*Corresponding author: [email protected]
2322- 2204/ © 2023
This is an open access article under the CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses BY-NC-ND 4.0) DOI. 10.22108/IJPB.2023.135151.1296
https://ijpb.ui.ac.ir/?lang=en
IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PLANT BIOLOGY E-ISSN: 2322-2204
Vol. 14, Issue, No. 1, Spring 2022 Document Type: Research Paper
Received: 14/09/2022 Accepted: 09/01/2023
Improvement of some morphological, biochemical and postharvest characteristics of Gerbera jamesonii ‘Dune’ with application of humic
acid and mycorrhizal fungus
Hajar Afarin1, Zohreh Jabbarzadeh*1, Mohsen Barin2
1 Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
2 Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
Abstract
In order to investigate the effect of humic acid and mycorrhiza on cut flower of Gerbera cv.
Dune, an experiment was performed as a completely randomized design with two factors and three replications in hydroponic conditions. First factor was included: humic acid in 4 concentrations of 0 (control), 500, 1000 and 2000 mg/l as drench and the second factor: two levels of mycorrhizal fungi (without mycorrhiza and with mycorrhiza) were applied by root inoculation. Indicators such as leaf number and leaf area, root volume, fresh and dry weight of flowers, vase life, chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll, total soluble sugar and some postharvest traits such as petal ion leakage and petal malondialdehyde were measured. The results showed that humic acid and mycorrhizal fungus improved the morphological and biochemical properties of gerbera. Concomitant use of humic acid at a concentration of 1000 mg/l and mycorrhizal fungus on the difference between leaf length and root volume, fresh and dry weight of flowers and vase life almost doubled compared to the control. Application of humic acid and mycorrhizal fungus significantly increased total chlorophyll content and soluble sugar content. Application of humic acid and mycorrhizal fungus reduced ion leakage and malondialdehyde.
Introduction
Gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii) is a rosette, herbaceous, perennial plant belonging to the Asteraceae family. The leaves have long petioles up to 15 cm long. The flower diameter in wild gerbera is 7-10 cm and in hybrid plants is 15-25 cm. Gerbera is a day-neutral plant and flowers better in more light intensity. This plant flowers from late spring to late autumn and even early winter (Rashidi, 2009). Humic substances are obtained from the decomposition of soil organic matter, peat, lignin, etc., and their actions are similar to auxin and cytokinin. These substances improve the absorption of some elements by being placed in the cell membrane, which can to maintain the stability of the membrane (Balazadeh and Hassanpour Asil, 2014). Humic acid increases the length and weight of roots and the number of lateral roots (Ambreen and Khetran,
2014). Due to its cytokinin-like properties, humic acid delays the decomposition of chlorophyll and protein in leaves and senescence in flowers. These compounds play an essential role in the metabolism of carbohydrates and their transfer to the growing buds, thereby increasing the dry matter in flowers and their longevity (Hosseini Darvishani and Chamani, 2013). In many plants, the root system of the plant is symbiotically connected with different species of fungi, and they form a complex association called mycorrhizae (Alizadeh, 2011). Mycorrhizal fungi in the hydroponic system lead to the expansion and development of the roots, which increase the yield of the product. Three main groups of ornamental plants that are suitable for symbiosis with mycorrhizal fungi have been identified, including pot plants, biennial and perennial plants, and ornamental plants grown under hydroponic conditions (Crisan et al., 2017).
Considering the positive effects of mycorrhizal fungi and humic acid on the quantitative and qualitative traits of plants, this study investigated the effects of different concentrations of humic acid were investigated on some growth, flowering, and post-harvest characteristics of gerbera flowers in symbiosis with mycorrhizal fungi in hydroponic conditions.
Materials and Methods
To perform this experiment, tissue-cultured plantlets of gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii ‘Dune’) were used. These plants were grown in pots of size 20 (volume 7 liters, height and diameter of pots 19 and 24 cm, respectively) under soilless conditions (a mixture of 65% peat moss, 30%
perlite, and 5% cocopeat). The daily temperature of the greenhouse was 20-25/13-16ºC (day/night), and the light intensity was 400-500 µmol.m-2s-1. This research was carried out in a factorial trial based on a completely randomized design with three replications. Each replication contained three pots with one plant in each pot. The experimental factors included: four concentrations of humic acid (0, 500, 1000, and 2000 mg/l) as a drench, two-week intervals for three months, and the second factor: two levels of mycorrhizal fungi (with or without mycorrhizal inoculation). The culture medium was inoculated with a mixture of three types of mycorrhizal fungi, including Rhizophagus fasciculatus, Diversispora versiformis, and Funneliformis mosseae. Inoculation was done at the time of planting plants in pots and in the root zone. Sixty grams of inoculum (including soil, fungal spores, hyphae, and mycorrhizal roots) were added to half of the pots (plants inoculated with mycorrhizal fungi). The same amount of autoclaved inoculum was added to the rest of the pots (plants without mycorrhizal inoculation). At the end of the experiment, parameters were measured, such as leaf number and leaf area, root volume, fresh and dry weight of flowers, vase life, chlorophyll a, b, and total chlorophyll, total soluble sugar, and some postharvest traits such as petal ion leakage and petal malondialdehyde. Statistical analysis of data was done with SAS Ver. 9.2, and the comparison of means was done with Tukey's multiple range test.
Results and Discussion
The results showed that humic acid and mycorrhizal fungus improved the morphological and biochemical properties of gerbera. A comparison of means showed that the length of leaves and leaf area increased with the increase of humic acid in plants inoculated with a mycorrhizal fungus. The highest root volume was observed in the concentrations of 1000 and 2000 mg/l of humic acid in inoculated plants. Increasing the concentration of humic acid led to a significant increase in the flower fresh and dry weight of inoculated plants so that the highest flower fresh and dry weight was observed at a concentration of 2000 mg/l of humic acid in inoculated plants.
The results showed that by increasing the concentration of humic acid up to 1000 mg/l, the vase life of gerbera flowers increases, but at higher concentrations, a decreasing trend was observed.
