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:D -4 S R R F, 2 G I J %K, G 3-G J B 7 N8 F + :

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. B 3 <F, + , ,%K T4<O B 7

S 2

Y ( /* N 2 G I J - BN ,N UV B8 F

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%D*, . 8, [D :D7

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%D'7 . U, D'K D2

f Y P \M* [ - ,:L& U 6<0^ ,%K 3 * 6*

- - 4 D G D N P N :^

F, Y * B <G, - 6K I J %K, G .

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F, < : .

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F, < H&* _F -<J .

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N 7 D/*, D&K '6 -D. D ,:DR UV `2 * N F, ,8V <G, 2 L * -< 6J ,8V 2 G +&6k F, (% V:2 *,

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* ( ) Yn%D' 6

-5 D<* DR D2 D7 UV 8, [D :7 f: h. N n F, * )R 7 UV 8, [ :7 2 G I J - -X<' I D J D2 o DL , U,:D , - @DF, B X6Y -F F, U * G :] N +&'a67 n 9

'F 8, [ W,% 2 2 G -G J B 7

- U 6<0^ N -F &F n , :<;&2 2,:G ,%K B 7

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- B + 8, + , - 6K I J -* L N - D6K I D J \&7 D0 8, -'9N : 3%* F

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^%

( 2 DF 2 8, -] 2 G I J S 2 [&F@ B 7 (%D , + :D

o DL , +D , D7

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3 9 :M*

m , %*% <_ 2 G U ,:&. [&F@ B 7 e P B 7

3 N N D7

B,:2 -_* F, +]6 ,8 2 *, ,8V 2 G 2 : p B 5 B 7 :]46K D5 B : B ,8V

9 - 4 7 UV % V N f _ +& e P .

[&F@ + ,8, -] U, 'K 2 `& =, <F, U Y qD' N N%/ + :< 2 % <_ 7

-DDD B DDD5 DDD6K, 8, -DDDP:2 DDDr * 8, %DDD*,

2 DDD&Y `DDD2 G B ,8V :DDDM*

%DDD9 .

Mill,1980,chapter10,Para 82)

:) = LK 2(

3 [&F@

+&D2 f8 DF W%K c R `J B,:2 7

2 G I J )

,8V ,8 2 2 L * N%/ ? * [ U, 'K 2 (

N B ,8V B D<G, B : B 7

(:X2 B,:2 , N%/ ? * + , %'*V:2 B ,8V 8, B%'

8, N %D* )* &2 B N:Db B <G, B 7

Y 2 m :A + , 8 F

%*8, :s2 2 G I J B .

+& 8, -P:2

` `]; %*% <_ &6F, W, V :&M* 7 :D , +D , D2 , % L* 7

2 , ,N V

U

\ H&P:2 - Y (8 L 2 7 .

-D6* D F, % <_ N, 8, -DP:2 `D2 \&*, D

6&G c ,H , :&2,%

+ , \ 8, :s2 42 2 U * G [ qbN 2 7

&* W 4_ F, - J

Q DDF F, DD V N %DD9 2 ,%DDK N B ,8V mDD , U * DDG +DD , ,:DDY, `DD2 G

DD7 n DD* DD

) smith,1776,chapter7,para26

D2 G B,:D2 B D 8 &67, 3- : * F B t:A 2 BN(

(4)

- ` G - F %& dK 2 2 G u 9 ,:R 9

:D2 -'<L B <G, l2,N &6F, :M* 8,

N =N:E 5 , dK 2 %'< 7 P - O9 v,%7, -. *, ,8V ,: , B ,8 2 2 G `1, - ( :D^

. N:D dDK 2 D & J -D< N = DM* N :D<' DF, %D <_ N, 3`D2

UNH B% , * N :

- 7

9 . ,8V 2 G `1, N, :M* 8, q* ,8 2 \&M' N

%'< 7 q65 ,

6r _ Y B 7 <P F 2 H^:7 ,8V 2 G N, :M* 2 -D6* ,N B,

dDK 2 D2 G D]42 %D'

-DD U8, DD N -)'7 DD67 DD5 ,

\&DDM' , f DDP 3 ,8 DD2 w DDF, +&DD67 :DD2 N DD9

-

(Muller,1993,p.45)%' .

-] `& = , <F, U Y `D6K [ = 5 F, % <_ F, [&F@ B U & J 8,

F, -K 6<Y, .

- :E < , U,:) q ' a*V F, UV:2 N, D_ Y q ' 3` N 8 F

- ,:G :&E / , , ,:DG _ Y &J@1 `1, 3%7

.

%'6;D %*, +D , D <K, D2

2 7 UV &0& N 7> U 2 U,8 ,

`6K B ,8V N *, ,8V fN:

(%'9N:

, m&EN o L , 7 .

:D2,:2 B ,8V +&6kD N :D<' mD :A 8, = %DP N D7> B> D2 D&0& N -*,8 , +&'a67 8, D 6J B,:2 P 2 * 2 : , + , 3%9 %7, P +& U ^%'' v: N U, ,% :P v: D

U ^%'' 2 %7, P cO2:E, N %&0

(Mill,1980,chapter1,para107)

. B D D2 ( ^% + ,

"

,8V = 5

"

N%/ 67 F, (%9 W F TD&G N qD' -K D* , = 5 :2 ,N B 7

- ,%64G 67 %'

V - S / :9 N @2 7 U

%* 9 . J + , 2 3

I D J -7 ^%D +&'R

B ,8V 8, 6J ( ^:M' 8, , 2 G ,8 2 U,:);' B <G, B 7

-D DY N ?N:;D

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DF, `2 G .

