ﻥﺍﺭﺎﮑﻤﻫ ﻭ ﻡﺪﻘﻣ ﻱﺭﺰﺨﻧ :
ﻭ ﻦﻴﻣﺯ ﻱﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ،ﺩﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ ﺮﺑ ﺰﺒﺳ ﺵﺎﻣ ﻭ ﺕﺭﺫ ﻁﻮﻠﺨﻣ ﺖﺸﮐ ﺮﺛﺍ ...
۱۵۱
ﻪﻠﺠﻣ ﻡﻮﻠﻋ ﮔ ﻴ ﻋﺍﺭﺯ ﻥﺎﻫﺎ ﻲ
ﻥﺍﺮﻳﺍ
ﺩ ﻩﺭﻭ ۴۰ ﻩﺭﺎﻤﺷ ، ۴ ، ۱۳۸۸ ) ۱۵۹
‐ ۱۵۱ (
ﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ،ﺩﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ ﺮﺑ ﺰﺒﺳ ﺵﺎﻣ ﻭ ﺕﺭﺫ ﻁﻮﻠﺨﻣ ﺖﺸﻛ ﺮﺛﺍ ﻱ
ﻣﺯ ﻴ ﻦ
ﺧﺮﺑ ﻭ ﻲ ﻭ ﺯﺍ ﻳ ﮔﮋ ﻲ ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﮐ ﻴ ﻔ ﻲ ﻪﻓﻮﻠﻋ
ﻡﺪﻘﻣ ﻱﺭﺰﺨﻧ ﻲﻠﻋ
*۱
ﻲﺋﺎﭼ ﺎﺿﺭﺪﻤﺤﻣ ،
۲ﻲﭼ ﻱﺮﻫﺎﻈﻣ ﺵﻮﻳﺭﺍﺩ ، ﻱﺪﻬﺸﻣ ﻥﺎﻴﻤﻴﺣﺭ ﺪﻴﻤﺣ ،۳
،۳
ﻲﻨﻴﺴﺣ ﻥﻮﻨﺠﻣ ﺮﺻﺎﻧ ﻌﺳﺎﺒﻋ ﻭ ۴
ﻱﺭﻮﻧ ﻲﻠ
۵ﺎﻴﻧ
۱
، ﻭ ﻥﺍﺮﻬﺗ ﻩﺎﮕﺸﻧﺍﺩ ،ﻲﻌﻴﺒﻃ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﻭ ﻱﺯﺭﻭﺎﺸﮐ ﺲﻳﺩﺮﭘ ،ﺕﺎﺗﺎﺒﻧ ﺡﻼﺻﺍ ﻭ ﺖﻋﺍﺭﺯ ﻩﻭﺮﮔ ،ﻱﺮﺘﮐﺩ ﻖﺑﺎﺳ ﻱﻮﺠﺸﻧﺍﺩ
ﺩﺎﺘﺳﺍ ﻳ ﺭﺎ
، ﻟﺎﻋ ﺵﺯﻮﻣﺁ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻣ ﻲ
ﺪﺒﻨﮔ
، ۲ ، ۳ ، ۴ ، ۵ ﻥﺍﺩﺎﺘﺳﺍ ،ﺭﺎﻴﺸﻧﺍﺩ ، ﻭ
ﺭﺎﻴﺸﻧﺍﺩ ﻲﻌﻴﺒﻃ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﻭ ﻱﺯﺭﻭﺎﺸﮐ ﺲﻳﺩﺮﭘ ،
ﻩﺎﮕﺸﻧﺍﺩ ﻥﺍﺮﻬﺗ
، ۶ ﺯﺭﻭﺎﺸﮐ ﺕﺎﻘﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﺰﮐﺮﻣ ،ﺭﺎﻳﺩﺎﺘﺳﺍ ، ﻥﺎﺘﺴﻠﮔ ﻲﻌﻴﺒﻃ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﻭ ﻱ
) ﺖﻓﺎﻳﺭﺩ ﺦﻳﺭﺎﺗ :
۱۵ / ۵ / ۸۷
‐ ﺐﻳﻮﺼﺗ ﺦﻳﺭﺎﺗ :
۲۴ / ۳ / ۸۸ (
ﻩﺪﻴﮑﭼ
ﺧﺮﺑ ﻭ ﮏﺸﺧ ﻥﺯﻭ ﺮﺑ ﺰﺒﺳ ﺵﺎﻣ ﻭ ﺕﺭﺫ ﻁﻮﻠﺨﻣ ﺖﺸﻛ ﺕﺍﺮﺛﺍ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺭﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﻪﺑ
ﻲ ﻭ ﺯﺍ ﻳ ﮔﮋ ﻲ ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﮐ ﻴ ﻔ ﻲ
ﺸﻳﺎﻣﺯﺁ ،ﻪﻓﻮﻠﻋ ﻲ
ﺭﺩ ﻝﺎﺳ ﻥﺎﺘﺴﺑﺎﺗ ﺎﻫ
ﻱ ١٣٨٥ ﻭ ١٣٨٦ ﻥﺎﮔﺮﮔ ﻱﺯﺭﻭﺎﺸﻛ ﺕﺎﻘﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻩﺎﮕﺘﺴﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺕﺭﻮﺻ ﻪﺑ
ﻙﻮﻠﺑ ﻛ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻓﺩﺎﺼﺗ ﻞﻣﺎ ٤
ﺪﺷ ﺍﺮﺟﺍ ﺭﺍﺮﮑﺗ .
ﺪﻳﺮﺒﻴﻫ ﺕﺭﺫ ﻭ ﺪﺒﻨﮔ ﻲﻠﺤﻣ ﺵﺎﻣ ﺭﺬﺑ ﺯﺍ ﺶﻳﺎﻣﺯﺁ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ
ﺱﺍﺮﻛ ﻞﮕﻨﻴﺳ ٥٥٠
ﺪﺷ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ .
ﺎﻣﺯﺁ ﻳ ﺎﺑ ﺺﻟﺎﺧ ﺕﺭﺫ ﺕﺭﻮﺻ ﻪﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻁﻮﻠﺨﻣ ﻭ ﺺﻟﺎﺧ ﺭﺎﻤﻴﺗ ﻩﺩﺯﺍﻭﺩ ﺶ
ﻒﻠﻋ ﻝﺮﺘﻨﻛ ﻒﻠﻋ ﻝﺮﺘﻨﻛ ﻥﻭﺪﺑ ﺺﻟﺎﺧ ﺕﺭﺫ ،ﺯﺮﻫ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ ،ﺯﺮﻫ ﻱﺎﻫ ١٠،٢٠
، ٣٠ ، ٤٠ ﻭ ٥٠ ﺵﺎﻣ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ
ﺟ ،ﺕﺭﺫ ﻪﺑ ﺎﺟ ﻪﺑ ﺵﺎﻣ ﻲﻨﻳﺰﮕﻳﺎ
ﻱ ٢٥ ، ٥٠ ﻭ ٧٥ ﻒﻠﻋ ﻝﺮﺘﻨﻛ ﺎﺑ ﺺﻟﺎﺧ ﺵﺎﻣ ،ﺕﺭﺫ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ ﺯﺮﻫ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻭ
ﻒﻠﻋ ﻝﺮﺘﻨﻛ ﻥﻭﺪﺑ ﺺﻟﺎﺧ ﺵﺎﻣ ﻣ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ﺯﺮﻫ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻲ ﺪﺷ . ﻝﺎﺳ ﺭﺩ ١٣٨٦ ،ﻢﻀﻫ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ﮏﺸﺧ ﻩﺩﺎﻣ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ ،
ﻫﻮﺑﺮﮐ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ ﻴ
ﺕﺍﺭﺪ ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﺑ ﺮﺘﺴﮐﺎﺧ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺏﺁ ﺭﺩ ﻝﻮﻠﺤﻣ ﻴ
ﻝﺎﺳ ﺯﺍ ﺮﺘﺸ ١٣٨٥
ﺌﺗﻭﺮﭘ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ ﻭ ﻴ
ﺪﺻﺭﺩ ،ﻦ
ﻓﻴ ﻏ ﺮﺒ ﻴ ﺩ ﻞﺣ ﻞﺑﺎﻗﺮ ﻮﺷ ﺭ
ﻳ ﻩﺪﻨ ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﺳﺍ ﻴ ﺪ ﻱ ﺌﺗﻭﺮﭘ ﺩﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ ﻭ ﻴ
ﺩﻮﺑ ﺮﺘﻤﮐ ﻦ .
ﺗ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻴ ﺎﻫﺭﺎﻤ ﻱ ﻧ ﻁﻮﻠﺨﻣ ﻴ ﺮﻈﻧ ﺯﺍ ﺰ
ﻠﮐ ﻴ ﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﺕﺎﻔﺻ ﻪ ﻲ
ﺭﺎﻴﺴﺑ ﻑﻼﺘﺧﺍ ﻲﻨﻌﻣ
ﺭﺍﺩ ﺖﺷﺍﺩ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ .
ﺗﻴ ﻝﺮﺘﻨﻛ ﺎﺑ ﺕﺭﺫ ﺺﻟﺎﺧ ﺖﺸﮐ ﺭﺎﻤ
ﻒﻠﻋ ﺍﺭﺍﺩ ﺯﺮﻫ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻱ
ﻪﻓﻮﻠﻋ ﺩﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ ﻦﻳﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ )
٨٨ / ١٤ ﺭﺎﺘﮑﻫ ﺭﺩ ﻦﺗ (
ﻢﻀﻫ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ﮏﺸﺧ ﻩﺩﺎﻣ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ ،
) ١٤ / ٧٨ ( ﺪﺻﺭﺩ ﻭ ﻫﻮﺑﺮﮐ ﻴ ﺕﺍﺭﺪ ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﺏﺁ ﺭﺩ ﻝﻮﻠﺤﻣ )
٤١ / ٣٢ ( ﺮﺘﻤﮐ ﻭ ﻳ ﺌﺗﻭﺮﭘ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ ﻦ ﻴ
ﻡﺎﺧ ﻦ ) ٤٥ / ٨ ( ،
ﻓ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ ﻴ ﻏ ﺮﺒ ﻴ ﻮﺷ ﺭﺩ ﻞﺣ ﻞﺑﺎﻗﺮ ﻳ
ﻩﺪﻨ ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﺳﺍ ﻴ ﺪ ﻱ ) ٨٧ / ١٧ ( ﺮﺘﺴﮐﺎﺧ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ ﻭ )
٢٧ / ٤ ( ﺩﻮﺑ . ﺮﺘﻤﮐ ﻳ ﺩﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ ﻦ
ﻪﻓﻮﻠﻋ ) ٣٢ / ٤ ﺭﺎﺘﮑﻫ ﺭﺩ ﻦﺗ (
ﻢﻀﻫ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ﮏﺸﺧ ﻩﺩﺎﻣ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ ، )
٣٦ / ٦٦ ( ﻫﻮﺑﺮﮐ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ ، ﻴ
ﺕﺍﺭﺪ ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﺭﺩ ﻝﻮﻠﺤﻣ
ﺏﺁ ) ١٧ ( ﺩ ، ﺮﺘﺴﮐﺎﺧ ﺪﺻﺭ )
٨ / ٨ ( ﻣ ﻭ ﻴ ﺌﺗﻭﺮﭘ ﻥﺍﺰ ﻴ ﻦ ) ٨ / ٠ ﺭﺎﺘﮑﻫ ﺭﺩ ﻦﺗ (
ﺗ ﻪﺑ ﻴ ﻥﻭﺪﺑ ﺵﺎﻣ ﺺﻟﺎﺧ ﺖﺸﮐ ﺭﺎﻤ
ﻒﻠﻋ ﻝﺮﺘﻨﻛ ﺖﺷﺍﺩ ﻖﻠﻌﺗ ﺯﺮﻫ ﻱﺎﻫ
. ﺗﻴ ﻝﺮﺘﻨﮐ ﺎﺑ ﺵﺎﻣ ﺺﻟﺎﺧ ﺖﺸﮐ ﺭﺎﻤ ﻒﻠﻋ
ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﺍﺭﺍﺩ ﺯﺮﻫ ﻱ ﺑ ﻴ ﺮﺘﺸ ﻳ ﻦ
ﺌﺗﻭﺮﭘ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ ﻴ
ﻦ ) ٦٣ / ١٨ ( ﺩﻮﺑ . ﺑﻴ ﺮﺘﺸ ﻳ ﺌﺗﻭﺮﭘ ﺩﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ ﻦ ﻴ
ﺗ ﻪﺑ ﻦ ﻴ ﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﺭﺎﻤ ﻳ ﺶ ٥٠ ﻖﻠﻌﺗ ﺕﺭﺫ ﻪﺑ ﺵﺎﻣ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ
ﺖﺷﺍﺩ . ﻝﺎﺳ ﻞﺑﺎﻘﺘﻣ ﺮﺛﺍ
× ﺩﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ ﺞﻨﭘ ﺢﻄﺳ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻓﻮﻠﻋ ﺩﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻁﻮﻠﺨﻣ ﺖﺸﮐ
ﺌﺗﻭﺮﭘ ﻴ ﺢﻄﺳ ﺭﺩ ﻦ ﻳ
ﺪﺻﺭﺩ ﮏ ﻲﻨﻌﻣ
ﺭﺍﺩ ﺪﺷ . ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ ﻲﻨﻌﻣ
ﺭﺍﺩ ﺗ ﻭﺩ ﺩﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ ﻑﻼﺘﺧﺍ ﻥﺪﺸﻧ ﻴ
ﺖﺸﮐ ﺭﺎﻤ
ﻝﺮﺘﻨﮐ ﻥﻭﺪﺑ ﺕﺭﺫ ﺺﻟﺎﺧ ﻒﻠﻋ
ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﺗ ﻭ ﺯﺮﻫ ﻴ ﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﻁﻮﻠﺨﻣ ﺖﺸﮐ ﺭﺎﻤ ﻳ
ﺶ ٥٠ ﺮﺗﻻﺎﺑ ﻭ ﺕﺭﺫ ﻪﺑ ﺵﺎﻣ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ
ﻥﺩﻮﺑ ﺌﺗﻭﺮﭘ ﺩﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ ﻴ
ﺗ ﻦ ﻴ ﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﻁﻮﻠﺨﻣ ﺖﺸﮐ ﺭﺎﻤ ﻳ
ﺶ ٥٠ ﺎﻬﻧ ﺭﺩ ﻪﮐ ﺕﺭﺫ ﻪﺑ ﺵﺎﻣ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ ﻳ
ﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﺐﺟﻮﻣ ﺖ ﻳ
ﺶ
ﮐ ﻴﻔ ﻴ ﺍ ،ﺪﺷ ﻪﻓﻮﻠﻋ ﺖ ﻳ
ﺗ ﻦ ﻴ ﺮﺘﻬﺑ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ ﺭﺎﻤ ﻳ
ﺗ ﻦ ﻴ ﻓﺮﻌﻣ ﺭﺎﻤ ﻲ ﻣ ﻲ ﺩﺩﺮﮔ .
