1
RC€
19 6
12
RC€
11 19
15 2C XM& ~
2 .% W XM&
0 4
2 03
/ 0
2C N A 7
25 28
23
! J .
0 0
2
J .
1 0
1 2C N A
8 ) J .
4 2
4 21
/ 0
7 . 20
23
23 * + A
. 10
7 59 7
/ 0
7% 67 % 3C+D )
433 / 0
P= ( 6 G K
W +
* . E N 2B K & 6 @ N
2 @ LM
7
u & &
73 / 1 46 / 1 2 / 2 4 5 4 ) 7 K 9
/ 4
2 / 5 3 / 2 N w&
. N
• AM& * 28 W &
*
+ .
W
* . E N 5 4 ) 7 UB"
2 @ LM 2B K & 6 @
%
) 000
P=/
(
^
6 @ 7
7% 67 % W &
) I 7J 2 (.
5 . 2 @) ` B& 8_+ / 4+ 3C+D
O P *
6 2. B+ 4 )
7 2
^
% 4 ) 2 @)
UB" 5 .
5 4 ) )
013 / 0
P= ( ) 5 4 ) 7 5 . 2 @
) 002 / 0
P= ( 28 ` B&
4J *
^ 4 ) 8_+
5 4 ) 7 3C+D 2 @) 2. B+
) 005 / 0
P= (
5 4 ) 7 3C+D 5 . )
0001 / 0
P= (
` B&
28
% * .
! 2 - 5
?
% ) @ A B
* - AC D ? D
? . E 3 5F % )*(2
( ) /. G<H
* 4 * ( /0 1
$ /H(
I
? B /
% / =1+
*
5 4 ) UB"
71 / 14
4 7
7 5 4 ) 23
/ 17 5 / 13 309
/ 0
) Z 2& 4 ) (
5 4 ) UB"
21 / 13 05 /
50 2 @ LM
7 5 4 ) 48
/ 20 9 / 1 000
/ 0
) Z 2& 4 ) (
5 4 ) UB"
48 / 14 4
2 @) K &
2B ) N RC 6 1V 6 1V 2 8$
7 ( 5 4 ) 20
/ 20 3
000 / 0
) Z 2& 4 ) (
5 4 ) UB"
8 / 7
1 7
7 4 ) 5 1 / 8 79 / 1 233
/ 0
) Z 2& 4 ) (
5 4 ) UB"
05 / 8 49 /
1 2 @ LM
7 5 4 ) 06
/ 9 82 / 0 001
/ 0
) Z 2& 4 ) (
5 4 ) UB"
2 / 8 4 / 1
5 . K &
2B ) N RC 6 1V 6 1V 2 8$
7 ( 5 4 ) 3
/ 9 62 / 0 000
/ 0
) Z 2& 4 ) (
5 4 ) UB"
1 91
/
0 7
7 5 4 ) 93
/ 0 90 / 0 489
/ 0
)
& 4 ) Z 2 (
5 4 ) UB"
9 / 0 84 /
0 2 @ LM
7 5 4 ) 7
/ 2 53 / 0 000
/ 0
) 4 K 3C 4 ) (
5 4 ) UB"
1 / 1 71 / 0
3C+D K &
2B ) N RC 6 1V 6 1V 2 8$
7 ( 5 4 ) 63
/ 2 91 / 0 000
/ 0
) 4 K 3C 4 ) (
UB"
5 4 ) 2
/ 2 58 /
1 7
7 5 4 ) 3
/ 2 54 / 1 433
/ 0
) Z 2& 4 ) (
5 4 ) UB"
7 / 1 50 /
1 2 @ LM
7 5 4 ) 9
/ 4 90 / 0 000
/ 0
) 4 K 3C 4 ) (
5 4 ) UB"
4 / 1 52 / 1
* . E N K &
2B ) N RC 6 1V 6 1V 2 8$
7 ( 5 4 ) 2
/ 5 72 / 0 000
/ 0
) Z 2& 4 ) (
+ `4 a '
* 1 @ * 4
5 . 2 @) 78 2Cj * w = /
4 4.+ 67 * w = 1 @ 3C+D 7
28 l 7 . 73 *
8 7 ) I 7J 3 (
^ 2& 4j
5 4 ) 7 K ,?& > A
2 4 ) * 1
. 7+
4 ) Y > / )
Post hoc
5
LSD
28 W &
% 5 4 ) 7 6 @ 2 @) *
) 017 / 0
P= ( 6 @ 2 @) l 2 W & K 7
5 4 ) 7 . 6 @
^ 8_+
4 ) 28 W &
. *
6 @ 5
7
5 . l 2 > W & K % 5 4 ) 6 @ 7
4 . 6 @ )
000 / 0
P= .(
4 ) '
Y / 4/ 3 K * ) 5 4 ) 7
28 l *
6 @
W > 3C+D =
* . E N 4J
K B/
6 @ W & 2 l 7
4 67 5 4 ) 6 @ )
I 7J 4 (.