The use of mycorrhizal fungi also increased the vase life of the flowers. The application of humic acid (up to 1000 mg/l) and inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi led to an increase in the amount of total chlorophyll. In non-inoculated plants, the concentrations of 1000 and 2000 mg/l of humic acid caused a significant increase in total soluble sugar compared to the control. Also, the application of humic acid and mycorrhizal inoculation reduced ion leakage and
malondialdehyde of flowers during the vase life period. Due to the formation of complexes with mineral ions, humic substances cause the absorption of more elements and, as a result, increase the amount of photosynthesis in the plant, thus increasing the growth of the aerial parts of the plant (Abbas and Hammad, 2017). It should be noted that the hormone-like property of humic acid in plants accelerates the growth of roots leading to the growth of aerial parts and the improvement of the flowering characteristics of the plant (Youssef et al., 2004).
Conclusion
From the results obtained, it can be concluded that the use of treatments with humic acid and mycorrhizal fungi improves some parameters of the plants, including the morphological, physiological, biochemical, and post-harvest characteristics. According to the results, among different concentrations of humic acid, the concentration of 1000 mg/l of humic acid with mycorrhizal fungi inoculation had the highest effect on improving the measured traits.
Keywords: Gerbera, leaf area, vase life, malondialdehyde
تؼٗص
،ىاشٗاّٖب٘گٖػبٌؿ
لبػ
،نّدسبْز سبوؿ
ٍُبدٌپٓ
سبْث،نىٗ
1401 طفص،
ٔ
91 - 112
ِلبمهتفبٗسدخٗسبت :
23 / 06 / 1401
دذدهٖػسشثخٗسبت :
17 / 08 / 1401
ٖٗبًْؽشٗزپخٗسبت :
19 / 10 / 1401
ٖـٍّظپِلبمه
ذًسبگً*
ٓ
ًبـً:لٍؤؼه
ٖ
ًٍشتىلاتؼپ
٘ ه
:
[email protected] سبوؿ،
ٓ
:عبوت
09143489271
2322- 2204/ © 2023
This is an open access article under the CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses BY-NC-ND 4.0) DOI. 10.22108/IJPB.2023.135151.1296
یگصیو دوبهب لگ تشادرب زا سپ و ییایمیشویب ،کیشولوفروم یاه
اربرش
(Gerbera jamesonii
‘Dune’)دیسا دربراک اب
سیروکیم چراق و کیمویه
يٗشفآشخبّ
،1
ُداصسبجخُشّص
*
،1
يٗشثيؼطه
2
1
مَلفٍُشگ
ًٖبجغبث
،
ٕصسٍبـوُذىـًاد
،
ىاشٗا،ِ٘هٍسا،ِ٘هٍساُبگـًاد
2
مَلفٍُشگ
،نبخ
ٕصسٍبـوُذىـًاد
،
ىاشٗا،ِ٘هٍسا،ِ٘هٍساُبگـًاد
هدیکچ
ِث
ذ٘ػا شثا ٖػسشث سَؾٌه
ٍ ه٘هَّ٘
ضٗسَى٘ه ذسبل
ٍٕس
لگ
ًٖذٗشث
اشثسط
نلس
ًٖاد
(Dune)
،
ٖـٗبهصآ
ِث
لٗسَتوبفتسَص
ًلاهبوششعتلبلسد
سَتوبفٍدبثٖفدبصت
هًَ٘پٍسذّ٘تـوظٗاشؿسدساشىتِػٍ
ذ٘ػا :لٍا سَتوبف .ذؿ اشخا
سده٘هَّ٘
4
تؾلغ
( شفص
،)ذّبؿ 500
، 1000
ٍ 2000
ٖل٘ه
شت٘ل شث مشگ
ِث
هًَ٘پٍسذّ٘تـوظ٘طهسددشثسبوتسَص
ٍد:مٍدسَتوبفٍ
هذسبلصغػ
٘ سَى
ٗ ض
هىٍذث(
٘ سَى
ٗ ض
ٍ
ه٘
سَى
ٗ سادض
ِث)
تسَص ملت
ِـٗسص٘
.ذؿاشخا صخبؿ
ىصٍ،ِـٗسندض،يشثصغػٍلَعذًٌبهٖٗبّ
ٍشت
ل٘فٍشلوىاض٘ه،ٖٗبدلگشوف،لگهـخ
،a
b
ذًٌبهتؿادشثصاغپتبفصٖخشثٍلَلطهذٌل،لوٍ
ىَلبه ىاض٘ه ٍ ًَٖٗ تـً
ٕد
ُصاذًا يشجلگ ذ٘ئذلآ
ِث حٗبتً .ذًذؿ ٕش٘گ
ِو ذًداد ىبـً ُذهآ تػد
ذ٘ػا
ٍه٘هَّ٘
ٖگظٍٗدَجْثثفبثضٗسَى٘هذسبل
دشثسبوبث.ذًذؿاشثسطلگٖٗبو٘ؿَ٘ثٍهٗطَلَفَهٕبّ
تؾلغسده٘هَّ٘ذ٘ػاىبهضوّ
1000
ٖل٘ه
ىصٍ،ِـٗسندضٍيشثلَع،ضٗسَى٘هذسبلٍشت٘لسدمشگ
شت
ِث ٖٗبدلگ شوف ٍ لگ هـخ ٍ
شثسبو .ذًداد ىبـً ذّبؿ ِث تجؼً ٕشثاشث ٍد ؾٗاضفا ٖجٗشمت سَع
د
ذ٘ػا
ِثاسلَلطهذٌلٍلول٘فٍشلوىاض٘ه،ضٗسَى٘هذسبلٍه٘هَّ٘
ِؾضلاهلثبلسَع
تـًٍؾٗاضفإا
ىَلبهًٍَٖٗ
ٕد
ذ٘ئذلآ
.دادؾّبواس
ُطاٍ
بّ
ٕ
لو
٘ ذ
ٕ :
ىَلبه،ٕبدلگشوف،يشثصغػ،اشثسط
ٕد
ذ٘ئذلآ
ٖگظٍٗدَجْث
لگتؿادشثصاغپٍٖٗب٘و٘ؿَ٘ث،هٗطَلَفسَهٕبّ
اشثسط (Gerbera jamesonii ‘Dune’)
ذ٘ػادشثسبوبث
ذسبلٍه٘هَّ٘
ضٗسَى٘ه
،
يٗشفآشخبّ
ىاسبىوٍّ
29
همدقم ولفمبًبثاشثسط
ٖ
Gerbera jamesonii
تِث،
٘
ُش
Asteraceae
هَث
ٖ
شفآ
ٗ بم
ٕ
ثٌَخ
ٖ
كلقته تػا
.
