æè
ŢƟŚƿŹŵ æ î æèîå ƁźƿŸě
ç ç æèîç
ƶƯŚƳ ƵźƄůƲưŬƳřƽ
ƱřźƿřƾſŚƴƃ
çæ æè æ èè æèîç
ŢƸūƾſŹźŝ ƹ
ƕŚƠţŹř ƶƴǀƸŝ ƽ ƶƬţ ƵƺºǀƯžĮƯŹŚƨƃƽřźŝƾƀƴūƱƺƯźƟŚŝƵřźưƷƵŶƴŞƀģŵŹŻƽŚƷ
ƽ
ƱƺŤƿŻ
Bactrocera oleae (Dip.: Tephritidae)
ƤţƾƫƹŶĈưŰƯ ĈŶ
æƾſ
ƹ
ƾƿŚǀƬĩƝƺŗŹ*
ç
Ĉǀſƹ ƾĪųŚĩźƓŚƳƲǀƀůŶ æ
æ ƵŚǀĭšŚƤǀƤŰţƂŴŝ
ŚŬƳŻƾƘǀŞƏƖŝŚƴƯƹƽŻŹƹŚƄĩšŚƤǀƤŰţżĩźƯƾĪƃżě
Ʊ
ƱŚŬƳŻ ç ƵźƄůšŚƤǀƤŰţƂŴŝ
ƯƽŻŹƹŚƄĩƾſŚƴƃ Œ
ƶƀſ ƽ ƵŚǀĭšŚƤǀƤŰţ ŹƺƄĩƾĪƃżě ƱřźƸţ
ƾĪǀƳƹźŤĪƫřŢƀ욌ŞţŚĪƯƩƺŘƀƯ*
mtaghaddosi@yahoo.com
An investigation on optimal height and direction of yellow sticky traps baited with sex pheromone for capturing the olive fruit fly, Bactrocera oleae (Dip.: Tephritidae)
M.V. Taghaddosi1&*, R.Kolyaee2 and S. H. Kakhki1
1. Department of Plant Protection, Zanjan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center, Zanjan, Iran, 2. Department of Agricultural Entomology, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Tehran, Iran.
*Corresponding author, E-mail: mtaghaddosi@yahoo.com
ƵŶǀĪģ ƵƺǀƯžĮƯ
ƱƺŤƿŻƽ Bactrocera oleae (Rossi)
ƾƯƱƺŤƿŻƮƸƯšŚƟōŻř
ƩŚſŹŵƶĩŶƃŚŝ
ƙŚŝƶŝƽŵŚƿŻšŹŚƀųźǀųřƽŚƷ
ƽŚƷ
ŢſřƵŵźĩŵŹřƹƱƺŤƿŻ
ƶŝ ŹƺƔƴƯ ƵŵŚƠŤſř ƶƬţŻřƶƴǀƸŝƽ
ƶŝƵŶƴŞƀģŵŹŻƽŚƷ
ƾƀƴūƱƺƯźƟƵřźưƷ
ŢƟōƲƿřŹŚƨƃŹŵ ŜƈƳƕŚƠţŹřƹŢƸū
Ʊō ƩŚſŻřŚƷ æèíì Śţ æèíî ŢƟźĭŹřźƣƾſŹźŝŵŹƺƯƭŹŚƏƱƺŤƿŻšŚƤǀƤŰţƵŚĮŤƀƿřŹŵ
šźĩŭźƏŻřƂƿŚƯŻōƽřźūřƽřźŝ
ŵźųƽŚƷ ƵŶƃ
ƵŵŚƠŤſřŹřźĪţŹŚƸģŹŵ ƃ
ŢƸūƾƬƇřŹƺŤĩŚƟƶĩŶ
ŹŚƸģƽŚƷ ƾƗźƟŹƺŤĩŚƟƹƶƳŚĭ
ƕŚƠţŹřƶſ Ʀƿ
ƹŵ ƹ ƶſ ƽźŤƯ ŶºƳŵƺŝ ƶºŝƶºūƺţŚŝ
ƶƤŝŚſ ƽ Źƺƌů ŢƟō ōŻřƪŞƣƶƤƐƴƯŹŵ ƶƬţżǀƿŚěƪƈƟŻŚƛ
ŚƷ ŹŚƯōƹŜƈƳƱƺŤƿŻƱŚŤųŹŵƽƹŹ
ƽŹřŵźŝ ƶŝ šŹƺƇ ƾĮŤƠƷ ƩƺƏŹŵ ƪƈƟ
ŶƃƭŚŬƳř ţŢƸūƝLjųźŝƕŚƠţŹřƶĩŵřŵƱŚƄƳŪƿŚŤƳ Ő
Ƃǀŝźǀŧ ƱōźŧřƹŢƃřŵŹŚĪƃźŝƽźţ Źŵ
ƶſźƷ ƾƴƘƯƩŚſ ŵƺŝŹřŵ ţ Ő ŢºƸūźǀŧ
ƾƴƘƯŶƃŢŞŧŢƟōƮĩřźţƲƿźţLJŚŝƶĩƭƹŵƩŚſŹŵƎƤƟ ŵ
ŵƺŝŹř ƶƀƿŚƤƯ ƽ ŹŵƕŚƠţŹřźŧřƲǀĮƳŚǀƯ
ƯƩŚſźƷ Œ ƂǀŝŶƿ ƮºĩƹƲƿźţ Ʋƿźºţ
ŹŚĪƃ
ŝ ƶ ĨƿƹƶſƕŚƠţŹřŹŵŜǀţźţ
ŵƺŝƽźŤƯ ƩŚſŹŵ æèíì ŹŚĪƃƪĩƱřżǀƯ
ƵŵŚƯƹźƳ ƶſƹĨƿƕŚƠţŹřŹŵ
ŝƽźŤƯ ƶ Ŝǀţźţ çÒ Ò ƹ
Óè î
ƩŚſŹŵ æèíí
ÑÓ çæ ƹ ÑÓ Òè
ƩŚſŹŵƹ æèíî
èè æ ƹ çì è ĮƯ ŵƺŝƶƬţźƷŹŵž
ƩŚſŹŵ æèíí Ƃǀŝ
ƿźţ ŢƸūŹŵŹŚĪƃƲ
śƺƴūƹśźƛ ŝƶ
ŚŝŜǀţźţ èî ÑÓ ƹ åÑ Ñç Ʈĩƹ ŚŝƹƩŚưƃŢƸūŹŵƱōƲƿźţ çå
çî ŶƃŢŞŧžĮƯ
ƶƿŚěźŝ ŪƿŚŤƳƽ ƶſƕŚƠţŹř
ƹƽźŤƯ
ŢƸū ƶƬţŵźŝŹŚĩƽřźŝśƺƴūƹśźƛƽŚƷ
ƶŝƵŶƴŞƀģŵŹŻƽ
ƺţƭŹŚƏƱŚŤſźƸƃŹŵƾƀƴūƱƺƯźƟƵřźưƷ ƾƯƶǀƇ
ƺƃ ŵ
ƽŶǀƬĩƱŚĭĥřƹ
ƵƺǀƯžĮƯ ƽ
ƱƺŤƿŻ Bactrocera oleae
ƶƬţ ŶƴŞƀģŵŹŻƽ
ƾƀƴūƱƺƯźƟ
ŢƸūƕŚƠţŹř
Abstract
The olive fruit fly, Bactrocera oleae (Rosii), is one of the injurious pests of olive that has caused considerable damage to olive orchards in recent years. An investigation was carried out at Tarom Olive Research Station, Zanjan, Iran, during 2008 to 2010 to determine the optimal height and direction of yellow sticky traps + sex pheromone for capturing B. oleae. A split plot design with four replicates was used in experiments, where the four main directions and three heights of one, two, and three meters were considered as the main and sub-main plots, respectively. Due to the past occurrence of the pest in Tarom, the traps were placed on olive trees in late September and weekly sampling was conducted throughout the autumn. Results revealed that the height of trap, unlike direction, significantly affected the capture of the olive fruit fly in all three years. The effect of trap direction was only significant in 2009, when the region experienced the highest density of the pest. Mean comparison of the effect of height in each year showed that the highest and lowest number of catches was in heights of three and one meter, respectively. In 2008, 2009 and 2010, total catches (both males and females) per trap in heights of one and three meters were 5.25 and 9.63, 21.46 and 53.46, and 1.33 and 3.27, respectively. In 2009, the traps in the west and south directions captured the high numbers of 46.39 and 42.04 olive fruit flies, respectively; while the minimum number of catches, 29.20, occurred in the north direction. In Tarom, based on the results, it is recommended that yellow sticky traps baited with sex pheromone be placed at a height of three meters being in the direction of west and south.