! 3 - 5
?
% ) @ A B
@ * - AC D ? D
? . E 3 5F % )*(2
( ) G<H +
$
? B /
% / =1+
*
7 71
/ 14 4
2 @ LM
21 / 13 05 / 50
2 @) K &
2B ) N RC 6 1V 6 1V 2 8$
( 48 / 14 4
405 / 0
) Y > / ) 4 ) (
7 8
/ 7 1
2 @ LM
05 / 8 49 / 1
5 . K &
2B ) N RC 6 1V 6 1V 2 8$
( 2 / 8 4 / 1 576
/ 0
) Y > / ) 4 ) (
7 1
91 / 0
2 @ LM
9 / 0 84 / 0
3C+D K &
2B ) N RC 6 1V 6 1V 2 8$
( 1 / 1 71 / 0 71
/ 0
) 3 K 4 ) Y / 4/
(
7 2
/ 2 58 / 1
2 @ LM
7 / 1 50 / 1
* . E N K &
2B ) N RC 6 1V 6 1V 2 8$
( 4 / 1 52 / 1 16
/ 0
) Y / 4/ 3 K 4 ) (
! 4 - 5
?
% ) @ A B - AC D ? D
@ *
? . E 3 5F % )*(2
+ /.
( )
$
? B /
% / =1+
*
7 23
/ 17 5 / 13
2 @ LM
48 / 20 9 /
1 2 @)
K &
2B ) N RC 6 1V 6 1V 2 8$
( 20 / 20 3
000 / 0
) Y > / ) 4 ) (
7 1
/ 8 79 / 1
2 @ LM
06 / 9 82 /
0 5 .
K &
2B ) N RC 6 1V 6 1V 2 8$
( 3 / 9 62 / 0 000
/ 0
) Y > / ) 4 ) (
7 93
/ 0 90 / 0
2 @ LM
7 / 2 53 /
0 3C+D
K &
2B ) N RC 6 1V 6 1V 2 8$
( 63 / 2 91 / 0 000
/ 0
) Y / 4/ 3 K 4 ) (
7 3
/ 2 54 / 1
2 @ LM
9 / 4 90 /
0 * . E N
K &
2B ) N 6 1V 6 1V 2 8$ RC (
2 / 5 72 / 0 000 / 0 ) Y / 4/ 3 K 4 ) (
0)1
T $ =
*G 40 I
% /
/
K *
Packer
3+
I 1999
4=8 A 2
* 5 4 ) 5 *
2 @
E F 7
) K
79
*G R 50
/ 1J I
7 7 T $ )
24 ( / >
Michielutte
3+
I 1999 K
*G 60
" / 4 I 78 N @
) 25 (.
* + = R/ N T $
% /
Michielutte
I 1999 K
7 R/ N
* + 4
" / 78 N @ ) 25 (
^ 8V 2CK 4
4+ K 4J 2A 8 E >/ 2D4 2& /
7 4 T $ R/ N ^
W 1 5 4 ) l7
W A AM&
' ( $%&
E F ) I B
4 2 W 7"
1 ) * + K 2
67 6 ( $%&
" 4Kt l7 6 7M
2+
7 @ .
+ K 4@
a 5 4 ) ,?& `4
W 2 @) 5 . 3C+D W 1 E F
6 @ 7 @ 67 % 5 4 )
64 )
2 @ LM
-
2B K &
(
28 4
* 4B1 A&
2 @) [
* 1& 1 3C+D 5 . 4+
O P *
4 ) * 1 @ BSE
6 4 •N4
B/ K * J E7D 1 @ C 7 E F J4&
6 @ 5 4 ) 7
N
4 = 4 *
. F
N b4~4 zB& 2J 2C W / 2 *
BSE 8 A
) 13 17 21 24 26 - 28 .(
> W / . 2 a
, 2 6
3C+D 5 . 2 @) 5 4 )
8 p4X
BSE
N
~ g • AM& * 2 4$+ n K
) 20
29 - 32 .(
a '
2 @) 5 4 ) UB" 5 .
