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7-Gorny, Yosef. Zionism and the Arabs: 1948-1982, (Oxford) PP.41-43 8-Gorny, Yosef.(1996) http: //www. tau.ac.il/taunews/96winter/zion.html.
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http://www.Yahoodi.com/peace/postzionism.html
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