Key words: olive fruit fly, Bactrocera oleae, yellow sticky trap, sex pheromone, height, direction
ƶƯŶƤƯ ƯžĮƯ ºǀ Ƶƺ ƽ Ż ƿ
ƱƺºŤ
Bactrocera oleae (Rossi)
ŶūŢƟō ƿŶ ƽ řźŝ ƽ ƙŚŝ ŚƷ ƽ Ż ƿ ƯŹƺƄĩƱƺŤ ƾ
ŻřƶºĩŶƃŚŝ ƩŚſ
æèíè ĭŹƺƄĩŵŹřƹ ŵź
ƿ ƵŶ
(Jafari & Rezaee, 2005)
ƮƷƹ ŹŵƱƺºƴĩř
ƱŚŤºſř ŚºƷ ƽ ºĭƱŚºŬƳŻ ǀ
ƹżºƣƹƱLj ƿ
Ʋ
řźƃŜƀů ƿ
řƺƷƹśōƎ ƾƿ
ŻƩƺƈŰƯƶŝ
ƿ šŹŚƀųƱƺŤ
ÎÑ ĈŶƤţ
ƱřŹŚƨưƷƹƾſ
ƶƴǀƸŝƕŚƠţŹřƹŢƸūƾſŹźŝ
ƶƬţƽ ƵŶƴŞƀģŵŹŻƽŚƷ
ŚŝƵřźưƷ
ƯŵŹřƹ ƾ ŚưƳ ƿŶ ƏŚƤƳŹŵ ƾ řƶĩƱŚƸūŻř ºƿ
źƤŤºƀƯŢºƟōƲ
ƃ ŻƲƛƹŹƁŻŹřƂƷŚĩƵŶ ƿ
ƯŚţƱƺŤ ǀ Ʊřż íå ƂƷŚĩƹ
æåå ŶƇŹŵ ƽ ƫƺţƹźƀƴĩ ǀŶ
ƽ ƌƘŝŹŵ ƾ żĭƭŚƣŹřŻř ƁŹř
ŵźĭ ƿ ŢºſřƵŶ
(Neuenschwander & Michelakis, 1981)
šŹƺƇŵŹƹōźŝ
ƯŻřƶŤƟźĭ ǀ
ƯžºĮƯšŹŚºƀųƱřż ºǀ
Ƶƺ ƽ
Żƿ ŚŝźŝřźŝƱƺŤ Ūƴě
ƫƺţƩƺƈŰƯƪĩŶƇŹŵ ǀŶ
ƽ ƱŚƸūŹŵ
Ţſř ŵƹŶůŹŵƾưƣŹƶĩ íåå
ƩŚºſźƷŹŵŹLJŵƱƺǀƬǀƯ
ƾƯ ŶƃŚŝ
(Nardi et al., 2005)
ƵƺǀƯžĮƯ
žĮƯźŨĩřźǀƔƳƱƺŤƿŻƽ
ƽŚƷ ƶºŝƵƺǀƯ
ħźºººŰƯŻřƽŹŚưºººƃ
ƽŹŚºººŤƟŹƽŚºººƷ ŶºººƴƳŚƯ
řŸºººƛ
ŜƬū ƵŶƴƴĩ ƽŶƿŶºƃƂƴĩřƹƾƀƴūƱƺƯźƟƹƾƿŚƴǀŝƽŚƷ
ƾƯƱŚƄƳ ŶƷŵ ƶƬţŻřƾƠǀƏŚƴŞƯƲǀưƷźŝ
ƱƺĭŚºƳƺĭƽŚºƷ
ƾºůřźƏħźŰƯŶƴģŻřƾŞǀĩźţŚƿƹĨƿŻřƵŵŚƠŤſřŚŝ ƹ
ƾŝŚƿŻŹř
ƵŶƃ ƹ Ƃƃƺĩ ƱōŵźŝŹŚĩƽřźŝƽŵŶƘŤƯƽŚƷ
ŚºƷ
ƶƯŚƳźŝśƺģŹŚģŹŵ
ƶŝŢƟōƵƺŞƳřŹŚĪƃƽ
ŢºſřƶŤƟŹŹŚĩ
(Haniotakis et al., 1998)
ŵŹŻĬƳŹ ƿĪ
ƾ ƮºƸƯŻř źºţ ƿ Ʋ
ħźŰƯ ŚƷ ƽ Ɵǀ żƿ Ī ƾ ƞºƬŤŴƯƕřƺºƳřŢųŚſŹŵƶĩŢſř
ƶƬţ ŚƷ ƽ ƹƵŶƴŞƀģ
ĨƯ Ɵǀ ƪ
(McPhail)
ƶºƯŚƳźŝŹŵƶģ
ƽ
ŚěŹŵƶģƹƵƺŞƳřŹŚĪƃ ƿ
ŢƟōƂ Żř ƯƵŵŚƠŤſřƱō ƾ
ŵƺºƃ
(Kapatos & Fletcher, 1984)
ţ ƶƬ ŚƷ ƽ ĨƯ Ɵ ºǀ ưƷƪ ǀ ƶºƄ
Śŝ ƿ ƶưƘƏĨ ƽ řŸºƛ ƾƿ ƔƳ ºǀ ĨºưƳź ŚºƷ ƽ ƳƺƯō ºǀ ƹƭƺ ºƿ Ś
Řţƹźě ǀ Ʋ ŚƷ ƽ Ʒ ǀ ƫƹŹŶ ǀ ƫƹŶƴŤƀƷƵřźưƷšřż ƾ
ƶƬţ ŚƷ ƽ ŵŹŻ
ƶŝƵŶƴŞƀģ
ŚƸƴţ ƾƿ ƹ ƿŚ ºƀƴūƱƺƯźƟŚŝƵřźưƷ ƾ
Śºſƹ ƿ ź
ƶưƘƏ ŚƷ ƽ řŸƛ ƾƿ ƶŝ ŹŚĩ ƾƯ ƹŹ ŶƳ ƱƺºƯźƟżŤƴºſƹƞƄƧ
Ŷǀƫƺţƾƀƴū
ƵźºƄůƎſƺţƵŶƃ
ƵŵŚºƯƹźºƳƽ
ºĮƯƽ ž
ƵƺǀƯ ơƺƟƱřżǀƯƶŝƱƺŤƿŻƽ
ƵŵŚºƘƫř ŹŚºƧźºŝƽř ř
ŹŚƨºƃƾƿ
ƶºƬţ ƶºưƘƏźƿŚºſŚºŝŜºǀƧźţšŹƺºƇŹŵŚºƷ
ŚºƷ źºǀƔƳ
ƭƺǀƳƺƯōšŚƴŝźƨǀŝ
ŵƹżƟř ŹŚºƸģŻřƾºŞǀƧźţƱƺƯźƟƲƿř
ƵŵŚƯ Ţſř ƶŝƶƧ ŜºƬūƾºƀƴūƱƺºƯźƟšŹƺƇ
ƵŶºƴƴƧ ƽ
ƪººƿƺƏ ƵźººƄůšŶººưƫř
ƱƺººƯźƟƖººưŬţƱƺººƯźƟźººƳƽ
ƞƣƺŤƯ ƱƺºƯźƟƹƵŶƴƴƧ
Aphrodiastic
ƾºƯƪºưƗ
ŶºƿŚưƳ
(Bateman, 1972; Haniotakis et al., 1977)
šŚƘƫŚƐƯ
ƭŚŬƳř ƵŶƃ ƵŵƺƫōƍŚƤƳŹŵ
ƽ ƱŚºƄƳŹƺºƄĩ
Ư ƾ ƯžĮƯƶĩŶƷŵ ǀ
Ƶƺ ƽ Ż ƿ ƩŚſŹŵƪƀƳƶſƱƺŤ
ŵŹřŵ ƹ
ľŚţŶưƗřŹƱŚŤƀƯŻ
ƶŝ ƵźƄůšŹƺƇ
ƽ ƹƪºƯŚĩ ƶºŝ šŹŶºƳ
ƶŝ ƠƃšŹƺƇ ǀ
źĜſƵź ƽ Ư ƾ ƴƧ Ŷ
(Keyhanian et al., 2008;
Ghadiri, 2009)
ŵšŚƘƫŚƐƯŹŵ ƿ
źĮ ƽ
ƢƏŚºƴƯƱŚºưƷŹŵ
řŹŚĩ ƾƿ ƶƬţ ƽ ƶŝŵŹŻ ƀƴūƱƺƯźƟƵřźưƷ ƾ
ƶºƬţŻřźţLJŚŝ
ƽ
ĨƯ Ɵǀ ƯžĮƯŹŚĪƃŹŵƪ ǀ
Ƶƺ ƽ Ż ƿ ŻŹřƱƺŤ ºƿ ŝŚ ƾ ŵźĭ ºƿ ƵŶ
Ţſř
(Kolyaee et al., 2008; Sorosh et al., 2010)
Ưǀ Ʊřż
žĮƯŹŚĪƃ
ŚƷ ƽ Ư ǀ ƶƬţƎſƺţƵƺ
ŚƷ ƽ ƵƹLjºƗƞƬŤŴƯ
źºŝ
ƪĪƃ ƵŻřŶƳř ƹ ƶƬţĬƳŹ