) 013 / 0
P= ( ) 5 4 ) 7 5 . 2 @ )
002 / 0
P= (
28 ` B&
4J *
^ n K a 2 B
N
*
%
KAP W / W D4~4 p4X
2 71 4@ 4@
) 29 26 21 20 -
32 ( 2 4$+
^
W BD .
* 1 @) [
R A 4 N
U3 ,?& 1 ) [ Mj * 1 . * @ 2
t@
.
> ~ g O P 2
K @ 4&
2 @) [ 4 G
4 ) 5 . w& uJ4 BSE
2 K 4
4 4
BSE E F
&?
2 2 Bx , t@
^ 8_+
B+ 4 ) 5 4 ) 7 3C+D 2 @) 2.
28 ` B& 5 4 ) 7 3C+D 5 .
% * .
2 ) 4 E F 5 . ` B& = a
/ % /
I * 8†0 K *
1373
E F K
6 ) 33 (.
3
* . N K
% 5 4 ) UB" Cg 2
7 K 78V K
E G ` 2 71 W D4~4 8 2N K O
* N *
2 2 @) 6 4+ 2/ 7
7 4J R A ` B& N 3C+D
^ 2& BD .
7 * &G 2 @) K * N n >/
* N
2 71
7 7 * &G
^
E * . t@ , z w
O N K 4J 5 .
28 2 78K
* A&
K N [ Mj 5 .
2 T4C 3C+D = R 4&
R . 2 4 ) 5 b4 2%$ , A 7
28 W & 5 4 )
6 @ *
W =
2 @) 8 2 ) 4 E F 64M 3C+D 5 . 4J
K B/
6 @ l 2 W &
7
. 6 @
^
‡ 8
- 28B 2% P I
A& 2 4 ) 5 E 7K K
* 2 ) 4
- ,
&
@ 7
* ) * 1 4 ) 28 W &
*
2+ % 2B K & 2 @ LM 5 7
n B A&
A& LD 6 7 ! 5
* 3C+D 5 . 2 @)
2 ) 4 4 7 7
.
4 2 B =
2B K & 5 K U /
6 1
* @ V
2 4 ) 5 78
) N 6 1V 6 1V 2 8$ RC (
28 4
& ,- *
7 2 18& 2 @ LM 5 .
2 E7D
= 2 7 4&
U /
~ = 1 @ 2 4.+
2 @ LM 6 @ 2C XM& [ 4 G 2C XM&
7 2B K & 6 @ B
^
~ = 6 @ @ 7
28 W & 2C XM&
78 7 * 4@ r4N N
*
Uj g = • .
2 7 . E F 2&G + g 8V
n K * 1 @ . 2& / 2 U " .+
.
2
$ 3 2 @) [ 4 J4& • AM&
,?& 2 ) 4 B A& 5 4 )
* )
2 18%
4 1J 2 4 ) < * 1 >
A&
*
* > `4 2 @) [
' ( $%& ,- 5 48D 2 ) 4
@ W 4j ) +
K 4@
7 67 % 5 4 )
64
* 2 g U " 4 7 4&
= [ * A& *
p4X * 1& 1 > 3C+D 5 . O
7 •N4 ,- 8 2 ) 4
^ 8
B J + W 3 z 4B 4J4
U K *
R 2 4 ) W 7 * J 2g
s *
71 W 7 2
2+
21 J4& 7 4&
E F s E7D *
R 8V 2 X8D
28 2 5 4 )»
7 «
.
2 71 8K K
2 2 N @ =
* 1 @P ) 2.8 N 2 +J .
(..
6 l7 +J
64 A 8 4J4 W 3 K *
u 8
5 4 ) 7 7A
2 71 W 3% 8
4
7 E + 8 p4X$
.
n B A& W , / a 78V * 2 3
5 b4
) 2B K & 2 @ LM (
% 2 2/ 7
N R3M * D K 7 7A 2 AAM
+J . W A AM& E F
@ 28 * 1
4+ RFg n K * 1 @ % *
E = * 1 g 4.+
78 . ..