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2 G I J (

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%* 9 < 2 2 B <G, B ,8V HY - %7 B,:2 % L* H^:7 . .

( 2 .

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`& = , <F, U Y 8, %_2 3

-D ,% %. B <G, B :&&p ? * [ 3 :D^

:D&&p +D ,

m&G % [ :2 :<;&2 :

B:M* N ( 2

, %& 2 G .

[&F@ * 2 % + , m4_ 7

D6<Y, ( D -<2 G N ,8V ,8 2 [ = %P N > q 8 N %& F, UV :2 , , -K

- :x ,%J 2

%* F . D)'2 %*% <_ % + , U, ,% :A (

B D<G, N -* D^ 8 2 = DF N D7

- Xy * N % %Y :9 2 N %* 9 ,8 2 ,N *, ,8V %'*,

)'2 N 7 ( D2 *, ,8V Y B 7

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%*8, :s2 2 G .

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, B ,8V ? D* +

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( D U Da67 - D7

< Y:2 H&* B% , N -K 6<Y, -

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f8 , F, ( P %* &. 2H B 7 .

,8 D2 %D : Dp D Da*V ( ^%D + , :M* 8, qG,N

3%& d&J 8, % V - - 4 q2 ' e <P, N q 8

3 7 /*, 3 9 N

D2 G %b B 7

` N

- S / 7

%* 9 . :D) = LK 2 3

:D9 D ( D)'2 %D'R D [D D - D)'7

^ 8 2 {&D7 N %' p;D ,8 D2 D& _ D2 B <G, N -*

N N :DM* 8, \D7 B%D %X D* ^

:9 ,%* YN &G B 7 )

/*, 5 , `& %2 (

6&G = 1 + , -<2 DG grDF 8, 7

- |O; B /*, 6&G [ N %7, P : > 2 UV > D %D& &_DbN + , 2 :^

c7 - Y, ( N %2 - H H< H&* -K 6<

F, < c ,H , q2 ' v@ , 2 ,: 8 :^

.

[&F@ * <K, 2

N 7

N %D9 %D7, P fN:D N %& c ,H , dK 2 -*@ K B 7

N +&'R X*

- dK 2 - 7 ( NV:D2 W : 8, B:&x ,%_ B 7 b 8, B 8 U,H& %* 9

F N 9

B V & * H&* :<;&2 :^ X*

3 U, D<2 D D2 %7, O* %G UV Y q2 ' ,:R

3W : 8, -;O2 -K 6<Y, ( U%9 : %2 UN%2 -;DO2 B D<G, &_DbN DLX2 B <DF,

:) 8 F 7 UV q 8 2 .

4&FN ,8V ,8 2 (%K + , :M* 8, 8, D 6J N m ;D B,:2 B,

%* , f@ N -_F -<OF 2 F, -*

+ :<;&2 9 : % B A _ Y q2 '

% V F%2 %&

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J + , 2 3

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%9 2 .

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9 3 F, : h. &Y .

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p.630)

(Clark,2006,

. ( ^% + , w F,:2 3

(% , r * U, <*:^, -'&*, DG mD :A 8, % 2 NV F%2 , V

8 2 :]46K - \&M' , ,

D6* S DO<*, , + H) DY D' H^ + :D<X2 %D'

) Lancaster and

Lipsey,1956-7,p.11 (

( 3 .

$ % &'$

(%K Q %6K U *, <G, N U *,%G J 8, B, . %'< 7 ^ ]&9 ( );*, 2 m4_<

U, ,hD^

- - 4 <] + ,

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- S /

%* 9 2 G m ; dK 2 F, +]6 %* 9 .

} 2 =:2,

(Robert Bork)

8, -]

U &K%

Y Q F F, F, -K% N 3 F, ( ^% + , B%

-2 D ~ N v,:/*, R 2 G I J

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F, (%9 .

D2 G I D J -_G,N % G BN ,

B D<G, B%D , 3

U ^%D'' v: D ( D N

- 2 G 8, 6J D2 G N DLG 8, D 6J D* N %*,

,8 D2 U ^%D''

(Bork,1978.p.405)

.

B,:D2 *> K 2 G `1, 8, 6J B 52 2 G I J + , 8, 4•, H&* - .N , U & 6 F, ( 6* <*, ;& ( :2 2 ,8 2 B LG 8, 6J

(Veljanovski,2004,p.153)

.

. -b G

(Posner):'F -D ( ^%D + , %&

%D ^ : D2 G I D J (8N:D , )

D] : , (

K 65 %D* , N:F 2 G I J 2 -* - 6 N F, B <G, -*@ K 1, 8, B,

D]42 %D9 2 B D<G, B% V N ( m ; % 2 2 G I J v%7 %* , m , X' * G, \4 `1, + , :2 -)67 1, + , 8, % 2 %* , m , H&* B <

) D2 G I J (

B,:D2

(:DDDX2 B DDD<G, B%DDD V N ( DDD DDD2 B DDD5 B DDD7 < U :DDD ZDDD'7 67 N = DDDLE

(Posner,2001,p.15) :^

. , 3 F, % V 2 G j0J ( ^% + , 2 G I J v%7

, YN `]; N `6K :

* T :_ (€,N + , + , N, +D , Q> D1, + , WN N F, (%;

N F, \XL = LK

"

% V 2 G

"

=N D0< B D7 '_ N DF, (%;D* TD :_ +&*, G

D2 G I D J |O;D :D&• N \XLD -;D * B% V 3+ ,:2 '2 3 F, (%9 8,:2, UV

(Veljanovski,2006,p.126) , .