ﻩﮊﺍﻭ
ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﺪﻴﻠﮐ ﻱ ﺌﺗﻭﺮﭘ ،ﻢﻀﻫ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ﮏﺸﺧ ﻩﺩﺎﻣ ،ﻁﻮﻠﺨﻣ ﺖﺸﮐ ،ﺵﺎﻣ ،ﺕﺭﺫ: ﻴ
ﻦ .
ﻝﻮﺌﺴﻣ ﻩﺪﻨﺴﻳﻮﻧ *
: ﻡﺪﻘﻣ ﻱﺭﺰﺨﻧ ﻲﻠﻋ
ﻦﻔﻠﺗ : ۲۷۶۶۳۷۰ ‐
۰۹۱۱
E-mail: [email protected]
۱۵۲ ﻪﻠﺠﻣ
ﻲﻋﺍﺭﺯ ﻥﺎﻫﺎﻴﮔ ﻡﻮﻠﻋ ﻳﺍ
ﻩﺭﻭﺩ ،ﻥﺍﺮ ۴۰
ﻩﺭﺎﻤﺷ ، ۴ ، ۱۳۸۸
ﻣ ﻪﻣﺪﻘ
ﻪﻫﺩ ﺭﺩ ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﺟ ﻥﺪﺷ ﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑ ﺪﻨﭼ ﺎﺑ ﻪﺘﺷﺬﮔ ﻌﻤ
ﻴ ﻧﺩ ﺖ ﻴ ﺎ
ﻩﺭﺎﻗ ﺭﺩ ﺹﻮﺼﺨﺑ ﺎﻫ
ﻱ ﺮﻓﺁ ﻳ ﺳﺁ ﻭ ﺎﻘ ﻴ ﺎ ﺍﺮﺑ ﺎﺿﺎﻘﺗ ، ﻱ
ﻭ ﺍﺬﻏ
ﻦﮑﺴﻣ ﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﻳ ﺶ ﻟﻭ ، ﻲ ﺿﺍﺭﺍ ﻲ ﺯﺭﻭﺎﺸﮐ ﺱﺮﺘﺳﺩ ﺭﺩ ﻱ
ﺶﻫﺎﮐ
ﻳ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻪﺘﻓﺎ .
ﺮﺘﻤﻬﻣ ﻳ ﺍﺮﺑ ﻩﺭﺎﭼ ﻩﺍﺭ ﻦ ﻱ
ﺍ ﻞﺣ ﻳ ﭘ ﻪﻠﺌﺴﻣ ﻦ ﻴ
ﺍﺪ
ﻫﺍﺭ ﻥﺩﺮﮐ ﻲ
ﻣﺯ ﺎﺑ ﻦﮑﻤﻣ ﺪﺣ ﺎﺗ ﻥﺍﻮﺘﺑ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻴ
ﺮﺘﻤﮐ ﻦ
،
ﻟﻮﺗ ﻴ ﺑ ﺪ ﻴ ﻧﻻﻮﻃ ﺕﺪﻣ ﻪﺑ ﺮﺘﺸ ﻲ
ﺖﺷﺍﺩ ﺮﺗ . ﻳ ﻦﮑﻤﻣ ﻩﺍﺭ ﮏ
ﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﻳ ﺍﺬﻏ ﺶ ﺢﻄﺳ ﻆﻔﺣ ﺎﺑ ﺯ
ﻳ ﺮ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ،ﺖﺸﮐ ﺳ
ﻴ ﻢﺘﺴ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻁﻮﻠﺨﻣ ﺖﺸﮐ
) Gliessman, 1998
،ﻁﻮﻠﺨﻣ ﺖﺸﮐ .(
ﻭﺩ ﺪﺷﺭ ﻳ ﮔ ﺪﻨﭼ ﺎ ﻴ ﻋﺍﺭﺯ ﻩﺎ ﻲ ﺭﺎﻨﮐ ﺭﺩ ﻳ ﺪﮑ ﻳ ﺭﺩ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺮﮕ
ﺎﻫﺭﻮﺸﮐ ﻱ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻳ ﺯ ﻥﺍﺭﺍﺪﻓﺮﻃ ﻪﺘﻓﺎ ﻳ
ﺩﺎ ﻱ ﻟﺩ ﻪﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻴ ﺩﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ ﻞ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺩﺮﮐ ﺏﺬﺟ ﺩﻮﺧ ﻪﺑ ﻻﺎﺑ
) Park et al., 2002
ﺖﺸﻛ .(
ﺭﻮﺻ ﻭﺩ ﻪﺑ ﻁﻮﻠﺨﻣ ﺩﻮﺷ ﻲﻣ ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ ﻲﻨﻳﺰﮕﻳﺎﺟ ﻭ ﻲﺸﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﺕ
.
ﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﺵﻭﺭ ﺭﺩ ﻳ
ﺸ ﻲ ﻲﻣ ﻪﻓﺎﺿﺍ ﻲﻠﺻﺍ ﺖﻋﺍﺭﺯ ﻪﺑ ﻩﺎﻴﮔ ﻱﺩﺍﺪﻌﺗ ،
ﻚﻳ ﻥﺎﻫﺎﻴﮔ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻨﻴﻌﻣ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﻲﻨﻳﺰﮕﻳﺎﺟ ﺵﻭﺭ ﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺩﻮﺷ ﻦﻳﺰﮕﻳﺎﺟ ﻡﻭﺩ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﺯﺍ ﻥﺁ ﻲﻫﺎﻴﮔ ﻝﺩﺎﻌﻣ ﻭ ﻑﺬﺣ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ
ﺩﻮﺷ ﻲﻣ
) Mazaheri, 1998 .(
ﻟﺩ ﻪﺑ ﺕﺭﺫ ﻴ
ﺭﺍﺩﺭﻮﺧﺮﺑ ﻞ ﻱ
ﺳﻮﻠﮔ ﺯﺍ ﻴ ﺎﻫﺪ ﻱ ﻤﺨﺗ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ﻴ
ﺮ
ﺘﻬﺑ ﺮ ﻳ ﮔ ﻦ ﻴ ﺳ ﺖﻬﺟ ﻩﺎ ﻴ
ﻣ ﺏﻮﺴﺤﻣ ﻮﻠ ﻲ
ﻭ ﺩﻮﺷ ﻳ ﮑ ﻲ ﻪﻓﻮﻠﻋ ﺯﺍ
ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﮊﺮﻧﺍ ﺮﭘ ﻱ ﺍﺮﺑ ﻢﻀﻫ ﺩﻭﺯ ﻭ ﻱ
ﺎﻫﻭﺎﮔ ﻱ ﺷ ﻴ ﺮ ﻱ ﺘﺷﻮﮔ ﻭ ﻲ
ﺖﺳﺍ . ﺭﺩ ﺕﺭﺫ ﻱﺭﺍﺪﻣﺍﺩ
ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﺘﻌﻨﺻ ﻲ ﺍﺭﺍﺩ ﻱ ﻭ ﺮﺛﺆﻣ ﺶﻘﻧ
ﺳﺎﺳﺍ ﻲ ﺖﺳﺍ
(Tajbakhsh, 1996)
. ﺍﺭﺍﺩ ﺕﺭﺫ ﻱ
ﺌﺗﻭﺮﭘ ﻴ ﻦ
ﺮﺘﻤﮐ ﻡﺎﺧ ﻱ
ﻟﻮﺗ ﺖﻬﺟ ﻭ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻴ
ﺳ ﻪﻓﻮﻠﻋ ﺪ ﻴ
ﻮﻠ ﻲﻳ ﮐ ﺎﺑ ﻴ ﻔ ﻴ ﺖ
ﮔ ﻥﺩﻭﺰﻓﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻻﺎﺑ ﻴ
ﻫﺎ ﻲ ﻣ ﺎﺑ ﻴ ﺌﺗﻭﺮﭘ ﻥﺍﺰ ﻴ ﻧ ﻻﺎﺑ ﻦ ﻴ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺯﺎ . ﺍﻳ ﻦ
ﺮﻃ ﺯﺍ ﺮﻣﺍ ﻳ ﮔ ﺖﺸﮐ ﻖ ﻴ
ﻥﺩﺮﮐ ﻁﻮﻠﺨﻣ ﻭ ﺍﺰﺠﻣ ﺕﺭﻮﺻ ﻪﺑ ﻥﺎﻫﺎ
ﺳ ﺭﺩ ﻢﻫ ﺎﺑ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﻴ
(Titterton et al., 2002) ﻮﻠ ﻳ
ﺖﺸﮐ ﺎ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ
ﻥﺎﮑﻣﺍ ﻁﻮﻠﺨﻣ ﺕﺭﻮﺻ ﻪﺑ ﺬﭘ
ﻳ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺮ
(Maasdorp &
Titterton, 1997; Titterton et al., 2002)
ﻻﺩ .
ﻳ ﻠﺻﺍ ﻞ ﻲ
ﺑﻮﺒﺤﻣ ﻴ ﺍﺮﺑ ﺕﺭﺫ ﺖ ﻱ
ﺳ ﻴ ﻠ ﺖﻋﺍﺭﺯ ﺭﺩ ﻻﺎﺑ ﺩﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ ﺯﺍ ﺕﺭﺎﺒﻋ ﻮ
ﻧﺎﺳﺁ ،ﺺﻟﺎﺧ ﻲ
ﺳ ﻴ ﮊﺮﻧﺍ ﺵﺯﺭﺍ ﻭ ﻥﺪﺷ ﻮﻠ ﻱ
ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ ﻻﺎﺑ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻪﻓﻮﻠﻋ
(Topps & Oliver, 1993; Maasdorp &
Titterton, 1997)
ﻠﺻﺍ ﻞﮑﺸﻣ ،ﻝﺎﺣﺮﻫ ﻪﺑ .
ﻲ ﺎﭘ ﺕﺭﺫ ﻴﻳ ﻦ
ﺍﻮﺘﺤﻣ ﻥﺩﻮﺑ ﻱ
ﺌﺗﻭﺮﭘ ﻴ ﻡﺎﺧ ﻦ ) ﺩﻭﺪﺣ ٧ ﺎﺗ ٨ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ ( ﺖﺳﺍ ﻥﺁ
(Topps & Oliver, 1993)
ﺍ .
ﻳ ﺎﺑ ﻞﮑﺸﻣ ﻦ ﻁﻮﻠﺨﻣ ﺖﺸﮐ
ﺎﺑ ﺕﺭﺫ ﻡﻮﮕﻟ ﺎﻫ ﻣ ﻑﺮﻃﺮﺑ ﻲ
ﺩﻮﺷ . ،ﻡﻮﮕﻟ ﺎﺑ ﻁﻮﻠﺨﻣ ﺖﺸﮐ ﺭﺩ
ﺑ ﺖﺑﺎﻗﺭ ﻴ ﻟﻮﺗ ﺭﺩ ﻡﻮﮕﻟ ﻢﻬﺳ ﻭ ﺶﻫﺎﮐ ﻡﻮﮕﻟ ﻭ ﺕﺭﺫ ﻦ ﻴ
ﻩﺩﺎﻣ ﺪ
ﻣ ﻭ ﮏﺸﺧ ﻴ
ﺌﺗﻭﺮﭘ ﻥﺍﺰ ﻴ ﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﻦ ﻳ ﺶ ﻲﻣ ﺪﺑﺎﻳ
Saleem, 1995) (.