ƹ ƬƣřƪƯřƺƗ ǀư ƾ ºţŢºŰţ
Őŧǀ ź
ƯŻŮƐſŻřƱōƕŚƠţŹřƹƶƬţŜƈƳŢƸū ǀ
Ʋ żǀƳ ŵŹřŵŹřźƣ
(Katsoyannos, 1987)
ƕŚƠţŹřƂƤƳ ƶƬţ
ƁŹřżºĭŹŵ
ŚºƷ ƽ
Hart et al. (1967)
Halbrook & Fujimoto (1969)
ƹ
Halbrook et al. (1970)
řźººŝ ƽ Śººě ƿ ƵżººŝźųžººĮƯƂ
Myiopardalis pardalina (Bigot)
ƹ ƂººƤƳ ƘƣƺƯ ººǀ Ţ
ŵƺưƗ ƽ ƶƬţ ƂƿŚěƽřźŝ
ŵźĭƲƃƹŹƶŞƳřžĮƯ ƿ
ŢºſřƵŶ
(Reissig, 1975)
řŹř ƿƶ ƽ ŚŤƳ ƿ ƂºƤƳŻřšƹŚƠŤƯŪ ƕŚºƠţŹř
ƶƬţŜƈƳ ƶºƫŚƤƯŹŵƱƺŤƿŻžĮƯŹŚĪƃƱřżǀƯŹŵŚƷ
ƽŚºƷ
ƞºƬŤŴƯ
(Haniotakis et al., 1982; Jones et al., 1983;
Quaglia et al., 1983)
ƶºūƺţŵŹƺºƯ
Haniotakis (1986)
ƃŹřżĭƶŝźŬƴƯƭŚŬƳřźſƹŢƟźĭŹřźƣ ƾ
ƃ Ŷ ƱōŹŵƶºĩ
ţƭŶƗ Őŧǀ ŻŢųŹŵũŚţƪųřŵŹŵƶƬţŜƈƳƕŚƠţŹřź ƿ
ƱƺºŤ
ţŵŹƺƯ Őĩ ǀ ŹřźƣŶ ŢƟźĭ
ƁŹřżĭ
Longo & Benfatto (1981)
ºƴŞƯ ƾ ºţźºŝ Őŧǀ ź
ƠƴƯ ƾ ƯƂƷŚĩŹŵśźƛŢƸū ǀ
ŻžºĮƯŹŚĪƃƱřż ƿ
ƱƺºŤ
Źŵ ƶƬţ ŚƷ ƽ ĨƯ Ɵǀ ƁŹřżºĭƹƪ
Mirrahimi et al. (2008)
řżƟřƅƺƈųŹŵ ƿ
ƴƘƯƂ ƾ ƯƩƺƏŹřŵ ǀ
Ƶƺ ŚƷ ƽ Ż ƿ ƖƣřƹƱƺŤ
źţLJŚŝƹśƺƴūƹơźƃŢƸūƹŵŹŵ
ƯƱŵƺŝ ǀ ĭŵƺƫōƱřż ƾ
ŻžĮƯ ƿ ƱƺŤ ŢƸūŹŵ ơƺºƟƽŚƷ ŢºƸūƹŵƶºŝŢŞºƀƳ
ŵƿ řźĮ ƿ ƶºƤƐƴƯŹŵřŹšŹƹźºƋƲ
ƽ ųŵŚºŝ ǀ ƱŚŤºſźƸƃż
ƺƤţƭŹŚƏ ƿ řŹřƶĩŵƺưƳŢ ƿƶ
ƽ Ʀƿ ƺĮƫř ƽ ƘƐƣƹŶůřƹ ƾ
řźŝ ƽ ƶƬţŜƈƳ ŚƷ ƽ ƵŶƴŞƀģŵŹŻ
ƽŵƺưƗƽ Ư
ƾ ŹŵŶºƳřƺţ
ƶƯŚƳ ƵźƄůƲưŬƳřƽ
ƱřźƿřƾſŚƴƃ èè
æ
ÎÐîç
ÎÒ
ƱōŵźĪƬưƗŵƺŞƸŝ
ƯŚƷ Œ ŵŵźĭƖƣřƹźŧ
ŹŵźºƋŚůƢºǀƤŰţ
ŢƟźĭšŹƺƇƝŶƷƲƿřƶŝƪǀƳƽŚŤſřŹ
ƁƹŹƹŵřƺƯ
ŚƷ
řźūř ƽ ŚƯŻō ƿ ŹŚţŹŵƂ ƿ
Ų æì Ó æèíì řŹŵ ƿ ƵŚĮŤºƀ
ƤŰţ ǀ ŻšŚƤ ƿ ƶƬţŜƈƳŚŝƭŹŚƏƱƺŤ
ŚƷ ƽ ƵŶƴ޺ƀģŵŹŻ
Źŵ
šźĩŭźƏŜƫŚƣ
ŚƷ ƽ ŵźų ŚěźŝƵŶƃ ƿƶ
ƽ ħƺƬŝŭźƏ
ŚƷ ƽ
ƟŵŚƈţƪƯŚĩ ƾ
ŵźĭŻŚºƛōŹřźĪţŹŚƸģŚŝ ºƿ
Ŷ ƶºŝƶºūƺţŚŝ
ƁŻƹ ƶŝ řŵŢŞƀƳ ƿ ŚƷŵŚŝƮ ƽ ƣźƃ ƾ ŝźƛ ƾ ŜƈƳŢƸū
ƶƬţ śƺºƴūƹƩŚưºƃśźƛơźƃ
ƶºŝ ƱřƺºƴƗ ŹƺŤƧŚºƟ
ƾƬƇř ƶƬţŜƈƳƕŚƠţŹřƹ
ƶſƹƹŵƦƿ ŮƐſŻřƽźŤƯ
ƲǀƯŻ ƶŝ ƱřƺƴƗ ƾƗźƟŹƺŤƧŚƟ ŶºƃƶºŤƟźĭźƔƳŹŵ
Śºŝ Źŵ
źƔƳ ƲŤƟźĭ šŚºƘƫŚƐƯŪƿŚŤƳ
Ghadiri (2009)
ƹ ƲǀºƴĤưƷ
ƶŝźŬţ ƽ řŹŵŵƺūƺƯ ƿ
ŹŚºţŵŹƺºƯŹŵƶºƤƐƴƯƹƵŚĮŤºƀ ƿ
Ų
ĪƄţŻřžěŢƟōŹƺƸƓ ǀ
Ưƪ ǀ ƹƵƺ ƵŹƹŵ ƽ ĭŵƺƫō ƾ
ƱŚºƯŻ
ŚƯŻō ƿ ŚěƪƈƟƶŝƂ ǀƿ
ƶŝƹŵƹŶŰƯż
ƶſšŶƯ ƫřƺŤƯƩŚſ ƾ
ƹŹ ƽ ŹřźĪţƱŚŤųŹŵƱŚưƷ
ƃ Ŷ ƶºŝ źǀĭƺºƬūŹƺºƔƴƯ Żřƽ
ƶƬţƪŝŚƤŤƯšřźŧř
ŚƷ Ƴ ƮƷƶŝŢŞƀ
ƶƬƇŚƟ ƶƬţƲǀŝƽ ŚƷ çÒ
źººŤƯ ŢººųŹŵƞººƿŵŹƶººſƪƣřŶººů
ŶººƿŵźĭŹƺººƔƴƯ
(Jones et al., 1983; Kolyaee et al., 2008)
ŶºƿŵŻŚŝ Żř
ƶƬţ ƶŝŚƷ ƾºĮŤƠƷšŹƺƇ ŵƺºŝ
ƹ ŵřŶºƘţ ƪºƯŚĩšřźºƄů
ŹŚĪƃ ƵŶƃ ĪƠţƶŝ ǀ ƀƴūĨ ǀ Ţ ŢŞŧ ƾƯ Ŷƃ ŹŵƩŚºſźºƷ
ŻŚƛō ŚƯŻō ƿ ƀƴūƱƺƯźƟƩƺƀĜĩƂ ƾ
Ŷū ƿ Ŷ ŵŹƺƯ ſř ƵŵŚƠŤ
ƾƯŹřźƣ ŢƟźĭ ƹ ƶƬţ ŚƷ ƽ ƳƵŶƴŞƀģŵŹŻ ǀ
ż ƿ Ĩ źºƷŹŵŹŚŝ
ƺƘţƵŹƹŵ ƿ ƯƊ ƾ ƃ ŶƳŶ ƬưƗƭŚưţřŻřžě ǀ
řźŰƇšŚ ƾƿ
Ưǀ ĮƳŚ ǀ ƵŵřŵƲ ŚƷ ƶƧ ƪƇŚů æÑ ŹŵƁŹŚưƃ
ŚěƪƈƟ ǀƿ źƷż
ƩŚſ
ŵƺºŝ ŶºŞţŻřžºě ƿ
ƩƺºƯźƟŚºŝƪ
SQRT (x+1)
Śºŝ
ƭźºƳŻřƵŵŚƠŤſř
ŹŚºƯōŹřżºƟř ƽ
SAS, 9.0
ŵŹƺºƯ żŬţ ºƿ ƶ ƹ
ƪǀƬŰţ ŢƟźĭŹřźƣ
řŶŤŝřŹŵ ƽ