^ %'*V:2 <] + , U & J N U, ,% :A e DP `D6K %D'R DX' 2 G I J U 6<0

9 ? '6 % 2 .

x U, 'K 2 3

` +&D&_ D2 E A 2 , = %P N 7> 6&G - 7

- - \& U 9 P +&2 , ,8 2 N %'' D2 -X<' B 5 :9 %'R W • , N %' 6*

- /*,

(Bork,1978,p.406) :^

. : V - K ( ^ ,

%D'R , ^ ]&9 <] :] N H&* ]

(%*N:. 8, F, ( :2 2 (%9 t:r UV H* :&P, B 7

1.

-4 A 2

3 UV 8, c&D2 ,8 D2 :D]46K N P F, + , <] + , :] N

%9 2 %&0 3 F, :k .

P , 8, B:F [ 2 % 2 2 G I J G N B 7

P

%9 ( :69:2 e 3

:^ N%/

. N + , 8, 3

DF, (%D9 q' B 5 6K, 8, B & 2

UV 8, % 2 3 :^ &K '6 q 7

<G, N P R:^, <] + , U & J ( ^% 8,

DF, 'x<DF, D4P,% ? * + , 5*V 8, , F, -'< : h. 2 G I J G N .

+ ,:2 D'2

% 2 2

%2 e <P, N%/ , 3

qD' 2 G I J (8N: , a*V (N:^ + , <K, 2

F, N%/ , 8, : ,: F, (%9 .

1- see for example:continental T.v.Inc. v. Gte sy Ivania Inc, 433 u.s.36(1997) Boadcast music Inc. v. clumbia Broadcasting system, NCAA v. Boad of Rwgents of university of Oklahoma.

(7)

( (

) *

DF, (%D'' +&D&_ N + D&'2 - DX0 ,%DK - 6K I J = &2 , .

D9, :2 B D7

0&A + , 8, =N 0<

- 8, q&FN 7 <P F

\< &F N ( NV %D %. , B <G, N -F &F B 7

3 F, o DL , ,8 2 & _ \&M' N :<' B,:2 N B 7 ,H2, 8, -] U, 'K 2 2 G I J

, ,%K B 2 - &EN .

B 8, [ :7

D* ^ D2 ,%K B 7 DF, :D2 N =N D0< B,

w

. Y 2 e P -98 , B 7 J 1, N %K, G B8 F

8 %D'7, P F 2 G I .

+D , 8,

N 3 - D6K I D J N D N -F &F 0 4 %* &. 2 , (8 J + , 7 UV =,:&E _ r

- U 6'7 B <G, 8 F

.

( ( 1 .

+, - )

(%&a&. U, 'K 2 -_ 8 ,%K ,%DK W DX0 + :D H&)*, d/2 J +&K N + :

- t:r

%9 2 2 :y * DF, T& D] N q2 ' q 8

. D & J 3 D2 ,%DK 8, W DX0 +D ,

- ,%&. o L , q2 ' N = * ] , *> K |& O ? b 3%'

B D - D6 }:<; (% , -

N q2 D' |& O F, UV -_ 8 ,%K B 7 8, \DK, D_ Y = D* ] , q 8 8 D2

B D< ,:D , D2 %D 2 - 6K 1 ' N =N:E D9, :D2,:2

) 3-6A D %&DF B DG 1382

e3 59

D ,(

B D* ^ l ,:D9 8, -DP:2 -_ 8 D ,%K B 7

=N D0 8, B, , ,:D , +&D2 B ,hD^

- = * ] , q 8 8 2

%*: h.

. U, 'K 2

* 6*

3 B:2,:2 D* +D , &Y B,:2 7 ^% + , 8, -P:2

, W F =N 0 `1, 2 H N, U Y WN `1, 2 - `F < F

Heath,1999,www ) %* 9

jheath/rawls.pdf (chass.utoronto.ac/

.

40• ( :. B, N - O9 q ' N = 4_ 8, • U *, -*@ K S O<*, m :A 8, H N, UV B:2,:2 N . , -_F ,%K 1, :F :2 m , 7

=N 0< P:2 B,:2 Y B,

=N:E q 8 8 2 7

1: N T&_b q0* 2 7

%' BH t:A 7:

.(Rawls,1971,pp.66-65)

. -_ 8 ,%K m :A 8, + ,:2 '2 N =N:DE qD 8 8 D2 N P B,:2 Y B,

1:

- 5 , 7 N 3 9

P -< 6J =@P,% &Y B,:2 H&* ( B 7 (8 J

B D7

,: , q0* 2 -K 6<Y, N B <G, T&_b

`F < -_ 8 ,%K U 6<0^ 2 : -

%* 9 .

3 ,8 2 1:K 3 :D&^ (:DX2 D2 G I D J :D&M* - N 0< B 7 ,H2, 8, F, +]6 N

D*, ,8V D2 G +&6k N 7 /*, ?, *, &K '6 m :A 8, N 1:K + , N P F, &Y `2 G \7 :) :M' 8, ,8 2 .