ﻳ ﮑ ﻲ ﮔ ﺯﺍ ﻴ ﮔ ﻭﺩ ﺪﺷﺭ ﻉﻮﻧ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ ﺕﺭﺫ ﺎﺑ ﺭﺎﮔﺯﺎﺳ ﻥﺎﻫﺎ ﻴ
،ﻩﺎ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺵﺎﻣ
. ﺌﺗﻭﺮﭘ ﺮﻈﻧ ﺯﺍ ﺵﺎﻣ ﻪﻓﻮﻠﻋ ﻴ
ﺴﺑ ﻦ ﻴ ﻨﻏ ﺭﺎ ﻲ ﻣﻭ ﻴ ﻥﺍﺰ
ﺌﺗﻭﺮﭘ ﻴ ﺗﺭﻮﺻ ﺭﺩ ﻥﺁ ﻦ ﻲ
ﺩﻭﺪﺣ ﺩﻮﺷ ﺖﺷﺍﺩﺮﺑ ﻊﻗﻮﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻪﮐ
٢٠ ‐ ١٠ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ .
ﺍﺬﻏ ﺵﺯﺭﺍ ﻲﻳ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺭﺪﺒﺷ ﻪﺑﺎﺸﻣ ﻥﺁ .
ﻪﺑ
ﻫﺪﻠﮔ ﻡﺎﮕﻨﻫ ﻲ
ﻠﮐ ، ﻴ ﺣ ﻪ ﻴ ﻣ ﺎﺑ ﺕﺎﻧﺍﻮ ﻴ ﺵﺎﻣ ﻪﻓﻮﻠﻋ ﺯﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﺷﺍ ﻭ ﻞ
ﺬﻐﺗ ﻳ ﻣ ﻪ ﻲ ﻟﻭ ،ﺪﻨﻨﮐ ﻲ ﻧﺎﻣﺯ ﻲ ﻭ ﺐﺳﺍ ﻂﻘﻓ ﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﺴﺑ ﻪﻧﺍﺩ ﻪﮐ
ﺍﺮﻧﺁ ﺪﻨﻔﺳﻮﮔ ﻣ
ﻲ ﺪﻧﺭﻮﺧ
(Rastgar, 2005)
.
ﺗ ﻠﮐ ﻪﺑﺮﺠ ﻲ ﺎﻣﺯﺁ ﺯﺍ ﻳ ﺍ ﻁﻮﻠﺨﻣ ﺖﺸﮐ ﺕﺎﺸ ﻳ
ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻦ
ﮔ ﺮﻫ ﻪﻓﻮﻠﻋ ﺩﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ ﻴ
ﺩﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ ﺯﺍ ﺮﺘﻤﮐ ﻁﻮﻠﺨﻣ ﺖﺸﮐ ﺭﺩ ﻩﺎ
ﮔ ﻥﺎﻤﻫ ﻴ ﻟﻭ ،ﺖﺳﺍ ﺺﻟﺎﺧ ﺖﺸﮐ ﺭﺩ ﻩﺎ ﻲ
ﻠﺑﺎﻗ ﻴ ﻟﻮﺗ ﺖ ﻴ ﺭﺩ ﻞﮐ ﺪ
ﻣﺯ ﺢﻄﺳ ﺪﺣﺍﻭ ﻴ
ﺴﺑ ﺭﺩ ﻦ ﻴ ﺭﺎ ﻱ ﻁﻮﻠﺨﻣ ﺖﺸﮐ ﺭﺩ ﺩﺭﺍﻮﻣ ﺯﺍ
ﺑﻴ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺺﻟﺎﺧ ﺖﺸﮐ ﺯﺍ ﺮﺘﺸ
(Nadi & Haqus, 2008)
.
ﺎﻘﻘﺤﻣ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺯﺍ ﻞﺻﺎﺣ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻛﺎﺣ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻥ
ﺪﻨﻣﺩﻮﺳ ﻱ ﻏ ﻭ ﻡﻮﮕﻟ ﻁﻮﻠﺨﻣ ﺖﺸﮐ ﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﻴ
ﻡﺎﻤﺗ ﺭﺩ ﻡﻮﮕﻟ ﺮ
ﻢﮐﺍﺮﺗ ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﺑ ﻴ ﺎﻘﻣ ﺭﺩ ﺺﻟﺎﺧ ﺖﺸﮐ ﺯﺍ ﺮﺘﺸ ﻳ
ﺮﺳ ﺎﺑ ﻪﺴ ﻱ
ﺎﻫ ﻱ
ﺎﺟ ﻳ ﺰﮕ ﻳ ﻨ ﻲ
(Bulson et al., 1997; Carr et al., 1998;ﺖﺳﺍ
Morgado & Willey, 2003; Neumann et al., 2007)
.
ﺍﻮﺘﺤﻣ ﻱ ﺌﺗﻭﺮﭘ ﻴ ﻪﻓﻮﻠﻋ ﻡﺎﺧ ﻦ ﻳ
ﮑ ﻲ ﺮﺘﻤﻬﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻳ ﻣ ﻦ ﻌ ﻴ ﺎﻫﺭﺎ
ﺯﺭﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻳ ﺑﺎ ﻲ ﮐ ﻴ ﻔ ﻴ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻪﻓﻮﻠﻋ ﺖ
) Assefa & Ledin, 2001 .(
ﻁﻮﻠﺨﻣ ﺖﺸﮐ ﻡﻮﮕﻟ
ﺎﻫ ﻏ ﺎﺑ ﻴ ﺮ ﻡﻮﮕﻟ ﺎﻫ ﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﺐﺟﻮﻣ ﺐﻠﻏﺍ ﻳ
ﺶ
ﻣ ﻴ ﺌﺗﻭﺮﭘ ﻥﺍﺰ ﻴ
ﺖﺷﺍﺩﺮﺑ ﻡﺎﺧ ﻦ ﻩﺪﺷ
ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﺭﺎﺘﮑﻫ ﺭﺩ
ﻣ ﺕﻼﻏ ﺺﻟﺎﺧ ﺖﺸﮐ ﻲ
(Assefa & Ledin, 2001 ﺩﻮﺷ
Kuusela et al., 2004; Nnadi & Haque, 2008) .
Giacomini et. al.
) 2003
ﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺎﺑ(
ﻲ ﮏﺷﺎﻣ ﻁﻮﻠﺨﻣ ﺖﺸﮐ
ﻭ ﻳ ﺍﻮﺘﺤﻣ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻧﺩﺮﮐ ﻩﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ ﻑﻻﻮ ﻱ
ﺌﺗﻭﺮﭘ ﻴ ﺎﺑ ﻡﺎﺧ ﻦ
ﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﻳ ﻟﻮﻤﻌﻣ ﮏﺷﺎﻣ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﺶ ﻲ
ﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﻁﻮﻠﺨﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻳ
ﺶ ﻲﻣ ﺪﺑﺎﻳ .
ﺎﻣﺯﺁ ﺭﺩ ﻳ ﺖﺸﮐ ﻭ ﺮﺜﮐﺍﺪﺣ ﮏﺷﺎﻣ ﺺﻟﺎﺧ ﺖﺸﮐ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﺶ
ﺺﻟﺎﺧ ﻳ ﺍﻮﺘﺤﻣ ﻞﻗﺍﺪﺣ ﻑﻻﻮ ﻱ
ﺌﺗﻭﺮﭘ ﻴ ﺖﺷﺍﺩ ﺍﺭ ﻡﺎﺧ ﻦ .
ﺭﺩ
ﺳﺭﺮﺑ
Shirley et al.ﻲ
(2004)
ﻭﺮﭘ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ ﺭﺪﺒﺷ ﻦﻴﺌﺗ
٤٠ ﺎﺗ
٥٥ ﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﺕﻼﻏ ﺯﺍ ﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﻡﺮﮔﻮﻠﻴﻛ ﺮﺑ ﻡﺮﮔ ﻲ
ﺖﺸﮐ ﺭﺩ
ﺩﻮﺑ ﻁﻮﻠﺨﻣ
Lithourgidis et al. .
(2006)
ﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺎﺑ ﻲ ﺖﺸﮐ
ﻟﻮﻤﻌﻣ ﮏﺷﺎﻣ ﺺﻟﺎﺧ ﻲ
، ﻳ ﺮﺗ ﻭ ﻑﻻﻮ ﻳ
ﺘ ﻴ ﮏﺷﺎﻣ ﻁﻮﻠﺨﻣ ﻭ ﻪﻟﺎﮑ
ﺍ ﺎﺑ ﻳ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﺎﺑ ﺕﻼﻏ ﻦ ﺎﻫ
ﻱ ٥٥ ﻪﺑ ٤٥ ﻨﭽﻤﻫ ﻭ ﻴ ﻦ ٦٥ ﻪﺑ ٣٥
ﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻠﻏ ﻪﺑ ﮏﺷﺎﻣ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ ﻳ
ﺘﻧ ﻦ ﻴ ﺳﺭ ﻪﺠ ﻴ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻧﺪ ﺍﻮﺘﺤﻣ ﻱ
ﺌﺗﻭﺮﭘ ﻴ ﻟﻮﻤﻌﻣ ﮏﺷﺎﻣ ﺺﻟﺎﺧ ﺖﺸﮐ ﺭﺩ ﻡﺎﺧ ﻦ ﻲ
ﺑ ﻴ ﺮﺘﺸ ﻳ ﻦ
ﻭ ﮏﺷﺎﻣ ﻁﻮﻠﺨﻣ ﺖﺸﮐ ﻥﺁ ﺯﺍ ﺪﻌﺑ ﻭ ﺩﻮﺑ ﺭﺍﺪﻘﻣ ﻳ
ﺎﺑ ﻑﻻﻮ
ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ٦٥ ﻪﺑ ٣٥ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ .
ﮐ ﺮﺜﮐﺍﺪﺣ ﻴ
ﻔ ﻴ ﻪﻓﻮﻠﻋ ﺖ
ﻧﺎﻣﺯ ﻲ ﻟﻮﻤﻌﻣ ﮏﺷﺎﻣ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻣﺁ ﺖﺳﺪﺑ ﻲ
ﺺﻟﺎﺧ ﺕﺭﻮﺻ ﻪﺑ ﻳ
ﺎﺑ ﺎ
ﻮﺑ ﻁﻮﻠﺨﻣ ﺕﺭﻮﺻ ﻪﺑ ﻻﺎﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﻳ
ﺎﺑ ﻩﮋ ﻳ ﺩﻮﺑ ﻩﺪﺷ ﺖﺸﮐ ﻑﻻﻮ .
ﺍﻮﻣ ﻞﮐ ﺍﺬﻏ ﺩ ﻲﻳ ﺮﺗ ﺺﻟﺎﺧ ﺖﺸﮐ ﻢﻀﻫ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ﻳ
ﺘ ﻴ ﻭ ﻪﻟﺎﮑ ﻳ ﻑﻻﻮ
ﻥﺍﺭﺎﮑﻤﻫ ﻭ ﻡﺪﻘﻣ ﻱﺭﺰﺨﻧ :
ﻭ ﻦﻴﻣﺯ ﻱﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ،ﺩﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ ﺮﺑ ﺰﺒﺳ ﺵﺎﻣ ﻭ ﺕﺭﺫ ﻁﻮﻠﺨﻣ ﺖﺸﮐ ﺮﺛﺍ ...
۱۵۳
ﺑﻴ ﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﺎﺑ ﻭ ﺩﻮﺑ ﮏﺷﺎﻣ ﺺﻟﺎﺧ ﺖﺸﮐ ﺯﺍ ﺮﺘﺸ ﻳ
ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﺶ
ﮐﺮﺗ ﺭﺩ ﮏﺷﺎﻣ ﻴ
ﻣ ﻁﻮﻠﺨﻣ ﺐ ﻴ
ﺶﻫﺎﮐ ﻥﺁ ﻥﺍﺰ ﻳ
ﺖﻓﺎ . ﺍ ﺎﺑ ﻳ ﻪﻜﻨ
ﻦﻴﺌﺗﻭﺮﭘ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﺐﺟﻮﻣ ﻪﻓﻮﻠﻋ ﺐﻴﻛﺮﺗ ﺭﺩ ﻡﻮﮕﻟ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻟﻭ ،ﺩﻮﺷ ﻲﻣ ﻲ
ﺕﻭﺎﻔﺗ ﻡﻮﮕﻟ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ ﻥﺩﻮﺑ ﻢﻛ ﻲﻨﻌﻣ
ﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﺭ ﻱ
ﺍ ﻦﻴﺌﺗﻭﺮﭘ ﺩﺮﻜﻠﻤﻋ ﺭﺩ ﺪﻨﻛ ﻲﻤﻧ ﺩﺎﺠﻳ
. ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺭﺩ
Maasdorp
& Titterton (1997)
ﻪﻛ ﻲﻧﺎﻣﺯ ﻡﻮﮕﻟ
ﺎﻫ ﻂﻘﻓ ١٥ % ﻩﺩﺎﻣ
ﺕﻭﺎﻔﺗ ،ﺪﻧﺩﺍﺩ ﻞﻴﻜﺸﺗ ﺍﺭ ﺕﺭﺫ ﺎﺑ ﻁﻮﻠﺨﻣ ﺖﺸﻛ ﮏﺸﺧ ﻲﻨﻌﻣ ﺭﺍﺩ ﺪﺸﻧ ﻩﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ ﻦﻴﺌﺗﻭﺮﭘ ﺩﺮﻜﻠﻤﻋ ﺭﺩ ﻱ
Carr et al. .