گ
٘
ّب
ٖ
وئاد
ٖ
،
ؼهشگ
٘ ش
ٕ
بث بهشػ ِث عبؼض ٍ
س
ٗ
ِـ
بّ
ٕ
وف
٘ ك
لگ ٍ
بّ
ٕ
ٍس ِو اضده
ٕ
ِلبػ
ٕ
نشو
ىـت ساد
٘ ل
ه
ٖ
ذًَؿ
اساد ٍ
ٕ
نو ؿاًَا
َپ
ش
ٍ
ُپ
َپش
ش تػا ا .
ٗ ي
گ
٘
ُب
ؼمت بث
٘ ن
ثىت سزث ٍ ِتَث
٘ ش
ه
ٖ
.دَؿ
يٌ٘سوّ
بضبمت
ٕ
اشثُذٌٌوفشصه
ٕ
،اشثسط
ٍ ِث
ٗ
ُظ
اشث
ٕ
شث ِخبؿ اشثسط
ٗ
ُذ
ؼث
٘ سب
ص
ٗ دب
تػا
(
Deng and Bhattarai, 2018
.)
اشثسط
لبض سد
شضبض صا ٖىٗ
10
شث لگ
ٗ
ًذ
ٖ
ًد نْه
٘ب
ا ٍ
ٗ ىاش
ه ةَؼطه
ٖ
دَؿ
(
Hadavi et al., 2011
.)
بّسَـو
ٕ
لَتُذوف
٘ ذ
،ذٌلّ لهبؿ ىبْخ سد اشثسط
جولو
٘ب ا ،
ٗ تلاب
شهآ ُذطته
ٗ بى ئاشػا ،ادبًبو ،
٘ ل
،
ضىه ،سٍداَوا
ٗ ه ز ،
٘ ي
ٌّ ، ذ
،
غ ٍ يپاط ،ُشو
ُش٘
تػا
. ع
ٖ
125
ِتؿزگ لبػ
،
سد اشثسط نلس ىاساضّ
ِقػَت ىبْخ
ٗ
ِتفب
ِو
ث
٘ ؾ
صا 1000
اشثسط نلس
ٕ
ِخبؿ
شث
ٗ
ُذ
اشث
ٕ
لَت
٘ ذ
سبدت
ٕ
ُدبفتػا
ٖه
.دَؿ
ُصٍشها شعصااشثسطتـولثبلمبلساشثوا
ٗ ك
داذقت
ٕ
توشؿ صا
بّ
ٕ
صَصخ
ٖ
پ سبـتًا ذٌلّ سد
٘ اذ
ه
ٖ
ذٌٌو
(
Deng and Bhattarai, 2018
.)
ػا
٘ ذ
ّ
٘ هَ
٘ ه
ٗ
ه
وشت
٘ ت
جع
٘ ق
ٖ
ٍ
ٕاساد
50
بت
90
ًبگساداَهذصسد
٘ ه
تػا
ةآؿًٍَدلهبؿٍ
شگ
ٗ ض
شتوْه .تػا تػٍد ةآ ٍ
ٗ ي
أت ث٘
شث ىآ ش
گ
٘ ىبّب
شطت ٍ ذؿس لهبؿ
ٗ ه
ًِاَخ
ًص
ٖ
سزث
،
شطت
ٗ ه
ً ـودت
٘
،ىطٍشت
اضفا
ٗ ؾ
ص ـودت
ٗ تؼ
ُدَت
گ سد
٘ ىبّب
اضفا ٍ
ٗ ؾ
ازغ شصبٌف ةزخ
ٖٗ
ًذقه
ٖ
تػا
(Fahramand et al., 2014)
،ُدبه يٗا .
صا
شع
ٗ ك
خجتؾّبو
٘
،ش
آسبو
ٖٗ
ظػَتةآصاُدبفتػا گ
٘
ُب
اضفااس
ٗ ؾ
ٍ
َعثفبث
ٗ ل
سىذؿ
ٗ
ِـ
ٖه
دَؿ
ٍ
شطتاسِخبؿذؿس
ٗ ه
اصاٍ
ٗ ي
شع
ٗ ك
دَجْثثفبث
گذؿس
٘
ُب
ه
ٖ
دَؿ
،يٌ٘سوّ.
اضفاثفبث
ٗ ؾ
دشىلوف
هلَصطه
ٖ
دَؿ
گتهٍبمهِثٍ
٘
ُب
ؾٌتشثاشثسد
بّ
ههوو
ٖ
ذٌو
(
Mand et al., 2014
)
.
ؽساضگ
بّ
ٕ
دذقته
ٕ
ػاشثاَُطًُسبثسد
٘ ذ
ّ
٘ هَ
٘ ه
،دساددَخٍ
هبها
ٖ
ىاَت
أت ث٘
ؼمتِتػدٍدِثاسىآش
٘ ن
:دشو
ٗ ى
ٖ
متؼه شثا
٘ ن
ِث ِو تػا ىآ
ىاٌَف
ٗ ه
وشت
٘ ت
ِجؿ
ًَهسَّ
ٖ
هلوف
ٖ
دٍذٌو
ٗ شگ
ٕ
غشثا
٘ ش
متؼه
٘ ن
ثِوتػاىآ
ِ
اضفاتسَص
ٗ ؾ
ازغشصبٌفةزخ
ٖٗ
شعصا
ٗ ك
صبخ
٘ ت
گذٌٌوتلاو
ٖ
ٍ
ضا
٘ب
گذٌٌو
ٖ
ٍ
اضفا
ٗ ؾ
لَثبته
٘ نؼ
دَجْث،نبخسددَخَهىساذًبخ
قضٍ
٘ ت
ف
٘ ض
ٗ ى
ٖ
زپرَفً ؼفض ،نبخ
ٗ ش
ٕ
ٍ ءبـغ
شطت
ٗ ه
سذؿس
ٗ
ِـ
ِلبػٍ
تػا
(Fahramand et
al., 2014)
.
بث ُب٘گ ِـٗس نتؼ٘ػ ،ىبّب٘گ صا ٕسب٘ؼث سد
ًَِگ
ِث ذسبل فلتخه ٕبّ
ذًَ٘پ تؼٗضوّ تسَص
ِفَودهٍُدسَخ
ٖهدَخٍِثاسٕا
ىآِثِوذًسٍأ
ٖهِتفگضٗسَى٘ه
دَؿ
Alizadeh, 2001)
)
.
اسد
ٗ ي
ضوّ
ٗ تؼ
ٖ
،
ازغداَهذسبل
ٖٗ
گ
٘
ُب
تاس أ ه٘
ي
ه
ٖ
ذٌو
ٍ
گ
٘
ُب
ً
٘ ض
َّثشو
٘ تاسذ
بّ
ٕ
ًدسَه
٘ صب
نّاشفاسذسبل
ه
ٖ
ذٌو
.(Alizadeh, 2011)
ذسبل
ٕبّ
ضٗسَى٘ه
ثسآ لاَىؼ
س نّ
ص
ٗ تؼ
گَُملبث
٘ ىبّب
ثفبثٍذٌتؼّ
دَجْث
ةزخ زغه داَه ٍ ةآ
ٕ
گ سد
٘ ىبّب
ه
٘ ىبثض
ه
ٖ
ذًَؿ
(
Maharshi et al., 2019
.)
ـٍّظپ سد
ٖ
،
ت أث
٘ ش
ذ٘ػا
ّ
٘ هَ
٘ ه
تلاوًَبً ٍ
ؼلو
٘ ن
شث
ٍ
ٗ گظ
ٖ
بّ
ٕ
لگ ٍ ذؿس
ّد
ٖ
دٍٍاد
ٕ
(
Chrysanthemum morifolium
ز نلس )
ٌ٘
٘ت
ب
(Chinita)
ػسشث
ٖ
ذؿ ػا . ذ٘
ّ
٘ هَ
٘ ه
ِث
تسَص
تؼٗص 29
،ىاشٗاّٖب٘گٖػبٌؿ
لبػ
،نّدسبْز سبوؿ سبْث،نىٍُٗبدٌپٓ
1401
ٖوبخدشثسبو
تؾلغسد
بّ
ٕ
فلتخه 0
،
200
،
400
ٍ
600
ه
٘ل
ٖ
مشگ
لسد
٘ شت
ِث
صا ُدبفتػا.ذؿُدشثسبو
ػا ذ٘
ّ
٘ هَ
٘ ه
،
اضفا تجػ
ٗ ؾ
ىصٍ
شت
ىصٍ ،ِلبػ
سهـخ
ٗ
ِـ
شغل ،ِلبػلَع ،يشث صغػ ،ِلبػٍ
ه ٍ لگ
٘ ىاض
فٍشلو
٘ ل
ذؿ
(Balazadeh and
Hassanpour Asil, 2014)
شگٗد ٖـٍّظپ سد .
نلسصسٍٕس
Dolce Vita
دشثسبوِودادىبـًحٗبتً
ذ٘ػا ٖوبخ
تؾلغ بث ه٘هَّ٘
400
ٖل٘ه
سد مشگ
تؾلغبثي٘ػشتَپٍشت٘ل 4
ٖل٘ه
ؾٗاضفاثفبثسلاَه
ٌٖقه
بٌفساد
ىاض٘هِثضًًٖ٘اذلگشوفٍذؿيشثشص
لثبل
تفبٗؾٗاضفاْٖخَت (
Dastyaran, 2014
.)
سد
بهصآ
ٗ ـ
ٖ
ٍس
ٕ
زصس
ٌ٘
ٖ
(Rosa chinensis)
،
بتً
ٗ ح
ػا ِو داد ىبـً
ذ٘
ّ
٘ هَ
٘ ه
أت ث٘
اضفا تاش
ٗ ـ
ٖ
شث
ػَتًآ
٘
ًب
٘ ي
اَتطهٍ
ٕ
دسادلولَلطهذهبخداَه
،
ِث
ٕسَع
دشثسبو ِو 500
ٖل٘ه
ذ٘ػا شت٘ل سد مشگ
،ذؿ يً٘ب٘ػَتًآ ٍ ل٘فٍشلو ؾٗاضفاثفبث ه٘هَّ٘
ٖلبض سد
تؾلغ دشثسبو ِو
( شتـ٘ث ٕبّ
1000
ٖل٘ه
اس لَلطه ذهبخ داَه ىاض٘ه )شت٘ل سد مشگ
ٍُلاف .داد ؾٗاضفا
يٗاشث
،
ػا ذ٘
ّ
٘ هَ
٘ ه
صخبؿ شث
ىصٍٍيشثصغػ
سٍِلبػهـخٍشت
ٗ
ِـ
ً
٘ ض
ثأت
٘ ش
ٌقه
ٖ
د سا
ٕ
تؿاد
(Talebi and Jabbarzadeh,
2018)
.