,:G I J W M*

:D2 -'<L -K 6<Y, = LF ' 7 ,

( , , B:2,:2 N B ,8V `1, F 7

3 D2 UV v,%D7, D , F, ,: , l2,N \&M' %1 W M* + ,

F, =N 0< F, (% V -_ 8 ,%K B a*V .

-/&/ D ,%K &KN:; ,: 8

(8)

-D `D1 J :D2,:2 +&Db K L m :A 8, 7 , ,:G W M*

DM* N D9 D7 , ,:G I D J W

U ;*

DF, -D , lDP [D N :D2,:2 -G D J ( D) Y 2 v:A N r2, (%'7

) 3B:G D2 1385 3

|1 215 - 252

.(

l2,N -/&/ ,%K +& -. B , ,:G = P ? GN = 1 %K, G + , 3-K 6<Y, _0' 2 F, , ,:G +& :A 3B% ,

3U ^%D'' v: D I D J D*> K qD 8

,%* :M* * 0 ' B ,h^ 6&G N = %P N 7>

. + ,:2 '2 3 2 G I J F, gb,N :.

,8V N [&DF@ D<G, D2 o D2: 7 , ,:G I J W M* 8, =N 0< - 'Y N : ,: BH&R F, :2 , 3 , -_ 8 D ,%DK ; &'2 R:^, 2 G I J 'L + , :2 N

F &F UV -.

-D D6K, - D6K B D7 X* N D N lF - 6K N - M* B 7 D , D9

,8V D2 G D2 L D* -< D6J N -D4&6] :D] N -K D* D]42 D&* ,8V <G, T O

- S /

9 .

B ,%D %. DY ,8V ,8 D2 -1 DP I D J U 67 7 , ,:G I J W M* U * J %'6 %7 %K, G - B <G, &7 2 - 6K I

:D&M* -K D6<Y, q D' N v,%D7, D 9

:^ +& ,8V 2 G +&6k N B <G, B% , .

+ ,:2 '2 3 D D2 G I D J B8 F Y

f8 , B ,:G:2 2:<;&2 - UV _F N -K 6<Y, ( B 7

-_ 8 D ,%DK B D'L :D2 %;D %*,

2 %7, O* L * .

R R + , -^~ N B, , 2 G I J S

F, ` i B 7 :

1 - 3- 6K q0* 2 o 2: UV v,%7, -'_ , - 6K -<&7 F, _ Y :&P N (

u

2 - -4&6] N -< 6J B :] N ]42 &* -< & &F F -< N <G, [ 5 , -.

S / *, ,8V 2 G +&6k N ,8V ,8 2 | * U : v:A:2 B,:2 -

9 .

(8 DY, -_ 8 D ,%DK B 'L :2 2 G I J B8 F ` % -'_ :] N + , -46K 5&<*

& _ (8 J N P D2 G U D] , D DF, B:2,:2 D* t@D1, B,:2 B <G, B 7

:^ 5 , ,8 2 *, ,8V u

D N `]D9 D2 N \& < D :D&• %D6K D P +D , 'Y <L ,

-6&M'

(Regulatory state)

-; lP m :A 8, F,

F &F \&M' N B ,h^

( v,%7, 2 7

- `6K Y - 6K q0* N -K 6<Y,

%* 9 . .

B -7 ^% +&'R -D [D6 D2 HD&* , B D5'7 D<G, B D7

%D' D2 E D :D&^

S R R

%'< 7 U * B, , ,8 2 B 7 .

* , - D6K _0' 8, 6J ( ^% + , %D HD&

- - %P N - 6K B 7> %& (%'7 U 8 F , N , ,:G :M*

+& U ] , %*,

,%* YN ,8 2 m :A 8, UV .

-;D lDP |P D9 , -<2 DG ,8 D2 %D ( ^% + , B ,hD^

- - 6K

-D ,8 D2 U D * 8, - DJ , ` 2 G 8, B N * ^ :7 N )*, D&'2 3%D*,

(9)

U * G

\X 3%9 2 ,8 2 | * ?, *, U,:LY % 2 B ,h^

8, DF, = DLK HD&* ,8 D2 | * + : :

- * = K@A, N ,8 2 = %G

(Kay and Vickers,1988,p.334)

.

- U,:);' & 2 N N B,:2 -_*, 5 , dK 2 F, ,8 2 = %G + , qG,N 9

. 2

- = %G + , 3 x U, 'K 2 %*,

c7 D mD :A 8, -<2 DG D6&G U :D2 > 2 - *, = 1

( 4Y %&

9 :^

. D6&G W D dDK 2 =%D %'42 N + , 8, -D B%D V * N D7

D9 .

=N:DE N q2 ' q 8 B% , * Y X* +&'a67 c7 D N D6&G c ,HD , N D7

-DD %DD&

.(Posner,1975,p.27) :DD^

DD9 HDD&* DD<]* +DD , W DDX0 DD DDF, :DD i U

"

DD2 G

"`

(perfect competition)

DF, < :^ ,:G U *, <G, N U *, I J 8, -P:2 <*, .

+D , 3 &* 2 G B 7%' V: _2, W 6 } 2 G ` 2 G W X0 %*% <_ (N:^ + , 3`2 <F

"

. 2 G

"

(dynamic competition)

X';&. , -

%' 6*

. U 'a67 3 J + , 2

(%D* DF . -D2 n :D&^ ,:DG D 6J D %D 2 D2 G 8, - DX0 DR D cF:. + ,

(Kerber,2008,p.18) F, .