(2004)
ﺍﺬﻏ ﺩﺍﻮﻣ ﻞﮐ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻧﺩﺮﮐ ﻩﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ ﻲﻳ
ﻢﻀﻫ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ
ﻭ ﻮﺟ ﺺﻟﺎﺧ ﺖﺸﮐ ﻳ
ﺑ ﻑﻻﻮ ﻴ ﺧ ﺖﺸﮐ ﺯﺍ ﺮﺘﺸ ﺩﻮﺨﻧ ﺺﻟﺎ
ﻣ ﻲ ﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﺎﺑ ﻭ ﺩﻮﺷ ﻳ
ﮐﺮﺗ ﺭﺩ ﺩﻮﺨﻧ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﺶ ﻴ
ﻣ ،ﻁﻮﻠﺨﻣ ﺐ ﻴ
ﻥﺍﺰ
ﺶﻫﺎﮐ ﻥﺁ ﻲﻣ
ﺪﺑﺎﻳ .
ﺍﺰﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ ﻳﺎ
ﻱ ﺯ ﻳ ﺗﺭﻮﺻ ﺭﺩ ،ﻁﻮﻠﺨﻣ ﺖﺸﮐ ﺩﺎ ﻲ
ﻪﮐ
ﮔ ﻭﺩ ﻴ ﺑﻮﺧ ﻪﺑ ﻩﺎ ﻲ
ﻁﻮﻠﺨﻣ ﺖﺸﮐ ،ﺪﻧﻮﺷ ﺏﺎﺨﺘﻧﺍ ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻣ ﻭ
ﻲﻣ ﺪﻧﺍﻮﺗ ﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﺮﺑ ﻩﻭﻼﻋ ﻳ
ﺺﻟﺎﺧ ﺖﺸﮐ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﺩﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ ﺶ
ﻠﺻﺍ ﻑﺪﻫ ﻪﮐ ﻲ
ﺍ ﻳ ﻣ ،ﺖﺳﺍ ﺖﺸﮐ ﻉﻮﻧ ﻦ ﺍﺰ
ﻳﺎ ﻱ ﺩ ﻳ ﺮﮕ ﻱ ﻧ ﺍﺭ ﻴ ﺰ
ﺨﻠﺻﺎﺣ ﻆﻔﺣ ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ ﻴ
ﺰ ﻱ ﺮﺛﻮﻣ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﺯﺍ ﺮﺘﻬﺑ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﻭ ﮎﺎﺧ
ﺪﺷﺭ ﺭﺩ
) Mazaheri, 1998
ﻲﻣ (
ﺪﻧﺍﻮﺗ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻪﺘﺷﺍﺩ .
ﻣ ﻴ ﻥﺍﺰ
ﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﻳ ﻤﮐ ﺶ ﻴ ﮐ ﻭ ﺖ ﻴ ﻔ ﻴ ﺪﻨﻣﺩﻮﺳ ﻭ ﻪﻓﻮﻠﻋ ﺖ ﻱ
ﻉﻮﻧ ﻪﺑ ﻥﺁ
ﮔ ﻴ ﺑﺎﺨﺘﻧﺍ ﻥﺎﻫﺎ ﻲ
ﺤﺻ ﻝﺎﻤﻋﺍ ﻭ ﻴ
ﺪﻣ ﺢ ﻳ ﺮ ﻳ ﻋﺍﺭﺯ ﺖ ﻲ ﮕﺘﺴﺑ ﻲ
ﺩﺭﺍﺩ . ﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻑﺪﻫ ﻳ
ﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﻦ ﻲ ﻌﺗ ، ﻴﻴ ﻭ ﺩﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ ﻦ ﺻﻮﺼﺧ
ﻴ ﺕﺎ
ﮐ ﻴ ﻔ ﻲ ﺎﺟ ﺕﺭﻮﺻ ﻪﺑ ﻁﻮﻠﺨﻣ ﻭ ﺺﻟﺎﺧ ﺖﺸﻛ ﻳ
ﺰﮕ ﻳ ﻨ ﻲ ﻭ
ﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﻳ ﺸ ﻲ ﺎﻘﻣ ﻭ ﺵﺎﻣ ﻭ ﺕﺭﺫ ﻳ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﻪﺴ .
ﻣ
ﺵﻭﺭ ﻭ ﺩﺍﻮ ﺎﻫ
ﻥﺎﺘﺴﺑﺎﺗ ﺭﺩ ﻡﻭﺩ ﻭ ﻝﻭﺍ ﻝﺎﺳ ﺶﻳﺎﻣﺯﺁ ﻝﺎﺳ
ﺎﻫ ﻱ ١٣٨٥ ﻭ
١٣٨٦ ﻘﺤﺗ ﻪﻋﺭﺰﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻴ
ﺗﺎﻘ ﻲ ﻱﺯﺭﻭﺎﺸﻛ ﺕﺎﻘﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻩﺎﮕﺘﺴﻳﺍ
ﻥﺎﮔﺮﮔ ﺭﺩ ﻊﻗﺍﻭ ٥
ﮐ ﻴ ﺮﺘﻣﻮﻠ ﻱ ﺍ ﺏﻮﻨﺟ ﻳ ﺯﺍ ﺪﻌﺑ ﺮﻬﺷ ﻦ
ﻡﺪﻨﮔ ﺖﺷﺍﺩﺮﺑ )
ﺸﮐ ﻡﻭﺩ ﺖ ( ﺪﺷ ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ .
ﺕﺎﻋﻼﻃﺍ ﺮﺑ ﺎﻨﺑ
ﺍﻳ ﺶﻳﺎﻣﺯﺁ ﻞﺤﻣ ﻲﻳﺎﻴﻓﺍﺮﻐﺟ ﻝﻮﻃ ،ﻩﺎﮕﺘﺴ ٥٤
ﻭ ﻪﺟﺭﺩ ٢٥
ﻥﺁ ﺽﺮﻋ ﻭ ﻲﻗﺮﺷ ﻪﻘﻴﻗﺩ ٣٦
ﻭ ﻪﺟﺭﺩ ٤٥
ﻲﻟﺎﻤﺷ ﻪﻘﻴﻗﺩ
ﺖﺳﺍ . ﺎﻳﺭﺩ ﺢﻄﺳ ﺯﺍ ﻉﺎﻔﺗﺭﺍ ٥
/ ٥ ﻲﮔﺪﻧﺭﺎﺑ ﻂﺳﻮﺘﻣ ﻭ ﺮﺘﻣ
ﻥﺁ ﻪﻧﻻﺎﺳ ٤٥٠
‐ ٤٠٠ ﺑ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺮﺘﻤﻴﻠﻴﻣ ﻴ
ﻥﺎﺘﺴﻣﺯ ﺭﺩ ﺮﺘﺸ
ﺭ ﻳ ﻣ ﺵﺰ ﻲ ﺪﻨﮐ . ﻠﻗﺍ ﺮﻈﻧ ﺯﺍ ﻴ ﻤ ﻲ ﺎﻧ ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﺣ
ﻴ ﺭﺰﺧ ﻝﺪﺘﻌﻣ ﻪ ﻱ
ﺎﻬﻧﺎﺘﺴﺑﺎﺗ ﺎﺑ ﻱ
ﹰﺎﺘﺒﺴﻧ ﮔﺪﻧﺭﺎﺑ ﻭ ﻡﺮﮔ ﻲ
ﺎﺗ ﺩﺮﺳ ﻥﺎﺘﺴﻣﺯ ﻭ ﻢﮐ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻝﺪﺘﻌﻣ .
ﺕﺎﻋﻼﻃﺍ ﺮﺑ ﺎﻨﺑ ﺖﺸﻛ ﺖﺤﺗ ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﻙﺎﺧ
ﻝﺎﺳ ﺭﺩ ﻩﺎﮕﺘﺴﻳﺍ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ ﺶﻳﺎﻣﺯﺁ ﺯﺍ ﻞﺻﺎﺣ ١٣٨٥
ﺩﻮﺑ ﺮﻳﺯ ﺕﺎﻴﺻﻮﺼﺧ ﻱﺍﺭﺍﺩ :
ﻝﻭﺪﺟ ١
‐ ﻥﺎﮔﺮﮔ ﻱﺯﺭﻭﺎﺸﻛ ﺕﺎﻘﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻩﺎﮕﺘﺴﻳﺍ ﻙﺎﺧ ﺕﺎﺼﺨﺸﻣ
Cu (ppm) Zn (ppm) Fe (ppm) Mn (ppm) K(ppm) P(ppm) ﻲﻟﺁ ﻦﺑﺮﻛ )%( EC(mm/cm²)
pH ﻉﻮﻧ
ﻙﺎﺧ
٣ /
٥ ٢/٦ ١٦ ٧/٤ ٤٤٤ ٦/٤ ١/٦ ١‐١/٥ ٧‐٧/٥ ﻲﺳﺭ ﻡﻮﻟ
ﻙﻮﻠﺑ ﺕﺭﻮﺻ ﻪﺑ ﺶﻳﺎﻣﺯﺁ ﺎﺑ ﻲﻓﺩﺎﺼﺗ ﻞﻣﺎﻛ ﻱﺎﻫ
٤ ﺭﺍﺮﮑﺗ
ﺩﺮﮔ ﺍﺮﺟﺍ ﻳ ﺪ . ﺵﺎﻣ ﺭﺬﺑ ﺯﺍ ﺶﻳﺎﻣﺯﺁ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺎﺑ ﺪﺒﻨﮔ ﻲﻠﺤﻣ ١
ﻭ ﻳ ﮔﮋ ﻲ ﺕﺭﺫ ﻭ ﺩﻭﺪﺤﻣﺎﻧ ﺪﺷﺭ ﺱﺍﺮﻛ ﻞﮕﻨﻴﺳ ﺪﻳﺮﺒﻴﻫ ٢
٥٥٠
ﺭﺎﺠﺗ ﻡﺎﻧ ﺎﺑ ﻱ
ﺪﻳﺩﺮﮔ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺖﺳﻭ ﻥﺪﻠﮔ .
ﻉﻮﻤﺠﻣ
ﻁﻮﻠﺨﻣ ﻭ ﺺﻟﺎﺧ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﺎﻤﻴﺗ )
ﻮﮕﻟﺍ ﻱ ﺖﺸﮐ ( ﺭﺩ ١٢ ﻪﺑ ﺢﻄﺳ
ﺯ ﺕﺭﻮﺻ ﻳ ﺩﻮﺑ ﺮ :
١ . ﻝﺮﺘﻨﻛ ﺎﺑ ﺕﺭﺫ ﺺﻟﺎﺧ ﺖﺸﮐ ﻒﻠﻋ
ﺎﻫ ﺯﺮﻫ ﻱ
) Cwf (
٢ . ﻝﺮﺘﻨﻛ ﻥﻭﺪﺑ ﺕﺭﺫ ﺺﻟﺎﺧ ﺖﺸﮐ ﻒﻠﻋ
ﺎﻫ ﺯﺮﻫ ﻱ
) Cwo
(
٣ . ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ ١٠ ﺕﺭﺫ ﻪﺑ ﺵﺎﻣ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ
) ١٠ +M ١٠٠ C
(
٤ . ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ ٢٠ ﺎﻣ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ ﺕﺭﺫ ﻪﺑ ﺵ
) + M٢٠ C١٠٠ (
٥ . ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ ٣٠ ﺕﺭﺫ ﻪﺑ ﺵﺎﻣ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ
) +M۳٠ C١٠٠
(
٦ . ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ ٤٠ ﺕﺭﺫ ﻪﺑ ﺵﺎﻣ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ )
+M٤٠ C١٠٠ (
٧ . ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ ٥٠ ﺕﺭﺫ ﻪﺑ ﺵﺎﻣ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ
) +M٥٠ C١٠٠
(
٨ . ﺎﺠﺑ ﺵﺎﻣ ﻲﻨﻳﺰﮕﻳﺎﺟ ﻱ
٢٥ ﺕﺭﺫ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ
) + M٢٥ C٧٥
(
٩ . ﻱﺎﺠﺑ ﺵﺎﻣ ﻲﻨﻳﺰﮕﻳﺎﺟ ٥٠
ﺕﺭﺫ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ
) + M٢٥ C٧٥
(
١٠ . ﻱﺎﺠﺑ ﺵﺎﻣ ﻲﻨﻳﺰﮕﻳﺎﺟ ٧٥
ﺻﺭﺩ ﺕﺭﺫ ﺪ
) + M٢٥ C٧٥ (
١١ . ﻝﺮﺘﻨﻛ ﺎﺑ ﺵﺎﻣ ﺺﻟﺎﺧ ﺖﺸﮐ ﻒﻠﻋ
ﺎﻫ ﺯﺮﻫ ﻱ
Mwf)
(
١٢ . ﻝﺮﺘﻨﻛ ﻥﻭﺪﺑ ﺵﺎﻣ ﺺﻟﺎﺧ ﺖﺸﮐ ﻒﻠﻋ
ﺎﻫ ﺯﺮﻫ ﻱ
Mwo) (
ﻠﺒﻗ ﻝﻮﺼﺤﻣ ﻲ
ﺖﺷﺍﺩﺮﺑ ﻩﺎﻣ ﺩﺍﺩﺮﺧ ﺭﺩ ﻪﮐ ﺩﻮﺑ ﻡﺪﻨﮔ
ﺩﺮﮔ ﻳ ﺪ . ﻣﺯ ،ﻡﺪﻨﮔ ﺖﺷﺍﺩﺮﺑ ﺯﺍ ﺲﭘ ﻴ
ﻭﺩ ﺲﭙﺳ ﻭ ﻢﺨﺷ ﺍﺪﺘﺑﺍ ﻦ
ﺩ ﻳ ﺪﺷ ﻩﺩﺯ ﮏﺴ .
