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7 . 5 :
1. Makridakis, S. and Wheelwright, S. (1989). Forecasting Methods For Management,5th. Ed, John Wiley, and Sons, Inc.
2. www.cic.nyu.edu/internationalsecurity/docs/NIC_final.pdf, Global Trends 2025: A Transformed World.
3. leveret,Hillary Man,(2011),us politics towards Israel&Iran available on raceforiran.
comarchive/us polices/29651/access 28 Des www.
4. Snyder/Robert.(1999)”The us and Third world revolutionary states:understanding The breakdown in reletions, international studis Quarterly.