2 7BC .
K 2" 4 W4" Kt&
W ~
}7J *
* >@ * }7 2 4 ) *
6 1
* @
u 8 2 4 ) * 1 2B K &
8 8
2 ) 4 +J
q8 * 1 @ |C $ 2
4J O O 7
A& 1J
*
5 4 ) 2. s 7 & Š4C
@ I tB * % J4&
.
" / / 7 &
E M 71 5 4 ) 6 @
& 6 .%
' 7
") p4X$
K U†N / 2 0 4 K
~ CD 7 g _+
8 -
G
E M 3+
2 7" 3%& * K 7 1 ! 8 CK 2
^ @ 8_+
4 K % / 6788K
O P 4Bj K
~ g
6 6 * 2 4 ) *
7 K K
>. €
*
2 4 .
41 ! :
1- Simonian KSD, Morillo VE, Marks S. Breast health and breast cancer information needs of young women and women of color 40 and older-monograph. Susan G, Komen foundation. Available From:
http://www.Komen.org/intradocc-go/idc-cgi-isapi.dll/ , 2005.
2- Gazavi S, Familli M. Study of breast cancer in patients of educational hospitals 2000-2001. 14th annual conference of cancer institute, breast tumors congress, Tehran University of Medical Science. 2003. [Persian]
3- Davidson T. Abortion and breast cancer: a hard decision made harder. Lancet Oncol. 2001; 2 (12): 756-758.
4- Gitti M, Rahimian A, Kheradmand A. Diagnosis & treatment of breast diseases. 1st ed. Tehran: Rezvan Partou Press;
2002. [Persian]
5--The American Cancer Society (ACS). Cancer facts and figures. Atlanta GA. 2005; No 80-100.
6- Screening to prevent cancer death. Available From: http://www.cdc.com/prevent-health promotion/prevent cancer.html/, 2006.
7- Issued by International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). General information on breast cancer; statistics, incidence, survival and screening. World Health Organization, 2004.
8- Iran Ministry of Health &Medical Education. Health deputy, Family health office. Country plan of adult health and women prevalent cancers. 1st ed. Tehran: Ministry of Health & Medical Education; 2002. [Persian]
9- Iran Ministry of Health &Medical Education. Health deputy, Family health office, adult health and women office.
Primary report of breast cancer screening. 1st ed. Tehran: ministry of health &medical education, 2000, p: 18-36.
[Persian]
10- Iran Ministry of Health &Medical Education. Diseases management center, cancer office. Country report of cancer cases. Tehran: Kelk Zarrin Press; 2004. p: 16. [Persian]
11- Surveillance, Epidemiology and Results (SEER) program. Available at: http://seer.cancer.gov/statistics/, April 2005.
12- Ries LAG, Eisner MP, Kosary CL. Cancer statistics Review: 1975-2004. Available From:
http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/, 2005.
13- Harirchi A. Report of cancer record. Tehran University Public Relations. Breast Diseases Center. 1999. [Persian]
14- Fentiman IS. Fixed and modifiable risk factors for breast cancer. Int J Clin Prat. 2001; 55 (8): 527-530.
15- Herdy V. Education: a key factor in fighting breast cancer. New York: Inter press services; 1998. p:1.
16- Sandra Levy R, Ph S. Encouraged to expand breast cancer counseling. Drug Topics Magazine. 1999; 143: 44.
17- Bragg Leight S, Deiriggi P, Hursh D, Miller D, Leight V. The effect of structured training on breast self- examination search behaviors as measured using biomedical instrumentation. Nursing Res J. 2000; 49 (5): 283-289.
18- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC). Breast Self-Exam (BSE). Available From:
http://www.upmc.com/HealthManagement/, 2007.
19- Saslow D, Boetes C, Burke W, Harms S, Leach MO, Lehman CD, et al. American Cancer Society Breast Cancer Advisory Group: American Cancer Society guidelines for breast screening with MRI as an adjunct to mammography.
CA Cancer J Clin 2007; 57:75-89.
20- Hadizade Talasaz F, Lattifnejad R, Shamaian Razavi N. The study of educational intervention effects on BSE knowledge and practice among girl students. Ofogh-e- Danesh. 2002; 8 (2):67-74. [Persian]
21-Tahvildarri S. The study of application and modifying of health belief model on breast self examination. [PhD thesis for health education]. Tarbiat Modarres University. Tehran, Iran. 1999. [Persian]
22- Gorman C. The search for smaller tumor. New York Time. 2000; 155: 50.