ﻁﻮﻄﺧ ﻝﻮﻃ ٥
ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﺩﺍﺪﻌﺗ ﻭ ﺮﺘﻣ ٦
ﺭﺩ ﻂﺧ
ﺮﮔ ﺮﻈﻧ ﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﻓ . ﺖﺸﮐ ﻁﻮﻄﺧ ﻞﺻﺍﻮﻓ ٧٥
ﺮﻈﻧ ﺭﺩ ﺮﺘﻤﻴﺘﻧﺎﺳ
ﺎﻫﺭﺬﺑ ﻭ ﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﻱ
ﻪﻠﺻﺎﻓ ﻪﺑ ﺕﺭﺫ ٢٠
ﺘﻧﺎﺳ ﻴ ﺵﺎﻣ ﻭ ﺮﺘﻤ
ﻪﻠﺻﺎﻓ ﻪﺑ ١٠
ﺘﻧﺎﺳ ﻴ ﻭ ﻩﺎﻣ ﺩﺍﺩﺮﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻝﻭﺍ ﻝﺎﺳ ﺭﺩ ﻢﻫ ﺯﺍ ﺮﺘﻤ
ﺗ ﺭﺩ ﻡﻭﺩ ﻝﺎﺳ ﺭﺩ ﻴ
ﺩﺮﮔ ﺖﺸﮐ ﻩﺎﻣ ﺮ ﻳ
ﺪ . ﻪﭙﮐ ﺮﻫ ﺭﺩ ٣
ﺭﺬﺑ
ﻪﻠﺣﺮﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻪﮐ ﺪﺷ ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ٤
‐ ٣ ﻲﻓﺎﺿﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻪﺗﻮﺑ ﻲﮔﺮﺑ
ﺩﺮﮔ ﻑﺬﺣ ﻳ
ﺪﻧﺪ . ﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻳ ﺗﺮﺗ ﻦ ﻴ ﺕﺭﺫ ﻢﮐﺍﺮﺗ ﺐ ٦٦٦٦٧
ﻭ ﻪﺗﻮﺑ
ﺵﺎﻣ ﻢﮐﺍﺮﺗ ١٣٣٣٣٣
ﮔ ﺮﻫ ﻭ ﺭﺎﺘﮑﻫ ﺭﺩ ﻪﺗﻮﺑ ﻴ
ﻝﺩﺎﻌﻣ ﺕﺭﺫ ﻩﺎ
1. Vigna radiata
2. Zea mays
۱۵۴ ﻪﻠﺠﻣ
ﻲﻋﺍﺭﺯ ﻥﺎﻫﺎﻴﮔ ﻡﻮﻠﻋ ﻳﺍ
ﻩﺭﻭﺩ ،ﻥﺍﺮ ۴۰
ﻩﺭﺎﻤﺷ ، ۴ ، ۱۳۸۸
ﻳ ﮔ ﺪﺣﺍﻭ ﮏ ﻴ
ﻫﺎ ﻲ ﺮﻫ ﻭ ٢ ﮔ ﻴ ﻝﺩﺎﻌﻣ ﺵﺎﻣ ﻩﺎ ﻳ
ﺪﺣﺍﻭ ﮏ
ﮔ ﻴ ﻫﺎ ﻲ ﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺮﻈﻧ ﺭﺩ .
ﺗ ﺭﺩ ﻴ ﺎﻫﺭﺎﻤ ﻱ ﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﻳ ﺸ ﻲ ١٠ ، ٢٠ ،
٣٠ ، ٤٠ ﻭ ٥٠ ﺎﻫﺭﺬﺑ ،ﺪﺻﺭﺩ ﻱ
ﺯ ﺕﺭﻮﺻ ﻪﺑ ﺵﺎﻣ ﻳ
ﺭﺩ ﮎﺍﺰﮕ
ﺗﺮﺗ ﻪﺑ ﺕﺭﺫ ﻑﺮﻃ ﻭﺩ ﻴ
ﺻﺍﻮﻓ ﻪﺑ ﺐ ﻞ
١٠٠ ، ٥٠ ، ٣٣ ، ٢٥ ﻭ ٢٠
ﺘﻧﺎﺳ ﻴ ﻭﺭ ﺮﺑ ﺮﺘﻤ ﻱ
ﻪﺘﺸﭘ ﺩﺮﮔ ﺖﺸﮐ ﺎﻫ ﻳ
ﺪ . ،ﺖﺸﮐ ﺯﺍ ﺲﭘ
ﺖﻬﺟ ﻳ ﺘﺧﺍﻮﻨﮑ ﻲ ﺑﺁ ،ﻥﺪﺷ ﺰﺒﺳ ﻴ
ﺭﺎ ﻱ ﻧﺍﺭﺎﺑ ﻲ ﺕﺪﻣ ﻪﺑ ٣
ﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺖﻋﺎﺳ ٢
ﻧﺎﻣﺯ ﻪﻠﺻﺎﻓ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻠﺣﺮﻣ ﻲ
٥ ﺪﺷ ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ ﺯﻭﺭ .
ﺑﺁ ﻴ ﺭﺎ ﻳ ﺎﻬ ﻱ ﺪﻌﺑ ﻱ ﺘﺸﻧ ﺕﺭﻮﺼﺑ ﻲ
ﺎﻬﻧﺎﻣﺯ ﺭﺩ ﻭ ﻱ
ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ ﻡﺯﻻ
ﺪﺷ . ﻒﻠﻋ ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﺗ ﺯﺮﻫ ﻴ ﺎﻫﺭﺎﻤ ﻱ ﻝﺮﺘﻨﮐ ﺎﺑ ﺺﻟﺎﺧ ﺖﺸﮐ
ﻋ ﻒﻠ ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﺩﺮﮔ ﻝﺮﺘﻨﮐ ﺎﮐﻮﻓ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺎﺑ ﺯﺮﻫ ﻳ
ﺪ . ﻲﻓﺮﺼﻣ ﺩﻮﮐ
ﻧﮊﻭﺮﺘﻴﻧ ﻪ ﺮﻔﺴﻓ ، ﻩ ﺳﺎﺘﭘ ﻭ ﻪ ﺱﺎﺳﺍ ﺮﺑ ﻲﻨﻓ ﻞﻤﻌﻟﺍﺭﻮﺘﺳﺩ
ﻥﺎﮔﺮﮔ ﺕﺎﻘﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﺰﻛﺮﻣ ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺸﻛﺎﺧ ﻩﺎﮕﺸﻳﺎﻣﺯﺁ ﺐﻴﺗﺮﺗ ﻪﺑ
ﻪﺑ
ﺭﺍﺪﻘﻣ ١١٥ ﻡﺮﮔﻮﻠﻴﮐ ﻥﮊﻭﺮﺘﻴﻧ ﺺﻟﺎﺧ ، ١١٥ ﺮﻔﺴﻓ ﻡﺮﮔ ﻮﻠﻴﮐ
ﺺﻟﺎﺧ ﻭ ١٠٠ ﻢﻴﺳﺎﺘﭘ ﻡﺮﮔ ﻮﻠﻴﮐ ﺭﺩ ﺺﻟﺎﺧ
ﺭﺎﺘﮑﻫ ﺖﻬﺟ
ﺕﺭﺫ ﻑﺮﺼﻣ ﺷ ﺪ . ﻌﺗ ﺖﻬﺟ ﻴﻴ ﺖﺷﺍﺩﺮﺑ ،ﻪﻓﻮﻠﻋ ﮏﺸﺧ ﻥﺯﻭ ﻦ
ﻪﻴﺷﺎﺣ ﻑﺬﺣ ﺎﺑ ﻒﻳﺩﺭ ﺯﺍ ﺎﻫ
ﺍﻭﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻝﻭﺍ ﻝﺎﺳ ﺭﺩ ﻂﺳﻭ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻳ
ﻞ
ﻫﺪﻠﮔ ﻥﺎﻣﺯ ﺭﺩ ﻩﺎﻣ ﺮﻬﻣ ﺮﺧﺍﻭﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻡﻭﺩ ﻝﺎﺳ ﺭﺩ ﻭ ﻩﺎﻣ ﻥﺎﺑﺁ ﻲ
ﻤﺧ ﻭ ﺵﺎﻣ ﻴ
ﺮ ﻱ ﺪﺷ ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ ﺕﺭﺫ .
ﻱﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﻦﻴﻴﻌﺗ ﺖﻬﺟ
ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺮﻳﺯ ﻝﻮﻣﺮﻓ ﺯﺍ ﻦﻴﻣﺯ ﺪﻳﺩﺮﮔ
(Mead & Willy,
1980)
2 2
1 2 1 1
2 1
, , , ,
Y Y Y LER=Y +
ﺯﺍ ﺪﻨﺗﺭﺎﺒﻋ ﻪﻟﺩﺎﻌﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻱﺍﺰﺟﺍ :
٢ ﻭ
Y١ : ﻁﻮﻠﺨﻣ ﺖﺸﮐ ﺭﺩ ﻝﻭﺍ ﻩﺎﻴﮔ ﺩﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ
١ ﻭ
Y١ : ﺺﻟﺎﺧ ﺖﺸﮐ ﺭﺩ ﻝﻭﺍ ﻩﺎﻴﮔ ﺩﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ
١ ﻭ
Y٢ : ﻁﻮﻠﺨﻣ ﺖﺸﮐ ﺭﺩ ﻡﻭﺩ ﻩﺎﻴﮔ ﺩﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ
٢ ﻭ
Y٢ : ﺺﻟﺎﺧ ﺖﺸﮐ ﺭﺩ ﻡﻭﺩ ﻩﺎﻴﮔ ﺩﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ
ﻌﺗ ﺖﻬﺟ ﻴﻴ ﮐ ﻦ ﻴ ﻔ ﻴ ،ﻪﻓﻮﻠﻋ ﺖ ﻳ
ﻪﺗﻮﺑ ﻭﺩ ﻭ ﺕﺭﺫ ﻪﺗﻮﺑ ﮏ
ﺁ ﻭ ﮏﺸﺧ ﺍﺰﺠﻣ ﺕﺭﻮﺼﺑ ﻭ ﺏﺎﺨﺘﻧﺍ ﺵﺎﻣ ﺳ
ﻴ ﺲﭘ ﻭ ﺪﻧﺪﺷ ﺏﺎ
ﺎﻋﺭ ﺎﺑ ﻥﺁ ﺯﺍ ﻳ
ﻟﻮﺗ ﮏﺸﺧ ﻥﺯﻭ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﺖ ﻴ
ﺪ ﻱ ﺭﺍﺪﻘﻣ ، ٢٠ ﻡﺮﮔ
ﺳﺁ ﻭ ﺏﺎﺨﺘﻧﺍ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﺮﻫ ﺯﺍ ﻴ
ﺎﺑ ﺲﭙﺳ ﻭ ﺪﻧﺪﺷ ﺩﺪﺠﻣ ﺏﺎ
ﻃ ﻩﺎﮕﺘﺳﺩ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﻴ
ﺩﺰﻧ ﺰﻣﺮﻗ ﻥﻭﺩﺎﻣ ﺞﻨﺳ ﻒ ﻳ
ﮏ
NIR) (
،ﺝﺮﮐ ﺭﺩ ﺭﻮﺸﮐ ﻊﺗﺍﺮﻣ ﻭ ﺎﻬﻠﮕﻨﺟ ﻥﺎﻣﺯﺎﺳ ﺭﺩ ﺩﻮﺟﻮﻣ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ
ﻢﻀﻫ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ﻚﺸﺧ ﻩﺩﺎﻣ ،١
ﻦﻴﺌﺗﻭﺮﭘ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ
٢ﻡﺎﺧ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ ،
ﻮﺑﺮﮐ ﻫ ﻴ ﺎﻬﺗﺍﺭﺪ ﻱ ﺏﺁ ﺭﺩ ﻝﻮﻠﺤﻣ ﻓ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ ،٣
ﻴ ﺎﻫﺮﺒ ﻱ ﻞﺣ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ
ﻮﺷ ﺭﺩ ﻳ ﻩﺪﻨ ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﺳﺍ ﻴ ﺪ
٤ﻱ ﺮﺘﺴﻛﺎﺧ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ٥
ﺱﺎﺳﺍ ﺮﺑ
1. Dry Matter Digestible (DMD
2. Protein Percent (CP)
3. Water Soluble Content (WSC) 4. Acid Detergent Fiber (ADF)
ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻪﺋﺍﺭﺍ ﺵﻭﺭ
Jafari et al.
(2003)
ﻌﺗ ﻴﻴ ﺩﺮﮔ ﻦ ﻳ ﺪ .
ﺭﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﻡﺮﻧ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺎﺑ ﺎﻫ ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﻱﺭﺎﻣﺁ ﺔﻳﺰﺠﺗ ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ SAS
ﻦﻴﮕﻧﺎﻴﻣ ﺔﺴﻳﺎﻘﻣ ﺖﻬﺟ ﻭ ﺪﺷ ﻪﻨﻣﺍﺩﺪﻨﭼ ﻥﻮﻣﺯﺁ ﺯﺍ ﺎﻫ
ﺍ ﻱ
ﺩ ﻦﮑﻧﺍﺩ ﺢﻄﺳ ﺭ ٥
ﺩﺮﮔ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ ﻳ
ﺪ . ﻢﺳﺭ ﺖﻬﺟ
ﻧ ﺎﻫﺭﺍﺩﻮﻤﻧ ﻴ ﺭﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﻡﺮﻧ ﺯﺍ ﺰ
Excel 2003
ﺪﺷ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ .
ﺎﺘﻧ
ﻳ ﺚﺤﺑ ﻭ ﺞ
ﻝﻭﺪﺟ ٢ ﺘﻧ ﺎﻳ ﺰﺠﺗ ﺞ ﻳ ﺭﺍﻭ ﻪ ﻳ ﻝﺎﺳ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ ﺐﮐﺮﻣ ﺲﻧﺎ ﺎﻫ
ﻱ
١٣٨٥ ﻭ ١٣٨٦ ﻣ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﻲ ﺪﻫﺩ . ﺑﻴ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ ﺮﻈﻧ ﺯﺍ ﻝﺎﺳ ﻭﺩ ﻦ
ﺌﺗﻭﺮﭘ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ ،ﻢﻀﻫ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ﮏﺸﺧ ﻩﺩﺎﻣ ﻴ
ﺮﺘﺴﮐﺎﺧ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ ﻭ ﻦ
ﺢﻄﺳ ﺭﺩ ١
ﺯﺍ ﻭ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ ﻫﻮﺑﺮﮐ ﺮﻈﻧ
ﻴ ﺕﺍﺭﺪ ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﺏﺁ ﺭﺩ ﻝﻮﻠﺤﻣ
ﺢﻄﺳ ﺭﺩ ٥
ﻑﻼﺘﺧﺍ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ ﻲﻨﻌﻣ
ﺭﺍﺩ ﺪﺷ ﻩﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ .
ﺑ ﺭﺩ ﻴ ﻦ
ﻠﮐ ﺮﻈﻧ ﺯﺍ ﻁﻮﻠﺨﻣ ﺖﺸﮐ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﺡﻮﻄﺳ ﻴ
ﻑﻼﺘﺧﺍ ﺕﺎﻔﺻ ﻪ
ﺴﺑ ﻴ ﻨﻌﻣ ﺭﺎ ﻲ ﺭﺍﺩ ﻱ ﺢﻄﺳ ﺭﺩ ﺩ
١ ﺖﺷﺍﺩ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ .
ﺮﺛﺍ
ﻝﺎﺳ ﻞﺑﺎﻘﺘﻣ
× ﺭﺩ ﻪﻓﻮﻠﻋ ﺩﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻁﻮﻠﺨﻣ ﺖﺸﮐ
ﺢﻄﺳ ٥ ﺌﺗﻭﺮﭘ ﺩﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ ﻴ
ﻄﺳ ﺭﺩ ﻦ ﺢ
١
ﻨﻌﻣ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ ﻲ
ﺪﺷ ﺭﺍﺩ .
ﺎﻘﻣ ﻳ ﻣ ﻪﺴ ﻴ ﮕﻧﺎ ﻴ ﻦ ﺎﻫ
ﺮﺛﺍ ﻝﺎﺳ ﺎﻫ
ﺎﻘﻣ ﻳ ﻣ ﻪﺴ ﻴ ﮕﻧﺎ ﻴ ﻦ ﮏﺸﺧ ﻩﺩﺎﻣ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ ﻪﮐ ﺩﺍﺩ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﺎﻫ
ﻫﻮﺑﺮﮐ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ ،ﻢﻀﻫ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ﻴ
ﺎﻬﺗﺍﺭﺪ ﻱ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺏﺁ ﺭﺩ ﻝﻮﻠﺤﻣ
ﺑ ﻡﻭﺩ ﻝﺎﺳ ﺭﺩ ﺮﺘﺴﮐﺎﺧ ﻴ
ﻧ ﻝﻭﺍ ﻝﺎﺳ ﺭﺩ ﻭ ﻝﻭﺍ ﻝﺎﺳ ﺯﺍ ﺮﺘﺸ ﻴ
ﺰ
ﺌﺗﻭﺮﭘ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ ﻴ
ﺑ ﻦ ﻴ ﺩﻮﺑ ﻡﻭﺩ ﻝﺎﺳ ﺯﺍ ﺮﺘﺸ )
ﻝﻭﺪﺟ ٣ .(
ﺕﻭﺎﻔﺗ
ﺴﺑ ﻴ ﺯ ﺭﺎ ﻳ ﺩﺎ ﮔ ﻭﺩ ﻴ ﮐ ﺕﺎﻔﺻ ﻭ ﻪﻓﻮﻠﻋ ﺩﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ ﺮﻈﻧ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺎ ﻴ
ﻔ ﻲ ﻪﮐ
ﻀﻌﺑ ﻲ ﺪﻤﻫ ﺲﮑﻋ ﻳ
ﺪﺷ ﺚﻋﺎﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻝﺎﺳ ﺭﺩ ﺕﻭﺎﻔﺗ ﺪﻧﺩﻮﺑ ﺮﮕ .
ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﺎﺑ ﻼﺜﻣ ﻱ
ﺎﻣﺍ ﺖﺷﺍﺩ ﺩﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ ﺵﺎﻣ ﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑ ﺪﻨﭼ ﺕﺭﺫ ﻪﮐ
ﺌﺗﻭﺮﭘ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ ﻴ
ﺭﺩ ﺩﻮﺑ ﺕﺭﺫ ﻒﺼﻧ ﺯﺍ ﺮﺘﻤﮐ ﻥﺁ ﺮﺘﺴﮐﺎﺧ ﻭ ﻦ
ﻟﺎﺣ ﻲ ﺩ ﺕﺎﻔﺻ ﺕﻭﺎﻔﺗ ﻪﮐ ﻳ
ﺯﺍ ﺮﺘﻤﮐ ﺮﮕ ٢٠
ﺩﻮﺑ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ .
ﺖﺸﮐ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﺎﻤﻴﺗ ﻪﺴﻳﺎﻘﻣ ﻁﻮﻠﺨﻣ
ﻪﻓﻮﻠﻋ ﮏﺸﺧ ﻥﺯﻭ
ﻪﮐ ﺩﺍﺩ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﻁﻮﻠﺨﻣ ﺖﺸﮐ ﺡﻮﻄﺳ ﻲﺑﺎﻳﺯﺭﺍ ﺖﺸﮐ ﺭﺎﻤﻴﺗ
ﻝﺮﺘﻨﮐ ﺎﺑ ﺕﺭﺫ ﺺﻟﺎﺧ ﻒﻠﻋ
ﺎﻫ ﺎﺑ ﺯﺮﻫ ﻱ ٨٨
/ ١٤ ﺭﺎﺘﮑﻫ ﺭﺩ ﻦﺗ
ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﺭﺎﻤﻴﺗ ﻥﺁ ﻝﺎﺒﻧﺩ ﻪﺑ ﻭ ﮏﺸﺧ ﻪﻓﻮﻠﻋ ٥٠
ﺵﺎﻣ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ
ﺪﻧﺩﺮﮐ ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﺍﺭ ﻪﻓﻮﻠﻋ ﺩﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ ﺮﺜﮐﺍﺪﺣ ﺕﺭﺫ ﻪﺑ .
ﻦﻳﺍ ﺯﺍ ﺲﭘ
ﻭﺩ ﺭﺎﻤﻴﺗ ) ﺘﺷﺍﺪﻧ ﻢﻫ ﺎﺑ ﻱﺭﺎﻣﺁ ﺕﻭﺎﻔﺗ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻨ
( ﻱﺎﻫﺭﺎﻤﻴﺗ ،
ﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﻲﺸﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ )
ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﺐﻴﺗﺮﺗ ﻪﺑ ٣٠
، ٢٠ ﻭ ١٠ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ
ﺕﺭﺫ ﻪﺑ ﺵﺎﻣ (
ﺪﻨﺘﺷﺍﺩ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ .
ﻥﻭﺪﺑ ﺺﻟﺎﺧ ﺵﺎﻣ ﺭﺎﻤﻴﺗ
5. Ash
ﻥﺍﺭﺎﮑﻤﻫ ﻭ ﻡﺪﻘﻣ ﻱﺭﺰﺨﻧ :
ﻭ ﻦﻴﻣﺯ ﻱﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ،ﺩﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ ﺮﺑ ﺰﺒﺳ ﺵﺎﻣ ﻭ ﺕﺭﺫ ﻁﻮﻠﺨﻣ ﺖﺸﮐ ﺮﺛﺍ ...
۱۵۵
ﻝﻭﺪﺟ ۲
‐ ﺭﺩ ﻞﺣ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ﺮﻴﻏ ﺮﺒﻴﻓ ،ﺏﺁ ﺭﺩ ﻝﻮﻠﺤﻣ ﻱﺎﻬﺗﺍﺭﺪﻴﻫﻮﺑﺮﮐ ،ﻡﺎﺧ ﻦﻴﺌﺗﻭﺮﭘ ،ﻢﻀﻫ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ﮏﺸﺧ ﻩﺩﺎﻣ ،ﻪﻓﻮﻠﻋ ﺩﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ ﺐﮐﺮﻣ ﺲﻧﺎﻳﺭﺍﻭ ﻪﻳﺰﺠﺗ
ﻠﻤﻋ ﻭ ﺮﺘﺴﮐﺎﺧ ،ﻱﺪﻴﺳﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻩﺪﻨﻳﻮﺷ ﻱﺎﻬﻟﺎﺳ ﺭﺩ ﻦﻴﺌﺗﻭﺮﭘ ﺩﺮﮑ
۱۳۸۵ ﻭ ۱۳۸۶ ﺩﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ
ﻦﻴﺌﺗﻭﺮﭘ ﺮﺘﺴﮐﺎﺧ ﺮﺒﻴﻓ ﻞﺣ ﻞﺑﺎﻗﺮﻴﻏ
ﺕﺍﺭﺪﻴﻫﻮﺑﺮﮐ
ﻝﻮﻠﺤﻣ ﻡﺎﺧ ﻦﻴﺌﺗﻭﺮﭘ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ﮏﺸﺧ ﻩﺩﺎﻣ ﻢﻀﻫ
ﺩﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ ﻪﻓﻮﻠﻋ
ﻪﺟﺭﺩ
ﻱﺩﺍﺯﺁ ﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ٠١٣
/
٠ ١١/٤٧** ٤/٩٥٥ ٢٠/٢٦٨* ١٠/٤٤** ٥١/٥٥** ٠/٧٤٦ ١ ﻝﺎﺳ
٠٣١ /
٠ ٠/٤٠٥ ١/١٦٣ ٣/٢٩٤ ١/٥٧٥ ١/٣٤٥ ٠/٩١٧ ٦ ﻲﻠﺻﺍﻱﺎﻄﺧ
٢٦ /
٠ ** ١٩/٨** ٧١/٦٢** ٢٢٢/٩** ١٠٤/٨** ١١٦/٧** ١٠٢/١** ١١ ﻁﻮﻠﺨﻣ ﺖﺸﮐ ٠٥
/
٠ ** ٠/٠٩٤ ٠/٧١٣ ٠/٥٠٢ ٠/٣٨١ ١/٦٤٣ ١/٩٦٥* ١١ ﻁﻮﻠﺨﻣ ×ﻝﺎﺳ
٠١٦ /
٠ ٠/٢٤٥ ٢/٢٩٧ ٥/١٤٢ ٠/٧ ٤/١٠٩ ٠/٩٧٨ ٦٦ ﻲﻋﺮﻓ ﻱﺎﻄﺧ
٩٥ ﻞﮐ
*
** ، ﻲﻨﻌﻣ ﺭﺍﺩ ﻝﺎﻤﺘﺣﺍ ﺢﻄﺳ ﺭﺩ ٥
ﻭ ١ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ .
ﻝﻭﺪﺟ ۳
‐ ﺎﻘﻣ ﻳ ﻣ ﻪﺴ ﻴ ﮕﻧﺎ ﻴ ﺌﺗﻭﺮﭘ ،ﻢﻀﻫ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ﮏﺸﺧ ﻩﺩﺎﻣ ﻦ ﻴ
ﻫﻮﺑﺮﮐ ،ﻦ ﻴ ﺎﻬﺗﺍﺭﺪ ﻱ ﻝﺎﺳﻭﺩ ﺭﺩ ﺮﺘﺴﮐﺎﺧ ﻭ ﺏﺁ ﺭﺩ ﻝﻮﻠﺤﻣ ﺶﻳﺎﻣﺯﺁ
ﺮﺘﺴﮐﺎﺧ
(%) (%) ﻝﻮﻠﺤﻣ ﻱﺎﻬﺗﺍﺭﺪﻴﻫﻮﺑﺮﮐ (%) ﻦﻴﺌﺗﻭﺮﭘ (%) ﻢﻀﻫ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ﮏﺸﺧ ﻩﺩﺎﻣ ﻝﺎﺳ ٣١٤
/
۵ b ٢٦/٨٤٤b ١١/٩٩٣a ٧٣/٣٤٩b ٨٥
٠٠٦ /
٦ a ٢٧/٧٦٣a ١١/٣٣٣b ٧٤/٨١٥a ٨٦
٢٤ /
١١ ٦/٦٥ ١٠/٧٦ ١/٥٧ CV(%)
ﻏ ﻑﻭﺮﺣ* ﻴ ﻑﻼﺘﺧﺍ ﻩﺪﻨﻫﺩ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﻥﻮﺘﺳ ﺭﺩ ﻪﺑﺎﺸﻣ ﺮ ﻲﻨﻌﻣ
ﺭﺍﺩ ﻝﺎﻤﺘﺣﺍ ﺢﻄﺳ ﺭﺩ ٥
ﺍ ﻪﻨﻣﺍﺩ ﺪﻨﭼ ﻥﻮﻣﺯﺁ ﺱﺎﺳﺍ ﺮﺑ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ ﻱ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻦﮑﻧﺍﺩ .
ﻝﺮﺘﻨﮐ ﻒﻠﻋ ﺎﻫ ﺎﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻪﻓﻮﻠﻋ ﮏﺸﺧ ﻥﺯﻭ ﻞﻗﺍﺪﺣ ﺯﺮﻫ ﻱ ٣٢
/ ٤
ﺩﺮﮐ ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﺭﺎﺘﮑﻫ ﺭﺩ ﻦﺗ )
ﻝﻭﺪﺟ ٤ .(
ﺵﺎﻣ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﺎﺑ
ﻋ ﺩﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ ،ﻦﻳﺰﮕﻳﺎﺟ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﺎﻤﻴﺗ ﺭﺩ ﺖﻓﺎﻳ ﺶﻫﺎﮐ ﻪﻓﻮﻠ
. ﺩﻮﺟﻭ
ﻲﻨﻌﻣ ﺕﻭﺎﻔﺗ ﻝﺮﺘﻨﮐ ﻥﻭﺪﺑ ﺺﻟﺎﺧ ﺕﺭﺫ ﻦﻴﺑ ﺭﺍﺩ
ﻒﻠﻋ ﺎﻫ ﻱ
ﻭ ﺯﺮﻫ ﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﻳ ﺶ ٥٠ ﻨﭽﻤﻫ ﻭ ﺕﺭﺫ ﻪﺑ ﺵﺎﻣ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ ﻴ
ﻡﺪﻋ ﻦ
ﺕﻭﺎﻔﺗ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻲﻨﻌﻣ
ﺭﺍﺩ ﺑ ﻴ ﺗ ﻦ ﻴ ﻝﺮﺘﻨﮐ ﺎﺑ ﺺﻟﺎﺧ ﺕﺭﺫ ﺭﺎﻤ
ﻒﻠﻋ ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﻭ ﺯﺮﻫ ﻳ
ﺶ ٥٠ ﺮﻈﻧ ﺯﺍ ﺕﺭﺫ ﻪﺑ ﺵﺎﻣ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ
ﺗ ﻥﺩﻮﺑ ﺏﻮﻠﻄﻣ ﻩﺪﻨﻫﺩ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﻪﻓﻮﻠﻋ ﮏﺸﺧ ﻥﺯﻭ ﻴ
ﻁﻮﻠﺨﻣ ﺭﺎﻤ
ﺍ ﺍﺰﻓ ﻳ ﺶ ٥٠ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺕﺭﺫ ﻪﺑ ﺵﺎﻣ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ .
ﺗ ﺭﺩ ﻊﻗﺍﻭ ﺭﺩ ﻴ
ﺎﻫﺭﺎﻤ ﻱ
ﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﻳ ﺸ ﻲ ﺎﺑ ﺕﺭﺫ ﻭ ﺵﺎﻣ ﺮﺘﻬﺑ ﺖﺑﺎﻗﺭ ﻒﻠﻋ
ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﺐﺒﺳ ﺯﺮﻫ
ﺮﺘﻬﺑ ﻝﺮﺘﻨﮐ ﻒﻠﻋ
ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﺘﻧ ﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺯﺮﻫ ﻴ
ﺖﺑﺎﻗﺭ ﺶﻫﺎﮐ ﻪﺠ
ﻒﻠﻋ ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﺩﺮﮔ ﺕﺭﺫ ﺎﺑ ﺯﺮﻫ ﻳ
ﺪ . ﺍﻳ ﺑ ﺮﻣﺍ ﻦ ﻴ ﺎﭘ ﺮﮕﻧﺎ ﻴﻳ ﻥﺩﻮﺑ ﺮﺗ ﻦ
ﺛﺎﺗ ﻴ ﻔﻨﻣ ﺮ ﻲ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺕﺭﺫ ﺮﺑ ﺵﺎﻣ .
ﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﺎﺑ ﻳ ﺭﺩ ﺵﺎﻣ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﺶ
ﺗ ﻴ ﺎﻫﺭﺎﻤ ﻱ ﺟ ﺎﻳ ﺰﮕ ﻳ ﺎﻘﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻓﻮﻠﻋ ﮏﺸﺧ ﻥﺯﻭ ،ﻦ ﻳ
ﺕﺭﺫ ﺎﺑ ﻪﺴ
ﺶﻫﺎﮐ ﺺﻟﺎﺧ ﻳ
ﺖﻓﺎ . ﺍ ﺎﺑ ﻳ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ ﺖﺸﻛ ﻉﻮﻧ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻜﻨ
ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻣ ﺕﺭﺫ ﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﺪﺷﺭ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻂﻳﺍﺮﺷ ﻩﺎﻴﮔ ﻭﺩ ﺪﺷﺭ ﻉﻮﻧ ﺮﺗ
ﻟﻭ ،ﺩﻮﺑ ﻲ ﻱﻻﺎﺑ ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﺯﺍ ﻊﻧﺎﻣ ﺵﺎﻣ ﻦﻴﻳﺎﭘ ﺭﺎﻴﺴﺑ ﺩﺮﻜﻠﻤﻋ
ﺪﻳﺩﺮﮔ ﻦﻳﺰﮕﻳﺎﺟ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﺎﻤﻴﺗ .
ﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺭﺩ
Lithourgidis et al.ﻲ
(2006)
ﺖﺸﮐ ﻟﻮﻤﻌﻣ ﮏﺷﺎﻣ ﻲ
ﺎﺑ ﻳ ﻁﻮﻠﺨﻣ ﺕﺭﻮﺻ ﻪﺑ ﻑﻻﻮ
ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﺎﺑ ﺎﻫ ﻱ ٥٥ ﻪﺑ ٤٥ ﻭ ٦٥ ﻪﺑ ٣٥ ﻪﻓﻮﻠﻋ ﺩﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ ،ﺪﺻﺭﺩ
ﺗﺮﺗ ﻪﺑ ﻴ ﺐ ٣٤ ﻭ ٢٩ ﺑ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ ﻴ ،ﮏﺷﺎﻣ ﺺﻟﺎﺧ ﺖﺸﮐ ﺯﺍ ﺮﺘﺸ
ﻟﻭ ﻲ ١٨ ﻭ ٢١ ﺺﻟﺎﺧ ﺖﺸﮐ ﺯﺍ ﺮﺘﻤﮐ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ ﻳ
ﺩﻮﺑ ﻑﻻﻮ .
Morgado & Willey (2003)
ﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺎﺑ ﻲ ﺗ ﻴ ﺎﻫﺭﺎﻤ ﻱ ﻁﻮﻠﺨﻣ
ﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﻳ ﺶ ٢٥ ، ٥٠ ﻭ ٧٥ ﻣ ﻢﮐﺍﺮﺗ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ ﺑﻮﻟ ﺏﻮﻠﻄ
ﻴ ﺎ
) ٢٤٠٠٠٠ ﺭﺎﺘﮑﻫ ﺭﺩ ﻪﺗﻮﺑ
( ﺎﺘﻧ ﺕﺭﺫ ﻪﺑ ﻳ
ﺠ ﻲ ﺍ ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻤﻫ ﺍﺭ ﻳ
ﻦ ﺳﺭﺮﺑ
ﻲ ﺪﻧﺩﺮﮐ ﻩﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ .
ﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺭﺩ ﻲ ﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﺎﺑ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﻳ
ﻢﻛﺍﺮﺗ ﺶ
ﺑﻮﻟ ﻴ ﺯﺍ ﺎ ٢٥ ﻪﺑ ٧٥ ﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﻞﮐ ﺩﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ ،ﺪﺻﺭﺩ ﻳ
ﺶ ﻳ ﺖﻓﺎ . ﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﻲ
ﺑ ﻝﺎﺳ ﻭﺩ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻓﻮﻠﻋ ﺩﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ ﻴ
ﻟﻮﺗ ﺮﮕﻧﺎ ﻴ ﻻﺎﺑ ﺪ ﻱ ﺗ ﻴ ﺎﻫﺭﺎﻤ ﻱ
ﻝﺮﺘﻨﮐ ﺎﺑ ﺺﻟﺎﺧ ﺕﺭﺫ ﻒﻠﻋ
ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﺗ ﻭ ﺯﺮﻫ ﻴ ﺎﻫﺭﺎﻤ ﻱ ﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﻳ ﺸ ﻲ ﺎﺑ
ﻝﺎﺳ ﺭﺩ ﻻﺎﺑ ﺵﺎﻣ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ ١٣٨٥
ﺖﺳﺍ . ﺗ ﻴ ﺎﻫﺭﺎﻤ ﻱ ﺎﺟ ﻳ ﺰﮕ ﻳ ﻭ ﻦ
ﻧ ﺺﻟﺎﺧ ﺵﺎﻣ ﻴ
ﻝﺎﺳ ﺭﺩ ﺰ ١٣٨٦
ﺪﻧﺩﻮﺑ ﺮﺗﺮﺑ )
ﻝﻭﺪﺟ ٥ .(
ﻩﺩﺎﻣ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ ﻢﻀﻫ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ﮏﺸﺧ
ﺗ ﻪﺑ ﻢﻀﻫ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ﮏﺸﺧ ﻩﺩﺎﻣ ﺮﺜﮐﺍﺪﺣ ﻴ
ﺎﺑ ﺺﻟﺎﺧ ﺕﺭﺫ ﺭﺎﻤ
ﻝﺮﺘﻨﮐ ﻒﻠﻋ ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﺎﺑ ﺯﺮﻫ ١٤ / ٧٨ ﻧ ﻥﺁ ﻞﻗﺍﺪﺣ ﻭ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ ﻴ
ﻪﺑ ﺰ
ﺗ ﻴ ﻝﺮﺘﻨﮐ ﻥﻭﺪﺑ ﺺﻟﺎﺧ ﺵﺎﻣ ﺭﺎﻤ ﻒﻠﻋ
ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﺎﺑ ﺯﺮﻫ ٣٦ / ٦٦
ﺩﻮﺑ ﻁﻮﺑﺮﻣ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ .
ﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﺎﺑ ﻳ ﺗ ﺭﺩ ﺵﺎﻣ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ ﺶ ﻴ
ﺎﻫﺭﺎﻤ ﻱ
ﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﻳ ﺸ ﻲ ﻢﻀﻫ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ﮏﺸﺧ ﻩﺩﺎﻣ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ ، ﺭﺪﺗ ﻪﺑ
ﻳ ﺶﻫﺎﮐ ﺞ
ﻳ ﺖﻓﺎ . ﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﺎﺑ ﻳ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﺶ ﺵﺎﻣ
ﺭﺩ ﺗ ﻴ ﺎﻫﺭﺎﻤ ﻱ ﺎﺟ ﻳ ﺰﮕ ﻳ
،ﻦ
ﻣ ﻴ ﻥﺍﺰ ﻩﺩﺎﻣ ﻥﺯﻭ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﻞﻴﻟﺩ ﻪﺑ ﻢﻀﻫ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ﮏﺸﺧ
ﺕﺭﺫ ﻪﺑ ﺵﺎﻣ ﮏﺸﺧ )
ﻲﺸﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﺎﻤﻴﺗ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ (
ﺶﻫﺎﮐ
ﺖﺸﮐ ﻉﻮﻧ ﻭﺩ ﺮﻫ ﺭﺩ ﺶﻫﺎﮐ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ ﻲﻟﻭ ﺖﻓﺎﻳ ﻱﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﺩﻮﺑ ﻢﮐ ﺭﺎﻴﺴﺑ )
ﻞﮑﺷ ١ .(
ﺐﻴﮐﺮﺗ ﺭﺩ ﺵﺎﻣ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﻥﺩﻮﺑ ﻢﮐ
ﻢﻀﻫ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ﮏﺸﺧ ﻩﺩﺎﻣ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ ﻥﺩﻮﺑ ﻻﺎﺑ ﻦﻴﻨﭽﻤﻫ ﻭ ﻪﻓﻮﻠﻋ ﺵﺎﻣ ﺭﺩ ) ﺩﻭﺪﺣ ١٥ ﺺﻟﺎﺧ ﺕﺭﺫ ﺯﺍ ﺮﺘﻤﮐ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ (
ﺐﺟﻮﻣ
ﺪﻳﺩﺮﮔ ﺖﻔﺻ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻢﮐ ﺭﺎﻴﺴﺑ ﺶﻫﺎﮐ .
ﺭﺩ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ
Lithourgidis et al.
(2006)
ﻴﻧ ﺕﻼﻏ ،ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ ،ﺰ
ﻭ ﺪﻨﺘﺷﺍﺩ ﻱﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﻢﻀﻫ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ﻲﻳﺍﺬﻏ ﻩﺩﺎﻣ ﻡﻮﮕﻟ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﺎﺑ
ﻦﻳﺍ ،ﻪﻓﻮﻠﻋ ﺐﻴﮐﺮﺗ ﺭﺩ ﻡﻮﮕﻟ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﺭﺍﺪﻘﻣ
ﺶﻫﺎﮐ
ﺖﻓﺎﻳ
Carr et al. .
(2004)
ﺵﺭﺍﺰﮔ ﺍﺭ ﻲﻬﺑﺎﺸﻣ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ ﺰﻴﻧ
ﻩﺩﺮﮐ ﺪﻧﺍ .