źƯř żŬţ ºƿ ƶ ƽ ŹŵŜºĩźƯ
żŬţžĜſƹƱŚƯŻ ƿƶ
ŚƷ ƽ ƶŝƶƳLJŚſ ƶºŝƹƵŵŚºſšŹƺºƇ
ĪƠţ ǀ ŸºěšŹƺºƇƵŵŚºƯƹźƳƕƺưŬƯƹžƴūĨ ƿ
ŢƟź ŚƤƯ
ƿ ƶººƀ ƽ Ư ººǀ ĮƳŚ ǀ ƵŵřŵƲ ƱƺººƯŻōŻřƵŵŚƠŤººſřŚººŝŚººƷ
Ŷƴģ ƶƴƯřŵ ř ƽ ƃƭŚŬƳřƲĪƳřŵ Ŷ
ŦŰŝƹŪƿŚŤƳ
ƶŬǀŤƳ ƶºƿżŬţƽ
ƵŵřŵžƳŚºƿŹřƹƽ
ƪºƇŚůƽŚºƷ Źŵ
ƩƹŶū æ ŢſřƵŶƃƵŵŹƹō
ƽŹŚºƯōšƹŚƠţŵƺūƹƶŝźƔƳ
ƩŚſƲǀŝ ƶºƿżŬţƶŝźƿżĭŚƳƵĥƹźěƽřźūřƽŚƷ
ƪƤŤºƀƯƽ
Ƶŵřŵ ƩŚſĨǀĪƠţƶŝŚƷ
šŹŵŚŞƯřźūřƽŚƷ ƃ
Ŷ ƩƹŶū ç
ƩŚſŹŵƎƤƟŢƸūźŧř æèíí
ŮƐſŹŵ
Ò ŚƷźƳƽřźŝ ƹ
ŮƐſŹŵ æ
ŢǀƘưūƪĩƹƵŵŚƯŵřźƟřƽřźŝ ƾƴƘƯ
ŵƺŝŹřŵ
ţŹřźŧřƾƫƹ ƶºſźºƷŹŵƕŚƠ
ŮƐºſŹŵƩŚºſ æ
šƹŚºƠţ
ƾƴƘƯ Źřŵ ƽ Ţƃřŵ ƩƹŶū ç ƩŚºſŹŵ æèíí
ƲǀĮƳŚºǀƯ
ŹŚĪƃ ƪƧ ƶŝśƺƴūƹśźƛŢƸūŹŵ
Ŝºǀţźţ èî ÑÓ ƹ
åÑ Ñç
ŹŚĪƃ ƶŝ ƾƴƘƯŹƺƏ ƽŹřŵ źţLJŚŝ ŚŝƩŚưƃŢƸūŻř
ŹŚĪƃƲǀĮƳŚǀƯ ç
çî ƶƬţźƷŹŵžĮƯ ŵƺºŝ
ƩƹŶºū è
ŢƸūŹŵźƳŵřźƟřŵřŶƘţƲƿźţLJŚŝ
ƽŚºƷ
ƾŝƺºƴūƹƾºŝźƛ
ƶŝ ŚŝŜǀţźţ ƲǀĮƳŚǀƯ íè èÒ ƹ æå èæ Ʈĩƹ
Ʋƿźºţ ŵřŶºƘţ
ƲǀĮƳŚǀƯŚŝ îî
çç ƾƣźºƃŢƸūŹŵ ŹŚƨºƃ
Ŷºƃ ƲǀºưƷ
ƲºƿřŚŝŵƺŝơŵŚƇƵŵŚƯŵřźƟřŵŹƺƯŹŵŶƳƹŹ
ƶºĩšƹŚºƠţ
Ʈĩ Ʋƿźţ ŹŚĪƃ ƶŝƍƺŝźƯ
ƲǀĮƳŚºǀƯŚŝƩŚưƃŢƸū ÓÑ
Ó
ŵƺŝ
źºƳŵřźºƟřŶºƴƳŚưƷ ŵřŶºƘţƲƿźţLJŚºŝ
ƵŵŚºƯŵřźºƟř Źŵ
ū ŢƸ ƹƾŝźƛƽŚƷ ƾŝƺƴū
ƶŝ
ŚŝŜǀţźţ ƲǀĮƳŚǀƯ Òè ææ ƹ
îì æå ŶƃŹŚĪƃ ŶƳ
ƩƹŶū è źĮƿŵƱŚǀŝƶŝ
Ʈĩ Ʋƿźºţ
ƾƣźƃŢƸūŹŵźƳŵřźƟř
Ʈĩ ŢºƸūŹŵƵŵŚºƯŵřźƟřƲƿźţ
ƹƾƫŚưƃ Śŝ
Źŵ źºƔƳ ƮºĩŢºǀƘưūƪºĩƲŤƟźºĭ
Ʋƿźºţ
ƵŶƃŹŚĪƃƩŚưƃŢƸūŹŵŵřźƟřƕƺưŬƯ
ŶƳř
ţŢƸūƝLjųźŝ Őŧǀ
ƖƏŚƣƕŚƠţŹřź
ƶºſźƷŹŵƹźţ
ƴƘƯƩŚſ ƾ ŵƺŝŹřŵ ƩƹŶū Ñ Ŷŝ ƿ ţźţƲ ǀ ƩŚºſŹŵƶºĩŜ
æèíì ƶƬţ ŚƷ ƽ ŜƈƳ ƕŚƠţŹřŹŵƵŶƃ ƿ
Ĩ źºŤƯ ƽ ºŝ
ƶ ŹƺºƏ
ƴƘƯ ƾ Źřŵ ƽ žĮƯ ƱƺŤƿŻ Ʈĩ źţ ƽ ƶƬţƶŝŢŞƀƳ
ŚºƷ ƽ Ɩºƣřƹ
ƕŚƠţŹřŹŵ ƹŵ
ƹ ƶſ źŤƯ ƽ ŹŚĪƃ ŶƳŵźƧ Źŵ ƕŚºƠţŹř ºƿ Ĩ
ÎÓ ĈŶƤţ
ƱřŹŚƨưƷƹƾſ
ƶƴǀƸŝƕŚƠţŹřƹŢƸūƾſŹźŝ
ƶƬţƽ ƵŶƴŞƀģŵŹŻƽŚƷ
ŚŝƵřźưƷ
ƶºŝƪĩƹƵŵŚƯźƳŢǀƘưūƽźŤƯ
Ŝºǀţźţ çå è
æÓ æ ƹ
çÒ Ò ŵƺŝ
ƫŚůŹŵ ƾ ưƷƶĩ ǀ ŵŚƤƯƲ ƿ řźŝź ƽ ƶºƬţ ŚºƷ ƽ ƹŵ ƹ
ƶſ źŤƯ ƽ ŝ ƶ ţźţ ǀ Ŝ åç Ó
èæ ç
Ñí í ƹ æç ì
ÑÒ ç ƹ
Óè î ŶƃŢŞŧ ƩƹŶū Ñ ƩŚſŹŵ æèíí Ƴ ºǀ ƕŚºƠţŹřż
ƿ Ĩ źŤƯ ƽ ŝ ƶ ƴƘƯŹƺƏ ƾ Źřŵ ƽ Ʈĩ źºţ ƿ Ʋ ƱƺºŤƿŻžºĮƯ
řŹ
ŵƺưƳŜƬū
ƘưūƪĩƹƵŵŚƯźƳŵřźƟřŵřŶƘţ ǀ
ŝŢ ƶ ţźţ ǀ Ŝ
èç æÒ
íæ Ò ƹ ÑÓ çæ ŵƺŝƶƬţźƷŹŵ ŝ
ǀ Ƃ źţ ƿ Ʋ ŵřŶºƘţ
ƘưūƪºĩƹƵŵŚƯźƳŵřźƟř ºǀ
ƶºſƕŚºƠţŹřŹŵŢ
źºŤƯ ƽ ƹ
ŝƶ ţźţ ǀ Ŝ íÓ Ñå
íè æç ƹ ÑÓ Òè ŵźĭŢŞŧ ºƿ Ŷ ŹŚĪºƃ
ŵřźƟř ƶºƬţŹŵźƳ
ŚºƷ ƽ ŜºƈƳ ƹŵƕŚºƠţŹřŹŵƵŶºƃ
źºŤƯ ƽ
æÑ èæ ŹŚƯōźƔƳŻř
ƽ ƶƬţŚŝ ŚºƷ ƽ ƶºſ źºŤƯ ƽ Źŵ ºƿ Ĩ
ºƫƹŵƺºŝŮƐſ ƾ
ƵŵŚºƯŵřźºƟř
çç æå Ƙưūƪºĩƹ ºǀ
Ţ
çæ Ñå řŹŵ ƿ ƶƬţƲ ŝŚƷ ƶ ƴƘƯŹƺƏ ƾ Źřŵ ƽ Ʈĩ ƶƬţŻřźţ ŚƷ ƽ
ƶſ źŤƯ ƽ ŶƳŵƺŝ ƩƹŶū Ñ ƩŚºſŹŵ æèíî
Ʈºĩ
źºţ ƿ Ʋ
ŵřźƟř ƹƵŵŚƯźƳ ƕƺưŬƯ
Ʊō ƕŚƠţŹřŹŵŚƷ ƿ
Ĩ źŤƯ ƽ ŢºŞŧ
ƃ Ŷ ŝ ƶ ţźţ ǀ Ŝ Óæ å
åí æ ƹ èè æ žĮƯ ƹŵƕŚƠţŹřŹŵ
źŤƯ ƽ Ư ǀ ŹŚĪºƃƪºĩƱřż
ìæ æ ºŝ ƶ ºƴƘƯŹƺºƏ ƾ
ŵ Źř ƽ Żř ƕŚƠţŹř
ƿ Ĩ źŤƯ ƽ ƫƹźţLJŚŝ ƾ ƶſƕŚƠţŹřŻř
źºŤƯ ƽ çì è
Śě ǀƿ Ʋ ŵƺŝźţ ŵřźƟřƎſƺŤƯŵřŶƘţ