ِث ِو ٖـٗبهصآ سد
ذسبل ص٘ملت ٖػسشث سَؾٌه
ذ٘ػا ٍ ضٗسَى٘ه
صخبؿ شث ه٘هَّ٘
،ٕذؿس ٕبّ
تاسذَّ٘ثشوٍل٘فٍشلو
ب٘ػبوآُب٘گلو
(Acacia
saligna)
ذسبلص٘ملتدادىبـًحٗبتً،ذؿمبدًا
ٕبّ
ذ٘ػاِثتجؼًضٗسَى٘ه
شغل،ِتَثؿبفتساشثه٘هَّ٘
ىصٍ ،يشث صغػ ،ِلبػ
،ِـٗس ٍ ِلبػ هـخ ٍ شت
ٖهبوت سد لو تاسذَّ٘ثشو ٍ ل٘فٍشلو ىاض٘ه توؼل
ٌٖقه تجثه شثا ُب٘گ ٕبّ
تؿاد ٕساد (
El- Khateeb et al., 2011
)
. بهصآ سد
ٗ ـ
ٖ
د
ٗ شگ
ٍس
ٕ
لگ
ملت ،صس
٘ ص
ه ذسبل بث
٘ سَى
ٗ ض
داذقت ذؿ ثفبث
لگ
بّ
،
اضفا ذّبؿ ِث تجؼً
ٗ پ ؾ
٘ اذ
و
ٌ ذ
،يٌ٘سوّ ،
اشثمصلاىبهص
ٕ
ّذلگ
ٖ
سد
گ
٘ ىبّب
ص٘ملت
ُذؿ
ت شؼ
ٗ ـ
ا ٍ ذؿ
ٗ ي
گ
٘ ىبّب
هٗ
لگ شتدٍص ُبه ذًداد
(
Garmendia and Mangas, 2012
.) ػسشث سد
ٖ
د
ٗ شگ
،
ت أث
٘ ش
هذسبل
٘ سَى
ٗ ض
هسٍدَو ٍ
ٖ
ػَپوو
ت
ٍس
ٕ
وز
ي
(Chrysopogon zizanioides L.)
ذؿ ٖػسشث صخبؿ ٍ
بّ
ٕ
ف
٘ ض
ٗ طَلَ
هٗ
،
ىصٍ
س ٍ ُسبؼخبؿ هـخ
ٗ
،ِـ
يغٍس
بّ
ٕ
ؼًبػا
ٖ
،
فٍشلو
٘
،ل
ئٌَتسبو
٘ ذ
ه ٍ
٘ ىاض
لٍشپ
٘ ي
ُصاذًا
گ
٘ ش
ٕ
ذؿ .
بتً
ٗ ح
ِث
ُذهآتػد
وبض
ٖ
ذسبلِودَثىآصا
ه٘
سَى
ٗ ض
ِث
هسٍ ُاشوّ
ٖ اضفا ثفبث تػَپوو
ٗ ؾ
ٌقه
ٖ
اساد
ٗ ي
صخبؿ
گسدبّ
٘ ىبّب
ملت
٘ ص
تجؼًُذؿ
گِث
٘ ىبّب
ذؿذّبؿ
.(Akhzari et al., 2018)
ِخَتبث
ذ٘ػا ذ٘فه تاش٘ثأت ِث
ذسبل ٍ ه٘هَّ٘
ٖگظٍٗ شث ضٗسَى٘ه
ّوو ٕبّ
،ىبّب٘گ ٖف٘و ٍ ٖ
ذ٘ػا ش٘ثأت ٕبٌجه شث ٖـٍّظپ
ذسبل ٍ ه٘هَّ٘
ٖگظٍٗشثضٗسَى٘ه
غپٍٖٗب٘و٘ؿَ٘ثٍٕذؿسٕبّ
.ذؿمبدًااشثسطلگتؿادشثصا
شور و داوم اه
ِث
ٖتفبث تـو ءبـً ،ؾٍّظپ يٗا مبدًا سَؾٌه نلس اشثسط
ىاذلگ سد ،ًٖاد
ندض بث ٕبّ
7
،شت٘ل
ت٘تشتِثىاذلگشغلٍؿبفتسا 19
ٍ
24
ٖتًبػ
سدشته
ت٘پصاِتخ٘هإٓشتؼثسدهًَ٘پٍسذّ٘ظٗاشؿ
عبه
( 65
( ت٘لشپ ،)ذصسد 30
( ت٘پَوَو ٍ )ذصسد 5
ًِبخلگسد)ذصسد
ُبگـًادٕذ٘لَتٍٖـٍّظپٕبّ
لىؿ(ذًذؿتـوِ٘هٍسا 1
ًِبخلگًِاصٍسٕبهد.)
20
بت 25
تؿٕبهدٍ
13
بت 16
ٍداشگ٘تًبػِخسد
ٖگظٍٗدَجْث
لگتؿادشثصاغپٍٖٗب٘و٘ؿَ٘ث،هٗطَلَفسَهٕبّ
اشثسط (Gerbera jamesonii ‘Dune’)
ذ٘ػادشثسبوبث
ذسبلٍه٘هَّ٘
ضٗسَى٘ه
،
يٗشفآشخبّ
ىاسبىوٍّ
29
سًَتذؿ
400
بت 500
ًِ٘بثشثـثشهشتهشثلَهٍشى٘ه
عبػا شث ٍ ِتفّ سد سبث ِػ ضً٘ ِٗزغت .دَث
ت٘وشت
لٍذخ( ٖٗازغ لَلطه 1
شور ِث مصلا .ذؿ مبدًا ،)
ِث صخـه تؾلغ بث ضً٘ ٍشى٘ه شصبٌف ِو تػا
ِث ؾٍّظپ يٗا .ذًذؿ ِفبضا ٖٗازغ لَلطه
تسَص
ساشىتِػبثٖفدبصتلأهبوششعتلبلسدلٗسَتوبف
هٗىاذلگشّسدٍىاذلگِػلهبؿساشىتشِّو
ِث،دَثُب٘گ
ًِبخلگسدًٍٖاذلگتسَص
.ذؿاشخا
تؾلغ سبْز :لٍا لهبف :لهبؿ ٖـٗبهصآ لهاَف ذ٘ػافلتخه
تٗدسبًَئلـجٌهصاه٘هَّ٘
85
ذصسد
،شفص(
500
، 1000
ٍ 2000
ٖل٘ه
)شت٘ل سد مشگ
ِث
:مٍد لهبف ٍ تـو ظ٘طه سد دشثسبو تسَص ه ذسبل صغػٍد
٘ سَى
ٗ ض
ه ىٍذث(
٘ سَى
ٗ ض
ٍ
ه٘
سَى
ٗ سادض
ِث
تسَص )ِـٗس ص٘ملت
.ذًدَث
ظ٘طه
تـو
ضٗسَى٘هذسبلؿًَِػصاٖعَلخهبثىاذلگ
لهبؿ
Rhizophagus fasciculatus
،
Diversispora versiformis
ٍ
Funneliformis
mosseae
ىبّب٘گتؿبوىبهصسدص٘ملت.ذؿص٘ملت
ٍذؿمبدًاِـٗسِمغٌهسدٍىاذلگسد 60