( ( 2 .

. * )

,%K W X0 3

N B, 3 DF, * 0 D' N D*> K ‚ D<* J B,:2 +&6k + :<X2 .

N ,%K & J

\&6 2 B,

^ I@DA, * 0 ' N *> K %' V: w F, :2 UV B,:Y, N B:&

- 9 .

\&6 %' V: - )'7 ‚ D<* :D^, -D<J %9 2 * 0 ' N *> K UV B,:Y, N B:&^

UV %9 2 ,: , `& v@P :2 (% V F%2 J, 7

%*: h. - , UV :

.(Deutsch,2000,p.45)

D ,

dK 2 B:1 'K R F, + , , F -

n\&*,%D2 * 0 D' , %D' V: [D D %* 9

* +&< DO

, D D67 %' +&6k % 2 * 0 ' %' V: '_ + , 2 F, -)'7 67 : 'K - 6&6 2 ; U ]

%9 %7, P i O , L'Y (%'7 w ]_*, % 2 H 6 * ^ :7 N

-41, B 7

-41, :&• = &1 P * N %9 2 e O9, - O9 7 - dK 2 o 2: * N

%' V: %* 9

DD9 =N DD0< B8 DDF \&6 DD

Buttram,Folger and) Sheppard,1995,p.27

WN (

DD +DD ,3

\&6 - ,:Y, , = 6&6 -* N U ^%*:&^

3%'D9 2 ` < D N v:DA -D2 %D'' 3W DF

Q 6& < B ,: , / U ;_ ' N I J = 6&6 + , B,:Y, 8,

- ,:G :&E % 2 :&^

\&6 %' V:

\&6 D N B8 F (%D' 6* B:D&^

%'D9 2 <D9, B,

%D' V: D +D , D X* N

\&6 B,:Y, N B:&^

V

%9 2 v 09 % 2 U

(Ibid,p.273)

.

N ,%K 8, M' DF, ,8 D2 l2,N \&M' :2,:2 %K, G -'&2 c&. ,8 2 B,

. D2 G

F, B8 2 [ 9 W 5*, *> K B%K, G w F, :2 % 2

. -9 * *> K * 2 G 3+ ,:2 '2

N 8, N:D2 +&D2 8, %D 2 F, ,8 2 :2 \ J B 7 <P F N 7

.(Gerber,1998,p.38)

,%DK

(10)

N `& / B,:2 - 1, +&'a67 N q2 ' , , <*, B,:2 - 1, +6k< ,8 2 :2 \ J B,

&] & N, N 7

<*, :2 \ J 1, 2 m2 r F, - 6K, t@1, B,:2 - 1, (N@K 2

-6* `& / N

%9 2 . : %'7, P +&6k , ,8 2 *> K 2 G U ] , 1, + ,

)

%&DF B DG

3-6A 1382 e3 63

J (

D K = D1 ,8 D2 :D2 \ DJ D1, ( ^% + , w F, :2 &

N ,%K ,:2 B,

`]9 B F, - *> K l2,N B:&^

. H&* 2 G I J c * 'L +&67 :2

N ,%K K +&6k :1 D*, ,8V D2 G = D1 + , ,:R F, ,8 2 B,

- +& F, 2 G I J v%7 ,8 2 :^

. ,8 D2 D&6 J 'DF (%D , +D , . :2

_ N % , 7% V q 8 8 2 r * -< 2 2 G U : *> K N _< B,:2 -X<' F,

?N:9

(Starting Point)

:^ t@1, .

'L + , :2 . %9 2 B B:2,:2 % 2 2 G ?N:9 r *

F, 2 G ?N:9 r * B:2,:2 +&6k N P N%J .

8, DF, +D]6 P + ,

= & qbN m :A 1, , :2,:2 * qbN 7

2 G I J G N %' t@

1:

:D2,:2 B 7

% 6* +&6k ,8V 2 G ?N:9 B,:2 , .

:) = LK 2 3

<D9, YN B:2,:2 ?N:9 r * :^,

8 DF \7,: 2 G B,:2 , B:2,:2 ?N:9 r * => L ,8 2 2 G I J :^, -'_ %9 2 .

P I F *> K 6F 2 , l2,N ,8 2 W M*

D N D&* W8> = D1 + , 3 , %7,

DF, - ]42 %' P 2 G ?N:9 r * 8, . - > L l2,N 2 G I J G

= & W M* m :A 8, UV 2 G I J %K, G N 7

D1: N q2 D' D2 -DF:<F , D7 B D7

G W M* U,%*N:X9 ( ^ UV%7 ,:G :2,:2 &_bN -4& / D*> K = D1 D2 ,8V 2

7% V (8 J , P -K 6<Y, l2,N : %'7, P \&M' =N:E N

.

( ( 3 .

- )

) 0 12 (

,:L&

= %DG 8, D %D*H :2 -D. B <P DF %'*V -. F &F 1:K U 'a67 7 B8 DF ,8V -D. H&* <G, 1:K 3%9 2 N 2 m4r 8, B D5 N B D<G, B D7 <

N%/

]J 4&F 2 %'< 7 - 7 - `&6/ 7

%* 9 . ,:DL& S R DR +&67 D7

UV v%7 N %' 6* - :_ mJ [ 2 x 2 , B <G, B ,8V %* , -_F ( D2 +D , \D7 D7

% 6* +&6k , mJ + , %' 6* qbN -'&*, G F, .

UV 3+ ,:2 D'2 DF D7

qD*, %D* , -_

S O<*, N:64G N %* , :2 U & 8, , B <G, B ,8V

\&6 D %D' V: , - DO9 B D7 B:D&^

%'7 _F B <G, .

D2 Q@ D \ D& ,:L& B D<G, N -DF &F ( DYN D0^ % 2 'L + , :2

- o 2: :) %67 F, ( :2 F B:) 8, [ :7 N %* 9

.

<D9, mDJ %D 2 DX' D* ,: ,

S O<*, B <G, B ,8V ]42 %*:&^ ,:G -*,:6]J / U * G 4&F 2 %'9 2 , B D 8 B D7

- N c&.

J F + , N :7 U : %& N U : :&M* 3%X*

,8V :D2 :D , mDJ [D 7

(11)

8, U DDD2 )

DDD N DDD4P,%

( DDDYN 7%DDD' V: ;DDD :DDD2 -DDD'L mDDDJ [DDD N

(Gerber,1998,p.19) , .

f8 , D67 DF, %D <_ , D* ,:^ : ;D' ( ^% + , N D7

f8 , N = /&Y: 8, % 2 _ Y v,%7, B D 8 o DL , W X0 + , 3 9 -9 * UV B kK, B 7

, - O9 -* F P 2

(Buchanan,1986,p.247)

3B : I J 2 , -F F, &67, B + , B 'L :2 Db N ( , , &6 J

,:D ,

-

%7

) 3:<DF 1383 e3 222

,%K(

\M* [ = 1 2 N ,8 2 %K, G m :A 8, ,: , +&2 l2,N

%9 %7, P +& f Y P .

-6* F, UV:2 :M* + , B,:D2 D _ N Y - ) , U,

=N:E q 8 8 2 N q 8 : , N P , , , q2 ' N 7

.

(N:^ + , :M* 8, 3

N - F, -< N + :<X2 -4G,%J : &Y , UV U,

u D ,:DR

ƒ H2 %G R :7 N - „ * :<;&2 , W : I J %9 2 :

%' . + ,:2 '2 3

>%<F, * ^ :7

N :D DF, 4&FN + :<X2 N W8> -_ 8 ,%K m / B,:2 ƒ H2 N + , B <F, -

(Nozick,1974,p.149)%9 2 .

:2 P , , N P :2 ,: , &] •%• :] N + , B 'L B ,8V N

, B :D B D7

t:A , F &F BH

I D J U, D'K D/ D2 G N ,8 D2 2 L * - M* N - 6K B 7

-6* H^:7 2 G

%D9 2 DLG `2 G N Y -K 6<Y, ,%K -_ 8 ,%K w F, :2 %*, .

J + , 2 3

F, +]6

Q@ B + ,

, U, D]42 ;* -X<' 2 G I J ]*, N -0* 2

B:) :M' 8,

% 6* &Y .

- q' 2 G I J a*V

D N N 7 D/*, ?, *, 9 B D7

F, ,8 2 *, ,8V 2 G `O F, e P B 5 .

:M' + , 8, 3

D2 G I D J R :^,

= 5 2 L * N%/ -K *

- - 4 ,8V r * 8, , 9

* M -'< : hD. D2 G N B ,8V :

(Mill,1980,p.82) F, .

:) = LK 2 3

m , U R

… DF N e DP B D7 D&_G 8, ( 0<DF,

+& N F -. 5 B : B ,8V B,:2 ,8 2 7 /*, ?, *, N B 5 l4 S / N%/ N q* ? * [ %'< 7 f _ -

9 . + ,:2 '2 3 D7 UV B : B ,8V : p

f _ +&

F, N%/ BN + , 8, qDbN D2 G I D J D Da*V :D&r* - D7

- - ?N:; N 8 5 9

%9 2 .

-4 ( )* [ ,:L& A U 67 :

2 X' , B ,8V 2 L * N%/ [&F@ B 7

,:) B ,8V 8, * &1 `&

- ?N:; U

? D `D2 G DXY +D , 8, HD&* 2 G I J %* ,%'.

-D f D_ +& D B,:2 L N 5 = 5 B ,8V 2 %1 N ,:b, q* F,

%D9 2 .

& J 3 + ,:2 D'2 DF, :Db > `D1, 2 %& N N%/ &] N = 5 B ,8V 8, ( 0<F, 3

' & 2 B : I J 2 :b 8, B:&^ 4Y B,:2 - ,8 2 U,:);

U, D2 D N D*,: V 4P,%

(12)

8, DD 6J N -<2 DG %Db N B D/*, B D7 < `D2 D_ Y `D 8, D 6J DM' cO2 2 G I J G , <G, e P N - HY B 7 )

B <G, - 6K I J (

: h.

.

G I J v,%7, 8, -] , B <G, B ,8V 8, 6J U, ,% B ,8V

- 2

3%'*, D ,:R

mDJ = %DP N D7> U ^%D'' Db:K +&2 %'*, <2 % 2 U ^%'' v: -<2 G B 7 ,8 2

%'D9 2 <DD9, S DO<*, )

DDbN _ %DD' V: B ,8V .(Hscweitzer,2007,p.22-30)(

DD2 G B ,8V

\&6 B ,8V (%* , :2 +&'a67 D5 B D7 )'2 - D&46K B D7:< , . B:&^

HD&* B

- , = DbN _ S DO<*, B ,8V \D7 DF, +]6 ,8 2 = %G F, - J + , %9 2

\&6 B ,8V \7 N %' N%/

( D)'2 2 2 G , <0^ c&. B:&^

- fN%DO :D) B D7

8 F . ,8 2 U,:);' N B 5 B 7 ( )'2 B <G, B ,8V 8, -< 2 2 G I J 3:M' + , 8,

6J .(Berg and Camesca,2006,p.39)%'

o:D9 c&. *> K 2 G `1, m :A + , 8,

(:X2 B ,8V 8, B%'

@DP 8, B D<G, N -K D6<Y, ,%K N 9 +&6k F, B <G, B 7

:^ +& *> K N ,8V 2 G ( '. N ,8 2 f Y P \M* %' V:

.