23- Brett JC. NMS preventive medicine and public health. USA: Horwal Publishing; 1992.
24- Coleman EA, Pennypacker H. Measuring breast self examination proficiency. Cancer Nursing. 1991; 14 (4): 211- 217.
25- Michielutte R, Dignan MB. Lannier SB. Psychosocial factors associated with the use of breast cancer screening by women age 60 years or over. Health Education Bbehavior. 1999; 26 (5): 625-647.
26- Gaderian P. The study of knowledge, attitude and practice on breast self examination. Tehran: Islamic Azad University; 1997. [Persian]
27- Agars GM, Murrey A. An evaluation of comparative strategies for teaching breast self examination. J Advance Nursing.1993; 18:1595-1603.
28- Ferro S, Careli A, Nanni O, Gambio A. A randomized trial on breast self examination in feanza (Northern Italy).
Tumori.1996; 82: 328-334.
29- Shahvarri Z, Golizade L. The effect of breast self examination training on knowledge, attitude and practice among health centers intermediaries in Gachsaran. Iran Nursing Magazine. 2006; 19 (46):43-52. [Persian]
30- Ganbarri A, Atrcar Roshan Z. A comparative study for teaching breast self examination between compact CD and booklet in nursing and midwife students. Magazine of Gillan Medical University. 2003; 12 (48): 33-39. [Persian]
31-Vaez Zade N, Esmaelly Z. The effect of breast self examination training with Video tapes and direct teaching in women clients in Gaemshahr health centers. Magazine of Mazandarran Medical University. 2001; 11 (30): 22-27.
[Persian]
32- Karrimi H, Sam SH. The effect of breast self examination training on knowledge and practice in Ramsar city.
Babool Medical University. 2005; 7 (3): 61-68. [Persian]
33- Gazanfarri Z. The study of relationship between believes and attitudes on breast self examination and its practice in nurses of Kerman medical university. [MSc thesis in nursing course]. Kerman University of Medical Scieneces.
Kerman, Iran. 1994. [Persian]
Title: Effect of health education methods on promoting breast self examination (BSE) Authors: F. Sadeghnezhad1, Sh. Niknami2, M. Ghaffari3
Abstract
Background and Aim: Breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer among women, because one out of every seven women is prone to develop breast cancer. Early diagnosis of the disease has an effective role in its treatment. One of the screening methods is Breast Self-Examination (BSE). If this simple method is taught to women, they can diagnose malignant tumors in their breasts in 90 percent of cases and receive due treatment.
This study was done to investigate the effects of various educational methods on knowledge, attitude, and practice of women regarding BSE and compare these effects.
Materials and Methods: In this quasi-experimental study 90 ladies over 40 years referring to Tehran Shahid Kalantari clinic were divided into three equal groups. One group (30 women) was taken as the control group and the other two as the cases. The following educational methods were applied to the two case groups respectively: A group discussion method, B. eclectic method (i.e. films, lectures, face-to-face-instruction, etc.). Data collection tools were a questionnaire consisting of demographic queries, KAP (knowledge, attitude, and practice) questions and a check-list for visible BSE performing on the part of the cases. The obtained data was analysed by means of the statistical software of SPSS, using parametrical statistical tests (i.e. one-way variance analysis, paired-t) and non-parametrical tests (W., C., and 2); and P 0.05 was taken as the significant level.
Results: This research indicated that education by means of both methods raises the level of knowledge, attitude and practice in ladies regarding BSE (P<0.0001). Besides analysis of variances showed that KAP level had a significant difference compared with that of the control group (P<0.0001) .Correlation test showed no significant difference between demographic characteristics on one side and level of KAP on the other.
Conclusion: Considering the findings about the effect of instruction on KAP of women with respect to BSE, using any of available facilities such as individual or group education as well as audio- visual methods in health care centers would be advantageous.
Key Words: BSE (Breast Self Examination); Health education; Screening; Knowledge; Attitude; Practice
1M.Sc. in Health Education, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modarres University, Tehran, Iran
2Associate Professor, Department of Health Education, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modarres University, Tehran, Iran niknami6@yahoo.com
3Assistant Professor, Department of Health Education & Health Services, Faculty of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences,