۱۵۶ ﻪﻠﺠﻣ
ﻲﻋﺍﺭﺯ ﻥﺎﻫﺎﻴﮔ ﻡﻮﻠﻋ ﻳﺍ
ﻩﺭﻭﺩ ،ﻥﺍﺮ ۴۰
ﻩﺭﺎﻤﺷ ، ۴ ، ۱۳۸۸
ﺪﺟ ﻝﻭ ۴
‐ ﺏﺁ ﺭﺩ ﻝﻮﻠﺤﻣ ﺕﺍﺭﺪﻴﻫﻮﺑﺮﮐ ﻭ ﻡﺎﺧ ﻦﻴﺌﺗﻭﺮﭘ ،ﻦﻴﻣﺯ ﻱﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ،ﻪﻓﻮﻠﻋ ﺩﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ ﺮﺑ ﺖﺷﺎﮐ ﻱﻮﮕﻟﺍ ﺮﺛﺍ
ﻝﻮﻠﺤﻣ ﺕﺍﺭﺪﻴﻫﻮﺑﺮﮐ )
ﺪﺻﺭﺩ
( (ﺪﺻﺭﺩ)ﻡﺎﺧ ﻦﻴﺌﺗﻭﺮﭘ ﻦﻴﻣﺯ ﻱﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ (ﺭﺎﺘﮑﻫ ﺭﺩ ﻦﺗ) ﻪﻓﻮﻠﻋ ﺩﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ ﻁﻮﻠﺨﻣ ﺭﺎﻤﻴﺗ ٤١
/
٣٢ a ٨/٤٥a ‐ ۱۴/۸۸a Cwf
١٧ /
٣٢ ab ۸/۳۱e ‐ ١٢/٧d Cwo
٩٣ /
٣١ ab ٨/٧٤e ١/١١ ١٣/٠٦cd C١٠٠+ M١٠
١ /
٣١ abc ٩/٧d ١/١٧ ١٣/١٦cd C١٠٠+ M٢٠
٨٨ /
٢٩ bcd ٩/٤٦d ١/٢٦ ١٣/٥٣bcd C١٠٠+ M٣٠
٢٧ /
٩٧ cde ۱۰/۲۳d ١/٣٥ ١٣/٨١bc C١٠٠+ M٤٠
١٣ /
٢٨ def ١٠/١٣d ١/٤٣ ١٤/٣٧ab C١٠٠+ M٥٠
٠٢ /
٢٧ efg ١١/٥١c ١/٠٥ ١١/٣٥e C٧٥M٢٥
١ /
٢٦ fg ١٢/١c ١/١ ٩/٦٨٦f C٥٠ M٥٠
٢٢ /
٢٥ g ١٣/٩٧b ١/٠٨ ٧/٤٢٩g C٢٥M٧٥
٤٢ /
١٧ h ١٨/٦٣a ‐ ٥/٦١٦h Mwf
١٧/.h ١٨/٥٦a ‐ ٤/٣٢٣i Mwo
ﻑﻼﺘﺧﺍ ﻩﺪﻨﻫﺩ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﻥﻮﺘﺳ ﺭﺩ ﻪﺑﺎﺸﻣ ﺮﻴﻏ ﻑﻭﺮﺣ * ﻲﻨﻌﻣ
ﺭﺍﺩ ﻝﺎﻤﺘﺣﺍ ﺢﻄﺳ ﺭﺩ ٥
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻦﮑﻧﺍﺩ ﻱﺍ ﻪﻨﻣﺍﺩ ﺪﻨﭼ ﻥﻮﻣﺯﺁ ﺱﺎﺳﺍ ﺮﺑ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ .
ﻝﻭﺪﺟ ۵
‐ ﻝﺎﺳ ﻞﺑﺎﻘﺘﻣ ﺮﺛﺍ
× ﻭ ﻪﻓﻮﻠﻋ ﺩﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋﺮﺑ ﺖﺸﻛ ﻱﻮﮕﻟﺍ ﻡﺎﺧ ﻦﻴﺌﺗﻭﺮﭘ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ
ﻪﻓﻮﻠﻋ ﺩﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ )
ﺭﺎﺘﮑﻫ ﺭﺩ ﻦﺗ (
(ﺭﺎﺘﮑﻫ ﺭﺩ ﻦﺗ) ﻡﺎﺧ ﻦﻴﺌﺗﻭﺮﭘ
٨٦ ٨٥ ٨٦ ٨٥ ﺖﺷﺎﻛ ﻱﻮﮕﻟﺍ
١٤ab ١٥/٤a* ١/٢٢bcde ١/٣bcd* Cwf
٨٦ /
١٢ bcd ١٢/٥٣bcd ١/٠٢ef ١/٠٩def Cwo
٢٧ /
١٣ abcd ١٢/٨٦bcd ١/١٣cdef ١/١٥bcdef C١٠٠+ M١٠ ٩٣
/
١٢ bcd ١٣/٣٩abcd ١/٢٥bcd ١/٣١bc C١٠٠+ M٢٠ ٠٥
/
١٣ bcd ١٤/٠١ab ١/٢١bcde ١/٣٩a C١٠٠+ M٣٠ ٤٦
/
١٣ abc ١٤/١٦ab ١/٣٥b ١/٤٧a C١٠٠+ M٤٠
١٣ /
١٤ ab ١٤/٦٢ab ١/٢٩bcd ١/٥٦a C١٠٠+ M٥٠
٥٧ /
١١ cde ١١/١٢de ١/٣bcd ١/٣١bc C٧٥+ M٢٥
٦١ /
٩ e ٩/٧٦e ١/١٢cdef ١/٢٣bcd C٥٠+ M٥٠
٢٤ /
٨ fg ٦/٦١fg ١/١cdef ٠/٩٧f C٢٥M٧٥
٢١ /
٦ gh ٥/٠٢hi ١/١٤bcdef ٠/٩٥f Mwf
٢٨ /
٥ hi ٣/٧i ٠/٩٤f ٠/٦٥g Mwo
* ﻑﻼﺘﺧﺍ ﻩﺪﻨﻫﺩ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﻥﻮﺘﺳ ﺭﺩ ﻪﺑﺎﺸﻣ ﺮﻴﻏ ﻑﻭﺮﺣ ﻲﻨﻌﻣ
ﺭﺍﺩ ﻝﺎﻤﺘﺣﺍ ﺢﻄﺳ ﺭﺩ ٥
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻦﮑﻧﺍﺩ ﻱﺍ ﻪﻨﻣﺍﺩ ﺪﻨﭼ ﻥﻮﻣﺯﺁ ﺱﺎﺳﺍ ﺮﺑ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ .
ﺌﺗﻭﺮﭘ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ ﻴ
ﻡﺎﺧ ﻦ ﺗ ﻴ ﻝﺮﺘﻨﮐ ﺎﺑ ﺺﻟﺎﺧ ﺕﺭﺫ ﺭﺎﻤ ﻒﻠﻋ
ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﺮﻫ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﺎﺑ ﺯ
ﺍﻳ ﻢﻀﻫ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ﮏﺸﺧ ﻩﺩﺎﻣ ﻭ ﺩﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ ﺮﺜﮐﺍﺪﺣ ﻪﮑﻨ ﻪﻓﻮﻠﻋ
ﺍﺭ
،ﺖﺷﺍﺩ ﻟﻭ ﻲ ﺌﺗﻭﺮﭘ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ ﻴ
ﺴﺑ ﻥﺁ ﻦ ﻴ
ﺎﺑ ﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑ ﻭ ﻢﮐ ﺭﺎ ٤٥
/ ٨
ﺩﻮﺑ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ .
ﺌﺗﻭﺮﭘ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ ﺮﺜﮐﺍﺪﺣ ﻴ
ﺗ ﻪﺑ ﻦ ﻴ ﺺﻟﺎﺧ ﺖﺸﮐ ﺭﺎﻤ
ﻝﺮﺘﻨﮐ ﺎﺑ ﺵﺎﻣ ﻒﻠﻋ
ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﺯﺮﻫ ) ٦٣ / ١٨ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ ( ﺖﺷﺍﺩ ﻖﻠﻌﺗ
) ﻝﻭﺪﺟ ٤ .(
ﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﺎﺑ ﻳ ﺗ ﺭﺩ ﺵﺎﻣ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ ﺶ ﻴ
ﺎﻫﺭﺎﻤ ﻱ ﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﻳ ﺸ ﻲ ،
ﺌﺗﻭﺮﭘ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ ﻴ
ﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﻦ ﻳ ﺶ ﻳ ﻟﻭ ،ﺖﻓﺎ ﻲ ﺍ ﻳ ﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﻦ ﻳ ﺯﺍ ﺮﺘﻤﮐ ﺶ
ﺗ ﻴ ﺎﻫﺭﺎﻤ ﻱ ﺎﺟ ﻳ ﺰﮕ ﻳ ﻨ ﻲ ﺯ ﺩﻮﺑ ﻳ ﺗ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺮ ﻴ ﺎﻫﺭﺎﻤ ﻱ ﺎﺟ ﻳ ﺰﮕ ﻳ ﻨ ﻲ
ﺑ ﻪﻓﻮﻠﻋ ﻞﮐ ﮏﺸﺧ ﻥﺯﻭ ﻪﺑ ﺵﺎﻣ ﮏﺸﺧ ﻥﺯﻭ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﻴ
ﺮﺘﺸ
ﺩﻮﺑ . ﻟﺩ ﻪﺑ ﻴ ﺎﭘ ﻞ ﻴﻳ ﺌﺗﻭﺮﭘ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ ﻥﺩﻮﺑ ﻦ ﻴ
ﺻﻮﺗ ﺕﻼﻏ ﻦ ﻴ
ﻪ
ﻣ ﻲ ﺍ ﺩﻮﺷ ﻳ ﮔ ﻦ ﻴ ﺎﺑ ﻩﺍﺮﻤﻫ ﻥﺎﻫﺎ ﻡﻮﮕﻟ
ﺎﻫ ﺖﺸﮐ ﻁﻮﻠﺨﻣ ﺕﺭﻮﺼﺑ
ﺪﻧﻮﺷ ﻳ ﺎﺑ ﺎ ﻳ ﻟ ﮏ ﻭ ﻑﺮﺼﻣ ﻁﻮﻠﺨﻣ ﺕﺭﻮﺼﺑ ﻡﻮﮕ ﻳ
ﺳ ﺎ ﻴ ﺪﻧﻮﺷ ﻮﻠ
ﺌﺗﻭﺮﭘ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ ﺎﺗ ﻴ
ﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﻪﻓﻮﻠﻋ ﻦ ﻳ
ﺶ ﻳ ﺪﺑﺎ
Giacomini et al. .
(2003)
ﻭ ﮏﺷﺎﻣ ﺖﺸﮐ ﺎﺑ ﻳ
،ﻁﻮﻠﺨﻣ ﻭ ﺺﻟﺎﺧ ﺕﺭﻮﺼﺑ ﻑﻻﻮ
ﺌﺗﻭﺮﭘ ﻞﻗﺍﺪﺣ ﻭ ﺮﺜﮐﺍﺪﺣ ﻴ
ﻭ ﮏﺷﺎﻣ ﺺﻟﺎﺧ ﺖﺸﮐ ﺯﺍ ﺍﺭ ﻦ ﻳ
ﺪﻧﺩﺮﮐ ﺵﺭﺍﺰﮔ ﻑﻻﻮ .
ﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺭﺩ ﻲ ﻧ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﻴ ﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﺎﺑ ﺰ ﻳ ﮏﺷﺎﻣ ﺶ
ﮐﺮﺗ ﻪﺑ ﻴ ﺗﻭﺮﭘ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ ﻪﻓﻮﻠﻋ ﺐ ﺌ
ﻴ ﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﻦ ﻳ ﺶ ﻳ ﺖﻓﺎ . ﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﻳ ﺶ
ﺍﻮﺘﺤﻣ ﻱ ﺌﺗﻭﺮﭘ ﻴ ﺑﻮﻟ ﺎﺑ ﻡﻮﮔﺭﻮﺳ ﻁﻮﻠﺨﻣ ﺖﺸﮐ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻓﻮﻠﻋ ﻦ ﻴ
ﻭ ﺎ
ﻣ ﻪﺑ ﺏﻼﺒﻟ ﻴ
ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑ ﻭﺩ ﻥﺍﺰ
Titterton et al.
(2002)
ﺵﺭﺍﺰﮔ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ .
60 62 64 66 68 70 72 74 76 78 80
Cwf Cwo
C100+M10 C100+M20
C100+M30 C100+M40
C100+M50 C75M25
C50M50 C25M75
Mwf Mwo ﺖﺷﺎﻛ ﻱﻮﮕﻟﺍ
( ﺪﺻﺭﺩ ) DMDِِ
a ab abc a-d bcd a-d cde
g g f de e
ﻪﻓﻮﻠﻋﻢﻀﻫ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ﮏﺸﺧ ﻩﺩﺎﻣﺪﺻﺭﺩ ﺮﺑ ﺵﺎﻣ ﻭ ﺕﺭﺫ ﺖﺸﮐ ﻱﻮﮕﻟﺍ ﺮﺛﺍ ‐۱ﻞﮑﺷ
ﻲﻨﻌﻣ ﺕﻭﺎﻔﺗ ﺮﮕﻧﺎﻴﺑ ﻪﺑﺎﺸﻣ ﺮﻴﻏ ﻑﻭﺮﺣ ﺣﺍ ﺢﻄﺳ ﺭﺩ ﺭﺍﺩ
ﻝﺎﻤﺘ ٥ ﻲﻣ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ .
