: CBCT
( ) *+ , -1
(
- . / 0 *)(
2
1 - !
"
#
$
" #
2 -
&
" #" '(
) 1 :
!
.
# $ %& ' ($
)* + , '
) -. / 0 1 2 3 &4
CBCT5 .
6 5 7/+ ). /. 8 & 90 : /;< = + , ' :
Google scholarChochrane= Science=
Citation Index Medline
=
Iran Medex Scopus
9 >
? @ . * )A /;< 90 : 1999
- 2012
* G H
I 9 (I
CBCTimagingEndodontics Vertical Root Fracture
Peri Apical Lesion
5 J @
.
+ , ' :
5 < 90 : )* -
K
CBCT9 + L M N O .
& J ? P ? =3J Q
@ 3
6R =3J )4 ? O
&S
> =O
)IT ( =2
U ,T = K 6 IS M : =3 )< T
K ). = V ;I O = @ = /;.5 6W * ='K ? =)X/;.5
$ 67 )
) (+ )? @ )Y <
)(
J
= & )* J :? A )
.
< 3J : )W0 * ;Y
CBCT/ S 3 5 # A 9 > =
3J ) : [ 0
(
) ] Y
& ? K
) 1 ' 3 &4 )T
X V/*
.
CBCT
:
O . + L = K (4 )X/;.5 = -. / =
: 21 / 1 / 1392 / 1383 :
12 / 5 / 1392 :
24 / 5 / 1392 / 1385
!" "
!
:"# $% & '(
%) * + , - '.$ ! /
+ 01 ! .%23 / ! +/.1 ! 4 #/ ) -4 #/ ) .%2 5 67
- 4
e.mail:[email protected]
.
) * * + ,
, $ - .
/0 1 $
2 '( #3 45 6 7 ( /8 $ ' #9 : " ; <
=
> , = ? 0 @ :
, . ) 1 (
# ,
+ 2, 4 +
$ &
& /D
* E FG
, . ) 2 (
# +
& /D $ &
$ , $ H I !J<
$ I G - /4 K0 ? G(
( # L
* ( $ ' F D 2 @ =
2 '(
::=
. ) 3 (
#
' 4 $ E
2= : ,
( N N , 2 OG P< O ! Q,
G N R( $ NN
1 N
#
? S
:& $ &
+ T& $ ( $ '
(
? P =
/ !
, . ) 4 (
# 2 = @ 8 $ ,
$ $ &
V @
? WX+ " Y < $ ' + , " T' $ '
@ S )
@ F S=
( V 2= E 0
$ '
@ : E = , ? ', )
Q, G (
2 ) (
Z 2= , .
) 5 (
# F D
2= ( $ '
1
NoiseN ) T', 7 N ( : N 2 D $ N
$ ::=
\ : (
) ] /8 (
O: E )
^ : /8
L , *+
: ? +
( : ,
_ ( ? 2=
`! , " Y < $ ' F D
2 SH(
/ &
.
/ !
+ $ ' ] F: , # R( :&
2 a(
H 9) 2G " F D /4 " I
Z .
) 5 (
? " "
CBCT#
W, @ + O
F D , * ( $ ' 2
Q, 2 <
O 2 D ? F $ G .
) 6 ( 2G ( #
CBCT,
X2 5
! P / < 7 I
F , ( * ,
Area of interest
) (
D c
, I !J<
2
@ : I 5
Fov
) ( , 2 O .
)
7
(
* ? , :,
Field of view" $ /S= &
? ,
/S=
&
, : ( 2
IsotropicI 5
)
$ S G, ,
(
Anisotropic
)
$ S G, ,
(
2= 2 '(
G,
CBCT/S=
2, : , . ( = W ( I !J<
e
? R(
f $ &
@ = @ #@
$ ,
. ) 7 (
? S : =
:= g 7 Z e , O 7- (
) 8 (
, ? 2 ? 2
F& I 5
? a( : S& " /, i "
, 2
" F& I 5 a( ? R(
&
. ) 8 (
Fov G,
( R( 2 :& # ( / 2,
S, 2G " E = .
) 9 (
#
&
Fov
2c c =
# ,
O + H , R(
2G F=
.
) 10 (
# H(
/S= l 2= S, 2G e , O 7- 2, &
i
? G( $ , R( O
:=
. ) 10 (
$ K+ c , " c
O T'
PDLK+ ? O 7-
%m 200
H #O
4
CBCTLimited fov CBCT
) (
Large volume CBCT
, 3 ) ( &
. ) 11 (
#
m $f E ( e S 2 :
? :c
"
2G - , 2 + ,
$f E ( , = :c
F S n O ! , /F 4 *
O 9) *
, " E ? +
. ) 11 (
FF'
O 4 ?
O H (
CBCT& " $ &
SH( 2= : S
/ R(
::=
. ) 12 (
# O H ( ? 2 2 &
: S&
: 1 -
/8 + l
Partial volume artifact
,
Beamhardening, Noise
)
13 (
#
2 - N , 2= ! N
F , 2, p : S&
N
Metallic streak/8
artifact, Motion artifact
&
#
3 - l p , 2, F!
: ) 14 (
1
$ '
= Oi 2, _
qE
, R( r i ,
r i $ ' .
CBCT
2= 1 , 2
) $ , R( e * " :!
2) (
O = 9 ) $
# GE s ? Y &
N
$ 2
" " H 2= O $ " Y & 2,
/ 'S(
:=
.
! 3 2GE s ? , 2= $ $
2 ' , = = <
' P', " O H = # $ /0 1 2, &
6 7 ( /8 "
, #" ; < 2 '( #$ F , ? , $ '
=
*F= " > , , # ::=
. L X I
, N
H ,
N '&
N
Medline, Cochrane$
Scopus, Iran Medex , Science Citation Index, Google scholar
@ 1999 - 2021
$ = I F = , # , :
CBCTImaging, Endodontics, VRF, Periapical Lesion
$
. " :S 2= ) "
I GE s 2: ?
& V
= : (L X N
( G #
2, 9E s r H ( ,
$
2 D ' $ :, mF) ) $ '
.
4 5 + 2 E $ 1 S) 93
1 S) " f , WP( 2E X
O+
. X X4( #IL X 2GE s , r, s 9 : $ '
&
Z Y
2GE s - 0
? G(
. , 2, 2) (
&
H 2= )
$ , R( $ '
D ,
CBCTN := #
N N
"
&
NN ) . 15 (
R 7 ( $ , P
CBCT, E FG $ '
2
=
= T]J! 2= $ $ E , n Y & $ , K0 :
, # 2
= .
F D
, ? T= + , $ '
2
= .
) 16 (
#
? :_F&
F
CBCTO+ , I G - (
O+ , ( a( 9) I G - ? 2 : := ,
: , " 7 " /8 O7
.
? 9 n
a(
CT, ( r I
2 ( O !
P : O+ , &
: , . ) 17 (
, 2 H = <
, 2,
CBCT"
4 _
:
1 -
" T ( /0 @ $ 2G - K0 ? G( $ ,
= 2, ( .
" ? G( $ , ? :_F&
2G - e S
L , Oi Y < $ ' F D , " t ) .
18 (
#
O , ' 2 ? F $ S,
@ $ 2G - e S K0 ? G( @ +
/ :=
) . 19 (
@ O l 2= O #
2, ,
N
CBCT2 , (L , S N
N
" l
' ,
N N
*F= 2, 2= O N
+ N
@ $
1 * ) .
20 (
2 - , _ " $f E + /8 " 2, p , $ '
& :4
) 2 2=
.
@ = K0 # ! + $ &
@ = + - N
@ F 0 2=
X+
N
"
"
N
O
) .
21
(
) #
@ = 2 H S = $ &
) 22 (
) D D $ F , O')
"
.
$ E 6 7 ( uJ8 + , " @ = /
C/ S, E FG
, ) . 23 (
#
I 5 , $ ,
] E " 7 2 S 9) 2= * ( (
L
`! , , ) 2 )
" "
/4 "
) 24 (
CBCT
R(
/4 S "
/, i 0 2, " 7
6 7 ( ,
. ) 25 (
3 -
, " ? 0 2= (J , $ ,
2 )
#2 @ = ( = : , $ ' , /8 :
2 /4 K0
+ e S /4 #2 S
?
2 1
. ) 26 (
4
CBCT- , $ , O H 0 ) /Pi $ '
.
? G( /8
D 2 r i /4
/Pi 1 $ ' F
0 ) 1 $ '
) 27 (
< ? F&
$ , O: F
, > , 2 S " 7 O H =
" 7
:E /4 N
\ ( T' $ &
N ] E 9R! /8
N 4( L
) 28 (
5 - / 4( 2 D / 4( /8 4( 6 X ? G(
, ' E 4s ) D
? , E
' N R( $ N , N S, $ N O0 ( N , . ) 29 ( 2,
? G(
: 3 45 " ; <
*F=
:=
. ) 30 (
6
CBCT- 7 ( $ , (
S WD 6
$ F! $ '
, 2 2 , =
VRF.
2= O S WD *
i " E < 4
9 21 9 n
1 $ ' < * f (
. ) 31 (
#
VRF
9 n 2,
" E $ K+
e S @ ,
S /4 2, O+ , 2= O ? F
) :=
, 2Gsi ? ,
0 " O q ,
2 0 ? T& 4(
. ) 31 (
# 6 7 (
VRFJ! r <
T]
@ O= ) # ( # /8 : =
( ^ : # H: r F!
O= O=
O= ( ^ : 2 P $ &
0 2
E /8 + T]J! , F& 2 vE 7
S
1 @ $ @ E
. ) 32 (
#
= 0 ) 9 n +
H S " $ ,
2 '( , = ? +
w
F: , # S T X S "
$ x
?
1 , .
) 33 (
Oi 2= " >
6 7 ( $ ,
CBCTS,
VRF+ (L ,
O @ $ $ &
. ) 32 (
? F&
? Oi 2GE s * <
/S= ,
CBCT$ &
v 7 0 / 4
# 0 / 3
# 0 / 2
# 0 / 125 ,
/S= , 2=
0 / 2 2G ? F= ,
O H = ? ', #
$ , R 7 ( 0
VRF/5 .
) 33 (
6 7 ( , @ R(
VRF2 X i ') ( /, i <
R(
: S& @ = @ ) ) .
32 (
Z l 2=
: , :
CBCTG
VRF+ , z H( " 9i G O+ , " 7 9 7( 2 : /Pi :& 6 7 ( .
67!
2 : ) ,
#
CBCTL , , 6 7 (
, .
CBCT
l
2 5 0 R( $ H
q t O
. 2GE s
Hassan B
@ # 2010
#
>:
T S
7 ( $ ,
CBCT VRF6
& ,
2= 2S X T
X i
#T S ?
CAT – I Scannora 3D
, . ) 34 (
#
, O ! N ( N
? $
2, OPS N
? H( # NN I
( NN ' N N
= e NN
Scannora , I-CAT.
$
Image Intensifier Tube/Charged Coupled Device (IIT/CCD)
) (
2= E 0 ,
2
2GE s )
Galileo, Accuitomo, Newtome
Flat-
Panel Detector$
)
: S&
(FPD* : 9) 2=
O := #2 + {& = >
O + NH K+
N N
+ ?
N R( O H ( { N
' N
. ) 34 (
? ) l 2 PE
VG
/8
VG Newtom, J!
Flat panel detector
?
$ /S=
c = : ,
( 21 O , L , ' R( O H = 2=
6 7 ( ?
0
VRF{ + ') ( /, i
O . 2GE s rP< 2 PE
Youssefzadeh( e
O H
$ + $ &
OS 2 F) $ + S)
R( O H = $ + $ &
{& = 6 7 ( O S0 :&
{& =
VRF,
) . 35 (
F'
/ ?
X
CBCT2G
O " OF i L ,
.
) 36 (
# {& = $ ,
"
) ' 0 2G
# /8
H
2= c =
Fov"
{& = {, (
&
. ) 10 (
#
D Accuitoma3
,
/S=
/i 0 ) 08 / 0
( 2,
"
', 2G .
) 37 (
#
< ? F&
# & ( l ? , 2GE s *
Kodak 9000 3D
`! ,
2, F , 2G 7
/ – 2 4 / 0 , , 2G
, {& = @ 1 * .
) 38 (
) )8 2= ) "
I 5 # ]L , O S0 Oi
CBCTY < ,
4 "
" $ ' ) V 2,
"
$L , (
2= := O+ $ 0 ( (
2, _ D ,
$ , R( e ? E " :!
i H
.