ƹƵŵŚƯźƳ ƕƺưŬƯ
Ʊō ŚƷ
ƶƬţŹŵ ŚƷ ƽ ƕŚƠţŹřŹŵƖƣřƹ ƶſ
źºŤƯ ƽ ºŝ
ƶ ţźţ ºǀ Ŝ ÓÑ ç
ÏÕ æ ƹ çì è ŢŞŧ ºƃ ºŝƶºĩŶ ƶ ºƴƘƯŹƺºƏ ƾ
Źřŵ ƽ ƹŵŻř
ŵƕŚƠţŹř ƿ źţLJŚŝźĮ ŵƺŝ
ƩƹŶū Ñ
ƩƹŶū æ żŬţ ƿƶ ƽ Źřƹ ƿ ƵŵřŵŜĩźƯžƳŚ
ŚƷ ƽ ŻřƪƇŚů
řźūř ƽ ƶſ ƶƫŚſ ƽ ŹŵŭźºƏ řƿ ƤŰţƵŚĮŤºƀ ǀ
ŻšŚºƤ ƿ ƱƺºŤ
ƱŚŬƳŻƭŹŚƏ
Table 1. Combined ANOVA of data obtained from the three-year project carried out at Tarom Olive Research Station, Zanjan.
Source of variation df MS
Year 2 260.2177313 **
Error 9 0.6423785
Direction 3 2.3265137 *
Year × Direction 6 1.5604025
Error 27 0.2593316
Height 2 25.1966896 **
Height×Direction 6 0.4460831
Year × Direction × Height 12 0.2081074
Error 72 0.3304801
CV% 16.04020
* significant at %1; ** significant at %5.
ƩƹŶū ç żŬţ ƿƶ ƽ Źřƹ ƿ ƵŵŚſžƳŚ ƽ Ƶŵřŵ ŚƷ ƽ ĪƠţƶŝƩŚſźƷ ǀ
žƴūĨ
Table 2. Simple ANOVA of year and sex-wise data.
MS of 2010 MS of 2009
MS of 2008 Source of df
variation Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total
0.20631 0.02329
0.14353 1.13509
0.06032 0.90404
0.72855 0.10732
0.45454 3
R
0.12244 0.02094
0.07808 5.01243 **
1.48905 **
3.83141 * 0.14614
0.03926 0.26836
3 D
0.09013 0.00704
0.07717 0.49273
0.35448 0.29210
0.40915 0.07319
0.15997 9
E 1 (R × D)
2.16477 **
0.13909 **
1.67346 **
28.33728 **
5.09011 **
24.52461 **
2.92289 **
0.73059 **
2.82964 **
2 H
0.03536 0.00616
0.02715 0.64119
0.10153 0.59165
0.32292 0.02541
0.16911 H×D 6
0.27561 0.02222
0.21170 3.62603
0.80991 3.01889
0.61259 0.05567
0.44706 23
E 2 (H × D)
18.73370 8.57219
18.19991 13.60774
11.46294 15.55724
20.88491 13.71276
14.73797 CV%
* significant at %1; ** significant at %5; D = Direction; E = Error; H = Height; R = Replicate.
ƩƹŶū è Ưǀ ĮƳŚ ǀ ĪƠţƶŝƞƬŤŴƯšŚƸūŹŵŹŚĪƃƲ ǀ
ƩŚſĨ ƎſƺŤƯ æÑ ƁŹŚưƃ
Table 3. Direction-wise mean of catches in each year (average of 14 counts).
2010 2009
2008 Direction
Total Female
Male Total
Female Male
Total Female
Male
2.18 0.41
1.79 46.39 a
11.53 a 35.83 a
8.39 2.10
6.31 West
1.86 0.36
1.51 42.04 ab
10.97 a 31.10 ab
7.44 1.69
4.70 South
1.38 0.17
1.51 29.2 c
6.64 b 23.61 bc
7.84 2.10
5.66 North
1.92 0.43
1.58 32.12 bc
8.92 ab 22.99 c
6.88 1.71
4.81 East
Means followed by the same letter are not significantly different.
ƶƯŚƳ ƵźƄůƲưŬƳřƽ
ƱřźƿřƾſŚƴƃ èè
æ
ÎÐîç
ÎÔ
ƩƹŶū Ñ Ư ǀ ĮƳŚ ǀ ŹŚĪƃƲ ĮŤƠƷ ƾ ĪƠţƶŝƞƬŤŴƯšŚƗŚƠţŹřŹŵ ǀ
Ĩ ƩŚſ ƎſƺŤƯ æÑ ƁŹŚưƃ
Table 4. Height-wise mean of weekly catches in each year (average of 14 counts).