-_&LA ,%K :2 %& +&'a67 -D D 2 H&* U * G &6 J ; %*,

+D , D2 3 N

- U ] , <F

%* 9 B <G, :2,:2 2 G B,:2 '& 8 U%9 \7,: <F, P %7 .

3N +D , 8,

_ Y DF, B N:Db W DK +&*, G &6 J 3 , U :Y *> K N ,8V 2 G UV B,

`];< _ Y + , F, + , :2 †: ,:R :F B 8 (%K 8,

z D/ 2 F, ,h^

%*:2,:2 c&2 N \ B <G, = %G

) 3B:&6 H : 1385

e3 200

.(

B D<G, -^%*8 N P UN%2 W : F, + , :2 `1, 5*V 8, = 1 :7 - ,%7 , P -K 6<Y, N - -X<' ,%K 2 P : , + , N %''

:7 N :^

D6K, ? D*

, G F, 'x<F, v@P 2 G I J - M* N - 6K %K .

D6K, N D N D4P,% ? D* :D7

F, `1, v@P -K 6<Y, ,%K :&M* -K 6<Y, B <G, v,%7, B,:2 2 G I J %K, G 9 &Y % 2 N .

D* N F, ,8 2 `6] Q :1 2 G I J %K, G N N - k +&'R

- -_F N 3UV +&;* Y (%D9 D< : h. B 7 N8 DF N ( :D qD0 : , ,8 2 - F * %'

%' `&6] , -K 6<Y,

) 3%*N,%7 1386 e3

.(50

3 ( + 4) 5 6 * +" " 78"

d/2 U 6<0^ 8, [ :7 %9 |O; <0^ c&. B 7 N %DK, G * )R ,%K B 7

- < : h. N &Y 2 G I J + 8, , [ :7 3%* 9

( ^%D + , 8 N cD * D N D7

, e P -7 ) Y .

W M*

'F B 'L :2 2 G I J %K, G -G J B 7 ,%K B 7

-D BH -. -_ 8 B D 8 [D6 D N -K D6<Y, v,%D7, D2 - D6K = DF %* D9

(13)

- v,%D7, mD / B,:D2 D N B D7 ,H2, 8, -] 3qG,N 3%' 6*

&DF -K D6<Y, B D7 N

<F - F '9

%'< 7 W F -* * G =, /*, 2 F, =, /*, 8, B, .

v%D7 5*V 8,

- 6K = F m :A 8, Q L • F, -K 6<Y, N - 6K v,%7, +& Q 6K 7 /*, + , 8, -. H&*

- B:&^

%* 9 . 3:) = LK 2 N

Q 6K 7 2

, , N - 6K q ' +& M' D

& _ 8, -;O2 - 6K = %P kD<G, -1 DP =, ]<2, -*, * N - 6K q0* , - 7

- + , G %' - W 5*, = F‡ * ^

%'7 :<X2 +& B,:2 N V

U w DF,:2 , - ,8 &< , 7

UV B,:2 -46K = 1 2 =, : N +&*, G -D ` G 7

3%* D9 D2 D 7 D/*, ? D* +D ,

/*, -6* - 4 2 G I J : p %*, W F -* * G 3%* 9

D2 G I J S R R + ,

- &J N B N:b _F J B 7 ; B,:2 - H&*

%9 2 ,:R

_DF B 7 ; 2:5

- U ;* <

D N HD& V & =@P,% 5&<* %6K ,8 2 U 2 -<2 G H %7 D7

F, ( 2

Rall,1990,p.25)

.(

,% 3N + , 8, - D6K I J %K, G G N = M* N 4P

:D) B F 8, F, B N:b N cO2 :6E 2 G I J U, 'K / B <G, 3

+D , :D2 `D1,

-6* 2 G I J F,

%*, :) +&*, G 4&F 2 , - ,%G, )

%b +&*, G 8, :&• -'&*, G

/*, ( (%9 - ,H , 3%D*,

D9 ` D9 D6K, W D N ,8V ( , , BN 8, D - D6K, D]42

- 6K, -* * G =, &<P,

2 G I J 6; 9

3%*, D0* -D /*, S R R + ,

B 1 = ,%G, 8, B:F [ m :A 8, /*, + , - )'7 ]42 &* 2 G I J „G * - <9 )*, 2 G „ * %2 WN,%

9 . J + , 2 S

3 U, D'K

"

D/*, %Db U * DG

"

U, D'K

2 %7, O* F ' 3

-D6* qD' , B /*, 8 &< , +&*, G ? * + , ,:R %D''

) 8 D&< , %D'* 67

-< N N - 6K = F‡ B /*, (

-D qD' , -L4A /*, ]42

)%D''

www.2.jftc.go.ip/e-

page/.

qG,N (

3 , '_ N (€,N + , + , N, , :2

- 6K /*,

(Public Monopholy)

D , , U D] , -< N N - 6K = F‡ B,:2 N F, (%9 qbN =, : N U * G m :A 8, D UV WN N D&* -* * G :&• 8 F - +]6 , -K 6<Y, ( +& N - 6K = %P :<X2

1 B 7 < + :G /*, :^, ]42 2 %7, O* ? '6 H&* /*, v:1 %D2 WN,%D B

F, N : = 1 + , .