صامشگ
ذسبلسَپػا ،نبخ لهبؿ( ص٘ملت ِٗبه
فّ٘ ،بّ
ٍ بّ
ِـٗس
ىاذلگ صا ٖوً٘ ِث )ضٗسَى٘ه ٕبّ
ىبّب٘گ( بّ
ِ٘مث ِث .ذؿ ِفبضا )ضٗسَى٘ه ذسبل بث ُذؿ ص٘ملت ىاذلگ
)ضٗسَى٘هص٘ملتىٍذثىبّب٘گ(بّ
ىاض٘هىبوّ
ذسبلص٘ملتِٗبه.ذؿِفبضا،ُذؿٍلاوَتاص٘ملتِٗبه
نبخ مَلف ٍُشگ ٖثٍشى٘ه هًبث صا ضٗسَى٘ه .ذؿِْ٘تِ٘هٍساُبگـًادٕصسٍبـوُذىـًاد
ءبـًساشمتػاصاذقثِتفٍّد
شّ،بّ
15
سبجىٗصٍس
تذهِثٍ
3
لَلطهُبه
ذقثِتفٍّد.ذؿمبدًاّٖد
وفاىبهصتذهمبوتاصا
،بّسبو٘تلب صخبؿ
ىصٍٕبّ
بث(ٖلبت٘دٗدٍٕصاشتهووِثلگهـخىصٍٍشت
تلد 0001 / 0
ظخبثيشثلَع،)مشگ
صغػ،ؾو
ُصاذًا ُبگتػد هوو ِث يشث هٌْپ
صغػ ٕش٘گ
لذه( يشث
Am200
توشؿ ،
ADC
Bioscientific
،
شث( ِـٗسندض ،)ىبتؼلگًا سَـو
جسذه ًِاَتػا سد ُذؿ دبدٗا ندض فلاتخا عبػا
ٍٕبض 500
ٖل٘ه
ىبٗبپىبهص(ٖٗبدلگشوف،)ةآشت٘ل
ِو ٖتلٍ ،لگ شوف 30
لگ ذصسد
ًِبثص ٕبّ
ٕا
ُصاذًا،)ذًذؿُدشهظپ
ذؿٕش٘گ
., et al Haghighi (
2014)
.
ل٘فٍشلوىاض٘ه
،a
b
ؽٍسبثلول٘فٍشلوٍ
Lichtenthaler
(
)1987
يشثصا
ي٘٘قتُب٘گغلبثٕبّ
ل٘فٍشلوٕاشثةزخىاض٘هٍذؿ
a
ٍ
b
سدت٘تشتِث
ٕبّجَهلَع 663
ٍ
645
ِغثاسبثشتهًَبً
شٗصٕبّ
.ذؿِجػبطه
ِغثاس 1
Chla = (11.75 ×A663 – 2.350 ×A645)
ِغثاس 2
Chlb = (18.61×A645 – 3.960 ×A663)
ِغثاس 3
Total Chl = Chla + Chb
يشث صا لو لَلطه ذٌل ىاض٘ه
ٍ ُب٘گ غلبث ٕبّ
ؽٍس بث
Irigoyen
( ىاسبىوّ ٍ
لَع سد ،)1992
جَه 625
لذه( شتهَتفٍشتىپػا ُبگتػد بث شتهًَبً
UV-2100
توشؿ ،
Unico
ُصاذًا )
.ذًذؿ ٕش٘گ
ِث
ُصاذًا سَؾٌه
صخبؿ ٕش٘گ
،تؿادشث صا غپ ٕبّ
لگ
سد ٍ تؿادشث يتؼـً ُدشگ ِث صا لجل بّ
500
ٖل٘ه
ٕبهد ،شغمه ةآ شت٘ل 20
،داشگ٘تًبػ ِخسد
ٖجؼً تثَعس 70
ٕسًَ ُسٍد ٍ ذصسد 10
ٖلا 14
ًَِوًٍذًذؿ ٕساذْگًتفبػ
ٕبّصٍسسدٕسادشث
،شفص 6
ٍ 12
ًا تؿادشث صا غپ صٍس
.ذؿ مبد
تؼٗص 29
،ىاشٗاّٖب٘گٖػبٌؿ
لبػ
،نّدسبْز سبوؿ سبْث،نىٍُٗبدٌپٓ
1401
ؽٍس بث يشجلگ ًَٖٗ تـً صخبؿ
Lutts
ٍ
ىاسبىوّ
(
)1995
ىَلبه ىاض٘ه ٍ
ٕد
ؽٍس بث ذ٘ئذلآ
Cakmak and Horst
(1991)
ُصاذًا
.ذؿٕش٘گ
ُدادٕسبهآِٗضدت
مشًبثبّ
ساضفا
SAS
ِخؼً
2 / 9
ُداد ي٘گًب٘ه ِؼٗبمه ٍ
ٌِهاد ذٌز ىَهصآ بث بّ
ٕا
Tukey
.ذؿمبدًاذصسدهٗصغػسد
لىؿ 1 -
.ًٖادنلساشثسطٕبّلگ)ج(تؿادشثصاغپٍ)ة(ّٖذلگ،)فلا(تـولضاشه
Figure 1. The cultivation (A), flowering (B) and post-harvest stages (C) of gerbera flowers ‘Dune’.
لٍذخ 1 -
اشثسطلگتـوٕاشثُدبفتػادسَهٖٗازغِهبًشث
ٕاشث
ِْ٘ت 1000
.لَلطهشت٘ل
Table 1. Nutritional program used for gerbera (Used for making 1000 liters of solution).
ٖٗب٘و٘ؿلَهشف )2
Mg (NO3
KNO3
NO3
NH4
MAP SO4
K2
Fe chelate
6%
O . 10H2
NO3
NH4
- )2 5Ca (NO3
)مشگ(ساذمه 210
493
120
33 / 38
87
20
75
ثحب و جیاتن
گرب حطس و لوط
ُدادغًبٗساٍِٗضدتصالصبضحٗبتً
دادىبـًبّ
ِو تاشثا
ذ٘ػا لثبمته ٍ ٖلصا
دشثسبو ٍ ه٘هَّ٘
صغػ سد ،يشث صغػ ٍ لَع شث ضٗسَى٘ه ذسبل
لبوتضا 1
ٌٖقه ذصسد
لٍذخ( دَث ساد 2
ِؼٗبمه .)