2010 2009
2008 Height
(Meter) Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total
1.33 c 1.08 b
0.61 b 21.46 c
5.81 c 15.32 b
5.25 b 1.16 b
3.20 b One
1.71 b 1.47 b
1.40 b 40.21 b
10.22 b 31.14 a
8.48 ab 2.31 a
6.02 a Two
3.27 a 1.28 a
2.64 a 53.46 a
12.83 a 40.86 a
9.63 a 2.45 a
7.12 a Three
Means followed by the same letter are not significantly different.
ƵƺǀƯžĮƯŢǀƘưūšřźǀǀƜţ
ƩŚſŹŵƱƺŤƿŻƽ
ƽŚƷ
ƾƯƱŚƄƳƢǀƤŰţ
ƩŚºſŹŵŢºƟōŢºǀƘưūƶƧŶƷŵ æèíí
ƶŝŢŞƀƳ ƩŚºſ
ƽŚºƷ æèíì ƹ æèíî ŢºſřƵŵƺºŝźţLJŚºŝ
ƪƨƃ ƽŚƷ è æ Śºě ǀƿ Ʋ ƘưūƱŵƺºŝ ºǀ
ƩŚºſŹŵŢ
ƽŚºƷ
æèíì ƹ æèíî ººƯřŹ ƾ ŚººţƱřƺººţ ƵŻřŶººƳř
ƽ Ż ººƿ ŵŚ ƽ ƶººŝ
ƩŚſ Źƹō ƽ ŻƱŚŤųŹŵ ƿ
ƺŤ ŵřŵŢŞƀƳƱ
ƶŝ ƹƿ ƵĦ ƴƿř ƪºƀƳƶĪ
ƶƘƫŚƐƯŵŹƺƯ
šŹŚƀųƹƭƺſƪƀƳ
řŻ ƽ ƶºƤƐƴƯŹŵŢºƟō
ŵƺŝ
(Ghadiri, 2009)
ƹ Śě ǀƿ Ʋ ƯƱŵƺŝ ǀ ƯƱřż ºǀ ƩƺºƏŹŵƵƺ
ƪƀƳ ŚƷ ƽ řŶŤŝř ƾƿ ţ
Őŧǀ ŹŚĪƳřź ŸºěŚƳ ƿź ƽ ƹŚºưƳƹƺºƄƳźºŝ
řżƟř ƿ ƘưūƂ ǀ řŵƭƺºſƪºƀƳŹŵŢºƟōŢ Ţºƃ
ƶºŝ źºƔƳ
ºƯ ƾ ƶººĩŶººſŹ ƿ
ººĪ ƾ LJŵŻř ºƿ ººŝƪ ƾ ººţ Őŧǀ ź ƽ ººƸū Ţ ŚººƷ ƽ
ƟřźƜū ǀŚ ƾƿ ŹŚĪƃŹŵ ƏŢƟō ƾ řƿ ƩŚſƲ ƳŚƷ ºǀ ºƃŚƳż ƾ Żř
Śě ǀƿ Ʋ ƘưūƱŵƺŝ ǀ
ƩŚſŹŵŢ
ŚƷ ƽ ŶºƃŚŝŦŰŝŵŹƺƯ
ŚºƯř
řżƟř ƿ ƴƘƯƂ ƾ ŢºƸūŹŵŢºƟōŹŚĪºƃŹřŵ
ŚºƷ ƽ ºŝźƛ ƾ ƹ
ƣźƃ ƾ Źŵ ƩŚſ æèíí řŹ Ư ƾ ŚƷŵŚŝƁŻƹƶŝƱřƺţ ƽ
ưŗřŵ ƾ
ƣźƃ ƾ ºŝźƛ ƾ ŵřŵŢŞºƀƳƶºƤƐƴƯŹŵ
ƭŹŚºƏƱŚŤºſźƸƃ
ƶŝƱŚŬƳŻ ƫŵǀ ƮƷƪ ƺū Źř ƽ ŹŵŚºŝ ƿ ƶºģŚ ƽ ƠºſŶºſ ǀŶ
ŵƹŹ
ưƷ ǀ ţŢŰţƶƄ Őŧǀ
ŚƷŵŚŝź ƽ ƣźƃ ƾ ŝźƛ ƾ ºƯ ƾ ƶºĩŶºƃŚŝ
ţŐŧ ǀ ƶƘſƺţƹŶƃŹŹŵƱōź
ƽ ŵŚºŝƶºŝŽŚƀůƭŚƣŹř
ƔƳ
ºǀ ź
ƴƛƹŹ ƾ
(Zeinanloo, 2010)
ŝ ƶ ŝƺų ƾ ƯƶƔůLjƯ ƾ
ŵƺºƃ
řŜƬƛř ƿ ŶƃŹƶƤƐƴƯŹŵƭŚƣŹřƲ ƿ
Ĩ ƛƹƶºƟźƏ ºǀ
ź ƱŹŚºƤŤƯ
řŵ ŶƳŹ ƶƘƐƣƹ ƽ ƶƘƫŚƐƯŵŹƺƯ
řŹŵ ƿ ƭŹŚƏƵŚĮŤƀ
ƢǀƤŰţŹŵ
źƋŚů
ƽřŹřŵ ĩźţ ǀŞ ƾ řŻř ƿ ƮƣŹƹƮƣŹƲ
ŵŹŻ ŵƺŝ ř ºƿ Ʋ
ƯƶŤĪƳ ƾ ŚţŶƳřƺţ ŵƹŶů ƽ ūƺţ ǀƶ ŞƀƳƂƷŚĩźĭ ƾ
Ƙưū ǀ Ţ
ŢºƸūŹŵ ŚºƷ ƽ ƫŚưººƃ ƾ ƣźºƃƹ ƾ ŶººƃŚŝ řƲưºƋ ƿ ƶººĪƴ
ƵźƸŝ ŶƴƯ ƽ ºŝǀ Ƃ ƹśŚºŤƟōƂŝŚºţŻřśƺºƴūŢºƸūźºţ ƑƺƠŰƯ
ŝźƛŢƸūƱŵƺŝ ƾ
ŚƷŵŚŝƁŻƹŻř ƽ
ºƬŰƯ ƾ Ƴ ºǀ ż
ŚŞƳ ººƿ ŵŹƺººƯŶ ĭŹřźººƣŢººƬƠƛ ººǀ
ŵź ŽŚººſřźŝ ƿ
ƶººŤƟŚ ŚººƷ ƽ
Dimassi et al. (1997)
ŶƇŹŵ
ƪºĭ ŚºƷ ƽ ŚƸƳƹƪºƯŚĩ ƿ
ľŚºŤ
Ưǀ Ƶƺ ƽ Ż ƿ ŝƺƴūŢưƀƣŹŵƱƺŤ ƾ
ƤŝƶŝŢŞƀƳŢųŹŵ ǀƶ
ƽ
Ţưƀƣ ŝŚƷ ǀ Ƃ Ưźţ ƾ ŶƃŚŝ ŵźţƱƹŶŝ ƿ řŶ ƿ ƃŚƳźƯřƲ ƾ
Żř
ƤŤƀƯƂŝŚţ ǀ
ƃŹƺųŹƺƳƮ ǀ
ŝƺƴūŢưƀƣƶŝŶ ƾ
źŰţƹ ƿ Ĩ
ŝǀ Ƃ ƪĭźţ ĮƳř ǀż ƽ ƪŞƣƩŚſŹŵ
Ư ƾ ŶƃŚŝ
ŚŤƳ ƿ ƶŝŪ Ţſŵ ƯƱŚƄƳƵŶƯō ƾ
ƶºĩŶºƷŵ
ƕŚºƠţŹřźºŧř
ƶƬţŜƈƳ ƶſźƷŹŵŚƷ
řźūřƩŚſ ƽ ƴƘƯƵĥƹźě ƾ ƵŵƺºŝŹřŵ
ƕŚƠţŹřƹ ƿ Ĩ źŤƯ ƽ ŝ ƶ ƴƘƯŹƺƏ ƾ Źřŵ ƽ ŵƕŚƠţŹřƹŵŻř ƿ
źĮ
žĮƯ ƱƺŤƿŻ Ʈĩ źţ ƽ ŢſřƵŵƺưƳŜƬū
ƩŚſŹŵ íì æè
ƕŚƠţŹř ƹŵ ƹ ƶſ ŹŚƯōźƔƳŻřźŤƯ ƽ
Źŵ ƿ ƫƹŵƺŝƶŞţźƯĨ ƾ