= 1 :7 3

D 6J :&M* -4 > 2 F, +]6 7 /*,

=,8 D&< , D -* * DG B D7 3

3-_&LA =, /*,

%* D9 D5 , B%D , D N B D'_ &] I J .

-* * DG D/*, D ,

-6*

/*, %Y -'&*, G +&'R ]42 %9 2 2 G I J ? b %*, 8, %D 2 %D*, -* * G

3B% , :M*

-; lP

%*:&^ ,:G -2 8 , -; %*, /4 N B ,h^

.

? D* +D , D* 6*

DF &F < , :&P, U * G F, -< N N - 6K = F‡ 2 o 2: 7 /*, B D7

`D1, - ,:Y, 44

-DF F, U * DG )

S D

8 / 11 / 86 D D - @DF, B, D9 D45

(14)

25 / 3 / 1387

%9 ( , |&O; W M* /4 m , |&O; q65 B F 8, (

-D 3 D9

+&D2 N -D4P, B 7 ,8 2 U 2 -<2 G `1, 2 < 9 Y +6b U * G + ,

%D'2 -D446 , 14

( 1 T :_ , -* * G /*, :

F, ( : D2 D DF, ,8 D2 8, -<&_DbN -* * DG /*,

3%& U * G Y N fN:

( D)'2 %D'R D [D /*, e P %P N > % :P

- ,:G +&_

:&^

.

( DD ˆ %DD'2 w DDF, :DD2 3

:DDF v DD1 U * DDG 8, 3B ,hDD^

: %DD N DD&]

& _ F, N &<P, ,: /' e P B 7 .

* 6* U, 'K 2 3

]L9 - ,:2 DO D B 7 3

38 ^ N 0* U _ H : [* 2

[* 2 -P:2 N B 3:) B 7

N ,

- D6&., 7 U 8 F 3U 8 4

N -*,:&<; N '2 U 8 F N B ; ]L9

< :^ ,:G N /*, I:2 <*, -41, B 7

F, . - - 4 -* * G =, /*, (: 8 2H , ,:DG D2 G I D J 6;D %* 9

-6*

= F‡ m :A 8, N ]42 %*:&^

3 D0* -4 :9 :&M* -< N N - 6K SNi

V +D7 3

[* 2 8, -P:2 = %DP N q0* :2 %7, P (:X2 B /*, +&'R 8, 6&F N ,%1 U 8 F N 7

:^ +& :<X2 - 6K .

( 9 1 + :4; + 9 " 1$ *

f8 , : U, 'K 2 -F F, U * G 3-F &F B 7

: B <G, N -K 6<Y, W

S R R B 7

- BH -. , B <G, -G J W M*

% 6*

. -DF F, U * DG D %D*N -O -*, P8 2

8, - J V

+ N% F, U N -1 DP D&] &67, 2 U F 45 kK, N U ^%''

( 2 TG,N UV - F '9

%*, D•%• <DF, +&67 B%DY B D7

e DP

N +<D +&D2 8,

N%/

cO2 U%9 DF, (%D9 8,:D2, -< D& &F F W DM* &6 J N -1 P

) tN:;D = D1

3-F F, U * G - X* -F :2 45 =,: ,h 1364

e3 1534

.(

-4K D•%• +&D'R 8,:2, \•

Q D 6K D - D7

'& 8 ; -1 P &] &67, N -X B 7

…, V `1, - N , X 44

. B D7

, B X6Y B <G, W M* B &'2 -1 P cO2 N , ,:G -*N _ N -< N cO2 :2 , - @F

1:K ,

& _ B,:2 `6] B, ,%64G -*N _ N -< N B <G, B 7

: . D2 , : + ,

`1, -< & &F F L9 -^~ N 44

- P : K -O -'7i N -'&K l ,:9 8, :E <

%D9 2

- U 6'7 8 F

.

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( - +; >

1-Bork, Robert H,(1978),The Antitrust Paradox, New York free press.

2- C.f.Lipsey and Lancaster,(1956-7),The General Theory of Second Best, the Review of Economic Studies , volume.24.

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4- David j . Gerber(1998),Law and Competition in Twentieth Century Europe, Oxford.

5- Heath, Joseph , Rawls, Global Distributive Justice: A Defence, university of torento ,available : www.chass.utoronto.ac/jheath/rawls.pdf.

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Society, New York.

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12- Kenneth, Galbraith,(2007),the New Industrial State, Princeton university press . 13- Mill, john Stuart (1980),on liberty, clarendon press, oxford.

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Theory and Practice, Sanfrancisco: Jossey-Bass Inc. publisher.

(19)

15- Nozick R(1975)”social Costs of Monopoly” ,Journal of Political Economy.

16- Nozick R.(1974),Anarchy, state and Utopia, oxford.

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there faces of social justice, in conflict, cooperation and justice, Sanfrancisco: Jossey-Bass Inc. publisher.

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24- www.2.jftc.go.ip/e-page/.

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