ُداد ي٘گًب٘ه
ىاض٘ه ؾٗاضفا بث ِو داد ىبـً بّ
ذ٘ػا
ذسبل بث ُذؿ ص٘ملت ىبّب٘گ سد ه٘هَّ٘
يشثلَع،ضٗسَى٘ه
ٖلبضسديٗا.تفبٗؾٗاضفابّ
سدِوتػا
ش٘ثأته٘هَّ٘ذ٘ػا،ُذـًص٘ملتىبّب٘گ
ٌٖقه
ذّبؿ ِث تجؼً يشث لَع ؾٗاضفا سد ٕساد
لىؿ( تؿاذً
2
،ضً٘ يشث صغػ دسَه سد .)فلا
ثفبث ُذؿ ص٘ملت ىبّب٘گ سد ه٘هَّ٘ذ٘ػا دشثسبو
ِوٕسَعِثذؿذّبؿِثتجؼًيشثصغػؾٗاضفا ( يشث صغػ يٗشتـ٘ث
3 / 16883
ٖل٘ه
سد )ـثشه شته
تؾلغ 1000
ٖل٘ه
سد ه٘هَّ٘ذ٘ػا شت٘ل سد مشگ
ٖلٍذؿُذّبـهضٗسَى٘هذسبلبثُذؿص٘ملتىبّب٘گ
ش٘ثبت ه٘هَّ٘ذ٘ػا ،ُذـً ص٘ملت ىبّب٘گ سد
ٌٖقه
لىؿ( تؿاذً ىبّب٘گ يشث صغػ شث ٕساد 2
.)ة
ٖگظٍٗدَجْث
لگتؿادشثصاغپٍٖٗب٘و٘ؿَ٘ث،هٗطَلَفسَهٕبّ
اشثسط (Gerbera jamesonii ‘Dune’)
ذ٘ػادشثسبوبث
ذسبلٍه٘هَّ٘
ضٗسَى٘ه
،
يٗشفآشخبّ
ىاسبىوٍّ
29
لٍذخ 2 -
ِٗضدتحٗبتً
ذ٘ػاش٘ثأتغًبٗسإٍ
سَى٘هذسبلٍه٘هَّ٘
ٖگظٍٖٗخشثشثضٗ
.ًٖادنلساشثسطٕبّ
Table 2. Results of variance analysis of the effect of humic acid and Mycorrhiza on some characteristics of Gerbera jamesonii cv. Dune.
تبقثشهي٘گًب٘ه ِخسد
ٕداصآ
تاش٘٘غتـثبٌه
لولَلطهذٌل
لول٘فٍشلو bل٘فٍشلو aل٘فٍشلو ٕبدلگشوف لگهـخىصٍ لگشتىصٍ ِـٗسندض يشثصغػ يشثلَع
65**
/
2304 8/415** 0/0560** 4/656** 123/611** 0/519** 43/810** 1415/33** 12693822/28** 299/315** 3 ه٘هَّ٘ذ٘ػا 85**
/
4210 3/168** 0/242** 1/659** 140/166** 0/525** 72/176** 468/16** 47494693/50** 341/260** 1 ضٗسَى٘هذسبل 56**
/
458 0/096** 0/0029ns 0/081ns 10/388ns 0/105* 1/817** 24/61** 2398763/61** 42/149** 3 ×ه٘هَّ٘ذ٘ػا ضٗسَى٘هذسبل 29
/
47 0/150 0/002 0/125 3/166 0/0105 0/295 2/83 369539/54 7/11 16 ٖـٗبهصإٓبغخ
52 /
9 13/91 31/49 17/64 12/34 11/47 5/73 2/45 4/69 8/49 ---- تاش٘٘غتتٗشض
(CV)
،**
* nsٍ
ِث
ت٘تشت
ٌٖقه
صغػسدٕساد 1
ذصسد
،
ٌٖقه
صغػسدٕساد 5
ذصسد
ٍ
ٌٖقهمذف
ٕساد .
**, * and ns significantly difference at 1 and 5%
تؼٗص 29
،ىاشٗاّٖب٘گٖػبٌؿ
لبػ
،نّدسبْز سبوؿ سبْث،نىٍُٗبدٌپٓ
1401
لىؿ 2 -
ش٘ثبت تؾلغ
فلتخهٕبّ
ذ٘ػا
يشثلَعشثضٗسَى٘هذسبلٍه٘هَّ٘
)ة(يشثصغػٍ)فلا(
فٍشض.ًٖادنلساشثسط
ٌٖقهفلاتخامذفشگًب٘ثىبؼىٗ
لبوتضاصغػسدساد 1
ي٘گًب٘هي٘ثذصسد
بّ
بث
ىَهصآ
Tukey
.تػا
Figure 2. Effects ofdifferent rates of humic acid and mycorrhiza fungi on leaf length (A) and leaf area (B) of gerbera
‘Dune’. Similar letters indicate no significant difference with Tukey's test at p≤1%.
هشیر مجح
ُدادغًبدٗساٍِدٗضدتصاُذدهآتػدِثحٗبتً
بدّ
ٖلدصاتاش٘ثأتِودادىبـً
ذ٘دػا
ذسبدلٍهد٘هَّ٘
ىآلثبمتهشثا،يٌ٘سوٍّضٗسَى٘ه
ِدـٗسنددضشثبّ
لبوتضاصغػسد 1
ٌٖقهذصسد
لٍذدخ(دَدثساد 2
.)