ƩŚººſŹŵ ŚººƷ ƽ íî íí æè
Źř ƶººſƕŚººƠţ
ƝLjŤººųřźººŤƯ
ƴƘƯ ƾ Źřŵ ƽ ƕŚƠţŹřŚŝ ƹŵ ŵřŵƱŚƄƳźŤƯ
ŌŚƴŨŤºſřŵŹƺƯŚƸƴţ
ƶººŝƍƺººŝźƯ Ƙưū
ººǀ ƩŚººſŹŵźººƳŵřźººƟřŢ
æèíí ŵƺººŝ
Haniotakis (1986)
ŜºƈƳƪŰƯƕŚƠţŹřƶĩŵƺưƳƁŹřżĭ
ƶƬţ ƂŴŝŹŵ Śě
ǀƿ Ʋ ƹƎſƹ
Śƿ LJŚºŝ ƽ ũŚºţ
ŢºųŹŵ Źŵ
Ưǀ ţŹŚĪƃƱřż Őŧǀ
ź ƽ Ƴ ŵŹřŶ ƶŤĪƳ ƽ ưƷřżŗŚů ºǀ ŹŵŢ Ʋºƿř
ƁŹřżººĭ ƶººūŹŵŹŵ
ƽ ŹŵƶººƬţŜººƈƳŢººƀŴƳ Ʊƹ
ũŚººţ
ƯƱŚŤųŹŵ ƾ ŶƃŚŝ
ƫŚůŹŵ ƾ ƶĩ ƶºƬţźºƋŚůƢºǀƤŰţŹŵ
ŚºƷ
Śŝ řƱŚºŤųŹŵƮºŬůƹƵŻřŶºƳřƶŝƶūƺţ ƿ
ŚƗŹƹƵŚĮŤºƀ ºƿ
Ţ
ŚƷŵŹřŶƳŚŤſř ƽ
ƶŝƍƺŝźƯ ŜºƈƳ
Ʊō ŚºƷ żĭŚºƳ
ƿ ƍŚºƤƳŹŵź
ěǀ ƳƺººƯřź ƾ ŜººƈƳƱŚººŤųŹŵ ŶƳŶººƃ
ƶººŤĪƳ ƽ ƭƹŵ
ƵŹƹŵ ƽ
ƫŚƘƟ ǀ ƶƬţŢ ŚƷ ƾƯƪƯŚƃřŹ
ŵƺƃ ƵŹƹŵƲºƿř
Źŵ šŚºƤǀƤŰţ
Haniotakis (1986)
ŻřƩƹřƩŚſŹŵ
çÑ ŚţƲŗƹĥ èæ šƹř
ţƭƺſ ǀ źƸºƃƮºƸƳŚºţź ƿ
Źƺ ƭŹŚºƸģŻřƭƹŵƩŚºſŹŵƹ
ÎÕ ĈŶƤţ
ƱřŹŚƨưƷƹƾſ
ƶƴǀƸŝƕŚƠţŹřƹŢƸūƾſŹźŝ
ƶƬţƽ ƵŶƴŞƀģŵŹŻƽŚƷ
ŚŝƵřźưƷ
źŞƯřƺƳƭƹŵŚţźŞƯŚŤĜſ
æè źƸƃ ƿ ŚţŹƺ ææ ƱŚŝō ƶºĩŵƺºŝ
źƤţ ƿľŚŞ ƵŹƹŵŚŝ ƽ ƶƬţŵźĩŹŚĩ
ŚƷ ƽ źƋŚůƢǀƤŰţ
šƹŚºƠŤƯ
Ţſř
ƲǀƴĤưƷ ƱŵƺŞƳƆŴƄƯ ŻƭŚºƣŹř
ƿ ƕŚºƠţŹřƹƱƺºŤ
ƱŚŤųŹŵ Źŵ šŚƤǀƤŰţ
Haniotakis (1986)
ŚƤƯƱŚĪƯř ƿ ƶºƀ
ŹřƺƃŵřŹ ƾƯ
ŶƴƧ ƶǀƬĩ źºŝƕŚºƠţŹřƂºƤƳƶºĩƾƳŚƤƤŰƯƽ
ƵŵƺºưƳƶºƘƫŚƐƯřŹƝŶƷšřźƄůŹŚĪƃƱřżǀƯ
ƭŶºƗŶºƳř
ƾƘǀŞƏƾƀƴūƱƺƯźƟƲǀŝŚƯŢŝŚƣŹƱŚĪƯř
ŵřŶƘţŻřƾƃŚƳ
Ʈĩ ŵŚºƯšřźºƄůźţ
ŵƵ źºƔƳŵŹƺºƯƕŚºƠţŹřŹ
ƱƺºƯźƟƹ
ƪººǀƫŵřŹƾƗƺƴººƈƯƾººƀƴū
ƂǀººŝŹŚĪººƃ
ƕŚººƠţŹřŹŵźººţ
ƶǀƇƺţ ƵŶƃ
(Bloem et al., 2005)
ƱřƺƴƗ ƵŵźƧ ŶƳř Śƿƹ řƿ Ʋ
ƫŚƘƟƶŝřŹƝLjŤųř ǀ
Ţ ŝǀ Ƃ źºţ ŹŵŢºƟō Źř
ƁŹřżºĭƕŚºƠţ
ƵŵřŵŢŞºƀƳƵŶºƃ
ŶºƳř
(Pelz-Stelinkski et al., 2006)
Źŵ
ŹřƭŹŚƏƱƺŤƿŻšŚƤǀƤŰţƵŚĮŤƀƿř ƶºŝƱƺºŤƿŻƱŚŤųŹŵƕŚƠţ
ŻřŢưůŻ ƶſ
Śţ Ūƴě ũŚºţľLJƺºƇřƹƵŵƺºưƳŻƹŚºŬţźŤƯ
ƕŚƠţŹřŻřƱŚŤųŹŵ Ʀƿ
Śţ ƮǀƳƹƦƿ
źŤƯ ƾƯƕƹźƃ ŵƺºƃ ƕŚƠţŹřŹŵƶĩŢſřƾƘǀŞƏƲƿřźŝŚƴŝ
ƹŵ ƶºĩźţLJŚºŝƹźºŤƯ
Ƃǀŝ ƵƺºǀƯƹīźŝƲƿźţ
ƾºƯŵƺºūƺƯ
ƂǀºŝŶºƃŚŝ
Ʋƿźºţ
ƵƺǀƯžĮƯŢǀƫŚƘƟƹŹƺƌů
řŵŵƺºūƹżǀƳƱƺŤƿŻƽ ƶŤºƃ
ƶŝźŬţƶŝƶĩŶƃŚŝ
ƽ ƱŚĭŶƳŹŚĮƳ
ŢºƃřŵźŝŻřŶºƘŝƾºŤů
ƾƯƶƯřŵřżǀƳƵƺǀƯ
ŶŝŚƿ ŽŚºſřźŝ ŪƿŚºŤƳ
źºƋŚůƢºǀƤŰţ
ƽřźŝ ƶƬţŜƈƳƪŰƯ
ƱƺºƯźƟŚºŝƵřźưƷƵŶƴŞƀģŵŹŻƽŚƷ
ŢƟōƾƀƴū
ƶºūŹŵŹŵ ƕŚºƠţŹřƩƹřƽ ƶºſ
ŹŵƹƽźºŤƯ
ƶººūŹŵ ƹŵƕŚººƠţŹřƽŶººƘŝƽ
ƾººƯƶǀººƇƺţƽźººŤƯ
ƺººƃ ŵ
ƅƺƈųŹŵ
ŜƈƳŢƸū ƶƬţ
żǀƳ ŢºƸū ƹƾºŝźƛƽŚºƷ
ŜºſŚƴƯźºĮƿŵŢƸūƹŵƶŝŢŞƀƳƾŝƺƴū
źºţ Ţºſř Źŵ
ŜƈƳ ƶƬţ
ŚƷ ŢƸū Ʊō ŚƷ ţƹŚºƠţ ƾ żƷźºƔƳŻř ƿ
ƶºƴ ŵŚºŬƿř
ƾưƳ ŶƴƧ ƫƹ ƾ řźŝ ƽ ƶſƕŚƠţŹřŹŵƶƬţŜƈƳ
źŤƯ ƽ ŢŞƀƳ
ƕŚƠţŹřƶŝ ƹŵ
źŤƯ ƽ
żƷƹƱŚƯŻ ƿ
ƶƴ ƽ ŝǀ Ƃ źţ ƽ ŢſřƭŻLJ
ŚŝŵƺººūƺƯšŚººƳŚĪƯřƹƝŶººƷƶººŝƶººūƺţŚŝƶººĩ ƿ
Ťººƀ ƾ
ưƈţ ǀƮ ĭǀ ź ƽ ŵƺƃ
ƪĪƃ Î ƵƺǀƯžĮƯƪƯŚĩšřźƄůŻřƹźěŶƳƹŹ
ƩŚſŹŵƱƺŤƿŻƽ
ƢǀƤŰţƽŚƷ
Fig.1. Flight pattern of olive fruit flies during years of study.