ُدادي٘گًب٘هِؼٗبمه
نددضيٗشتدـ٘ثِدودادىبـًبّ
(ِدددـٗس 88
ٖدددل٘ه
تدددؾلغسد)تدددقىهشدددته 2000
ٖل٘ه
ذ٘دػاشدت٘لسدمشدگ
ضٗسَدى٘هسبدو٘تٍهد٘هَّ٘
ذٌزشّ،ذؿُذّبـه
تؾلغبثِو 1000
ٖل٘ه
سدمشگ
ذ٘ػاشت٘ل
فلاتخاضٗسَى٘هٍٕبضىبّب٘گٍه٘هَّ٘
ٌٖقه
يٗشدتوو.تدؿاذًدَخٍٕسبهآػبطلصإساد (ِـٗسندض 33
/ 44
ٖل٘ه
ذّبدؿسبو٘تسد)تقىهشته
ذ٘ػادشثسبوىٍذث(
َى٘هٍه٘هَّ٘
س
ذؿُذّبـه)ضٗ
لىؿ(
3 .)
لىؿ 3 -
ش٘ثبت تؾلغ
فلتخهٕبّ
ذ٘ػا
فلاتخامذفشگًب٘ثىبؼىٗفٍشض.ًٖادنلساشثسطِـٗسندضشثضٗسَى٘هذسبلٍه٘هَّ٘
ٌٖقه
لبوتضاصغػسدساد 1
ي٘گًب٘هي٘ثذصسد
بّ
بث
ىَهصآ
Tukey
.تػا
Figure 3. Effects ofdifferent rates of humic acid and mycorrhiza fungi on volume of root of gerbera ‘Dune’. Similar letters indicate no significant difference with Tukey's test at p≤ 1%.
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
0 500 1000 2000
هشیر نجح(ةعکه رته یلیه)
کیهویه دیسا تظلغ (
رتیل رد مرگ یلیه )
non- mycorrhizal mycorrhizal
ٖگظٍٗدَجْث
لگتؿادشثصاغپٍٖٗب٘و٘ؿَ٘ث،هٗطَلَفسَهٕبّ
اشثسط (Gerbera jamesonii ‘Dune’)
ذ٘ػادشثسبوبث
ذسبلٍه٘هَّ٘
ضٗسَى٘ه
،
يٗشفآشخبّ
ىاسبىوٍّ
29
نزو لگ کشخ و رت
لٍذخ 2
ذ٘ػاٖلصاشثاِودادىبـً
ٍه٘هَّ٘
ىصٍ شث ضٗسَى٘ه ذسبل
صغػ سد لگ هـخ ٍ شت
لبوتضا 1
ذصسد
ٌٖقه
لثبمته شثا ،يٌ٘سوّ .دَث ساد
ذ٘ػا
ىصٍشثضً٘ضٗسَى٘هذسبلٍه٘هَّ٘
سدلگشت
لبوتضا صغػ 1
سد لگ هـخ ىصٍ شث ٍ ذصسد
لبوتضاصغػ 5
ٌٖقهذصسد
ي٘گًب٘هِؼٗبمه.دَثساد
ُداد
ٖه ىبـً بّ
بث ُذؿ سبو٘ت ىبّب٘گ سد ِو ذّد
ذ٘ػا تؾلغ ؾٗاضفا ،ضٗسَى٘ه ذسبل
ِث ه٘هَّ٘
ضفا ىصٍِخَتلثبلؾٗا
ذّبؿسبو٘تِثتجؼًلگشت
ذؿ شدٌه
،
ِث
ٕسَع
ىصٍ يٗشتـ٘ث ِو
( لگ شت 19
/ 14
تؾلغ سد )مشگ 2000
ٖل٘ه
شت٘ل سد مشگ
ذ٘ػا
ضٗسَى٘هذسبلبثُذؿسبو٘تىبّب٘گٍه٘هَّ٘
تؾلغ بث ِز شگا ،ذؿ ُذّبـه 1000
ٖل٘ه
سد مشگ
ذ٘ػا شت٘ل
فلاتخا ضٗسَى٘ه دشثسبو ٍ ه٘هَّ٘
ه
ٌٖق
ىصٍ يٗشتوو .تؿاذً ٕساد
( لگ شت 66
/ 4
ذ٘ػادشثسبوىٍذث(ذّبؿسبو٘تسد)مشگ
ٍه٘هَّ٘
لىؿ(ذهآتػدِث)ضٗسَى٘هذسبل 4
ِؼٗبمه.)فلا
ُداد ي٘گًب٘ه
يٗشتوو ٍ يٗشتـ٘ث ِو داد ىبـً بّ
( لگ هـخ ىصٍ ىاض٘ه 62
/ 1
ٍ 52 / 0
ِث )مشگ
تؾلغ سد ت٘تشت 2000
ٖل٘ه
شت٘ل سد مشگ
ذ٘ػا
ّ
لىؿ(ذهآتػدِثذّبؿسبو٘تٍه٘هَ٘
4
لىؿِوسَغًبوّ.)ة 4
ٖهىبـً
تسَصسدذّد
ذ٘ػاتؾلغؾٗاضفا،ضٗسَى٘هذسبلدشثسبو
ه٘هَّ٘
.ذؿشدٌهلگهـخىصٍؾٗاضفاِث
لىؿ 4 -
ش٘ثبت تؾلغ
فلتخهٕبّ
ذ٘ػا
شثضٗسَى٘هذسبلٍه٘هَّ٘
ىصٍ
ىبؼىٗفٍشض.ًٖادنلساشثسطلگ)ة(هـخٍ)فلا(شت
ٌٖقهفلاتخامذفشگًب٘ث
ي٘گًب٘هي٘ثذصسدحٌپلبوتضاصغػسدساد
بّ
بث
ىَهصآ
Tukey
.تػا
Figure 4. Effects ofdifferent rates of humic acid and mycorrhiza fungi on flower fresh (A) and dry weight (B) of gerbera ‘Dune’. Similar letters indicate no significant difference with Tukey's test at p≤ 5%
0 5 10 15 20
0 500 1000 2000
لگ رت ىزو(مرگ )
کیهویه دیسا تظلغ (
رتیل رد مرگ یلیه )
non- mycorrhizal mycorrhizal
فلا
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
0 500 1000 2000
لگ کشخ ىزو(مرگ )
کیهویه دیسا تظلغ (
رتیل رد مرگ یلیه )
non- mycorrhizal mycorrhizal
ب