ƶƯŚƳ ƵźƄůƲưŬƳřƽ
ƱřźƿřƾſŚƴƃ èè
æ
ÎÐîç
ÎÖ
ƪĪƃ Ï ƵƺǀƯžĮƯƪƯŚĩšřźƄůŹŚĪƃŶƳƹŹ
ƩŚſŹŵŢƸūĨǀĪƠţƶŝƱƺŤƿŻƽ
ƢǀƤŰţƽŚƷ .
Fig.2. Side-wise catch of olive fruit flies during years of study.
ƪĪƃ Ð ƵƺǀƯžĮƯƪƯŚĩšřźƄůŹŚĪƃŶƳƹŹ
ƩŚſŹŵƕŚƠţŹřĨǀĪƠţƶŝƱƺŤƿŻƽ
ƢǀƤŰţƽŚƷ
Fig.3. Height-wise catch of olive fruit flies during years of study.
ÏÍ ĈŶƤţ
ƱřŹŚƨưƷƹƾſ
ƶƴǀƸŝƕŚƠţŹřƹŢƸūƾſŹźŝ
ƶƬţƽ ƵŶƴŞƀģŵŹŻƽŚƷ
ŚŝƵřźưƷ
ƖŝŚƴƯ
Bateman, M. A. (1972) The ecology of fruit flies. Annual Review of Entomology 17, 493-518.
Bloem, S., Hight, S. D., Carpenter, J. E. & Bloem, K. Fl. (2005) Development of the most effective trap to monitor the presence of the Cactus moth, Cactoblastis cactorum (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Florida Entomologist 88(3), 300-306.
Dimassi, K., Therios, I. & Balatsos, A. (1997) The blooming period and self-fruitfulness in twelve Greek and three foreign olive cultivars. Acta Horticulturae 474(I), 275-278.
Ghadiri, J. (2009) Bioecological studies of olive fruit fly Bactrocera oleae (Gmel.) (Diptera, Tephritidae) in Tarom, Zanjan province. M. Sc. Thesis. 109 pp. University of Tehran, Iran.
Halbrook, F. R. & Fujimoto, M. S. (1969) Mediterranean fruit flies and melon flies trapped at various heights with synthetic lures. Journal of Economic Entomology 62, 962-3.
Halbrook, F. R., Steiner, L. F., Fujimoto, M. S. & Cunningham, R. T. (1970) Effects of location on responses of male melon flies to fiberboard blocks impregnated with cue-lure, a male attractant. Journal of Economic Entomology 63, 869-70.
Haniotakis, G. E. (1986) Effect of size, color and height of pheromone baited sticky traps on capture of Dacus oleae flies. Entomologia Hellenica 4, 55-61.
Haniotakis, G. E., Broumas, T. H. & Liaropoulos, C. (1998) Comparative field studies of various traps and attractants for the olive fruit fly, Bactrocera oleae. Entomologia Hellenica 12, 71-79.
Haniotakis, G. E., Mazomenos, B. E. & Hardakis, I. M. (1982) Monitoring and control of the olive fruit fly with pheromone traps. Reunion du groupe d’experts sur l’état d’avancement des travaux et échange d’information sur les problèmmes posés par la lutte integrée en oleiculture, Antibes, France, pp. 46-60.
Haniotakis, G. E. Mazomenos, B. E. & Tumlinson, J. H. (1977) Sex attractant of olive fruit fly, Dacus oleae, and its biological activity under laboratory and field conditions. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 21, 81-87.
Hart, W. G., Fujimoto, M. S., Kamakahi, D. & Harris, E. J. (1967) Attraction of melon flies to lures in foliage or cane fibers at various heights. Journal of Economic Entomology 60, 1139-42.
Jafari, Y. & Rezaee, V. (2005) First report of import olive fly to country. Newsletter of Entomological Society of Iran, No. 22, p. 1. [In Persian].
Jones, O. T., Lisk, J. C., Longhourt, C. & Howse, P. E. (1983) Development of a monitoring trap for the olive fly, Dacus oleae (Gmelin) (Diptera: Tephritidae), using a component of its sex pheromone as lure. Bulletin of Entomological Research 73, 97-106.
Kapatos, E. T. & Fletcher, B. S. (1984) The phenology of the olive fruit fly, Dacus oleae (Gmel) (Diptera, Tephritidae), in Corfu Greece. Journal of Applied Entomology 97, 360-370
Katsoyannos, B. I.(1987) Response to shape, size and color. pp. 307-324 in Robinson, A. S. & Hooper, G. (Eds) World crop pests: fruit flies - their biology, natural enemies and control. Vol. 3A, 372 pp. Elsevier Science Publishers.
Keyhanian, A. A., Taghaddosi, M. V., Ghannadamoz, S., Eslamizadeh, R., Koliaee, R. & Mozhdehi, M. (2008) Field biological characteristics of olive fruit fly Bactrocera oleae (Gmel) (Dip. : Tephritidae) in Gilan, Zanjan, Ghazvin and Khozestan provinces. Proceedings of 18th Iranian Plant Protection Congress, Vol. I, Pests, p. 368.
Kolyaee, R., Taghaddosi, M. V., Ghannadamoz, S., Keyhanian, A. A. & Sheikhi Garajan, A. (2008) Determination of the best trap and attractant against olive fruit fly Bactrocera oleae in olive growing provinces. Proceedings of 18th Iranian Plant Protection Congress, Vol. I, Pests, p. 197.
ƶƯŚƳ ƵźƄůƲưŬƳřƽ
ƱřźƿřƾſŚƴƃ èè
æ
ÎÐîç
ÏÎ
Longo, S. & Benfatto, D. (1981) Observations for the capture of Dacus oleae Gmel. (Diptera: Trypetidae) by Mcphail traps related to their different position on the canopy. Informatore Fitopatologico 31(1-2), 45-50. [In Italian with English summary].
Mirrahimi, Sh., Khalaghani, J. & Nouri, H. (2008) Study on the effect of sampling time, direction, and area on infection level to olive fruit fly. Proceedings of 18th Iranian Plant Protection Congress, Vol. I, Pests, p. 413.
Nardi, F., Carapelli, A., Dallai, R., Roderick, G. K. & Frati, F. (2005) Population structure and colonization history of olive fruit fly, Bactrocera oleae (Diptera, Tephritidae). Molecular Ecology 14, 2729-38.
Neuenschwander, P. & Michelakis, P. (1981) Olive fruit drop caused by Dacus oleae (Gmel.) (Diptera, Tephritidae).
Journal of Applied Entomology 91, 193-205.
Pelz-Stelinkski, K. S., Gut, L. J. & Issacs, R. (2006) Vertical position of the traps influences captures of cherry fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae). Florida Entomologist 89(1), 80-82.
Quaglia, F., Crovetti, A., & Rossi, E. (1983) Competitive comparison of the activity of five different traps for monitoring Dacus oleae adults carried out under field conditions in Tuscany in 1980 and 1981. Proceedings of CEC/IOBC International Symposium: Fruit Flies of Economic Importance, Athens, Greece, pp. 457–64.
Reissig, W. H. (1975) Performance of apple maggot traps in various tree canopy positions. Journal of Economic Entomology 68, 534-8.
Sorosh, M. J., Kamali, K., Ostovan, H., Shojaei, M. & Fathipor, Y. (2010) Comparison of different traps attractiveness for olive fruit fly Bactrocera oleae attraction (Dip.: Tephritidae). Applied Entomology and Phytopathology 78(2), 275-287. [In Persian with English summary].
Zeinanloo, A. A. (2010) Olive cultivars. 87 pp. Sayeh-Gostar Publisher, Qazvin, Iran. [In Persian].