REFERENCES
1. Nair MK, Nair UP. Digital and advanced imaging in endodontics: A Review. J Endod. 2007 Jan; 33(1):1-6.
2. Sogur E, Baksi BG, Grondahl H-G, Lomcali G, Ser BH.
Detectability of chemically indvecd periapical lesions by limited cone beam computed tomography, intra oral digital and conventional film radiography. Dentomaxillofac Radiol.
2009 Oct; 38(7):458-64.
3. Patel S, Dawood A, Mannocci F, Wilson R, Pitt Ford T.
Detection of periapical bone defects in human jows using cone beam computed tomography and intra oral Radiology.
Int endod J. 2009 Jun; 42(6):507-15.
4. Patel S. New dimensions in endodontic imaging: Part 2.
Cone beam computed tomography. Int Endod J. 2009 Jun;
42(6):463-75.
5.Grondahl HG, Huumonen S. Radiographic manifestations of periapical inflammatory lesions. Endod Topics. 2004 July;
8(1): 55-67.
6. Pinsky HM, Dyda S, Pinsky RW, Misch KA, Sarament DP. Accuracy of three- dimensional measurements using CBCT. Dentomaxillofac Radiol. 2006 Nov; 35(6):410-6.
7. Scarfe Wc, Farman AG. What is Cone-beam CT and How Does it work? Dent Clin North Am. 2008 Oct; 52(4): 707-30.
8. Horner k, Islam M, Fly gare L, Tsiklakis K, Whaites E.
Basic principles for use of dental cone beam computed Tomography: Consensus guidelines of the European academy of dental and maxillofacial radiology. Dentomaxillofac Radiol.
2009 May; 38(4):187-95.
9. Cotton TP, Gesler TM, Holden DT, Schwartz SA, Schildler WG. Endodontic applications of cone-beam volumetric tomography. J Endod. 2007 Sept; 33(9):1121-32.
10. Lofthag-Hansen S, Huumonen S, Gröndahl K, Gröndahl HG. Limited cone-beam CT and intraoral radiography for the diagnosis of periapical pathology. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2007 Jan; 103(1):114-9.
11. Scarfe WC, Lerin MD, Gane D Farman AG. Use of cone beam computed tomography in endodontics. Int J Dent. 2009.
12. Barret JF, Keat N. Artifacts in CT: Recognition and avoidance. Radiographics 2004 Nov-Dec;24(6):1679-91.
13. Schulze D, Heiland M, Thurmann H, Adam G. Radiation exposure during midfacial imaging using 4-and 16-slice
computed tomography, cone beam computed tomography systems and conventional radiography. Dentomaxillofac Radiol. 2004 Mar;33(2):83-6.
14. Spin-Neto R, Mudrak J, Matzen LH, Christensen J. Cone beam CT image artefacts related to head motion simulated by a robot skull: visual characteristics and impact on image quality. Dentomaxillofac Radiol. 2013; 42(2):323-9.
15. Goodman JM. Protect yourself, make a plan to obtain informed refusal. OB 6 Management. 2007 March; 19(3):45-50.
16. Eugene L .Radiation risk from medical imaging.Mayo Clin Proc. 2010 Dec; 85(12):1142-6.
17. Chav ACM, Fung K. comparision of Radiation dose for implant imaging using conventional spiral tomography, computed tomography & cone beam computed tomography.
Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2009 Apr;107(4):559-65.
18. Estrela C, Bueno MR, Leles CR, Azevedo B, Azevedo JR.
Accuracy of cone beam computed tomography and panoramic and periapical radiography for detection of
apical periodontitis. J Endod. 2008 Mar;34(3):273-9
19. Bar-zir J, Slasky B. CT imaging of mental nerve neuropathy: The Numbchin syndrom. AJR Am J Roentgenol.
1997 Feb; 168(2):371-6.
20. Paula silva F, Hassan B, Silva L, Leonarclo M, Wu M.
Outcome of root canal treatment in dogs Determined by periapical Radiography and cone–beam computed tomography scan. J Endod. 2009 May; 35(5):723-6.
21. Endal U, Shen Y, Knut A, Gao Y, Haapasalo M. A high- resolution computed tomographic study of changes in root canal isthmus area by instrumentation and root filling. J Endod. 2011 Feb;37(2):223-7.
22. Blattner T, George N, Lee CC, Komar V, Yelton CD.
Efficacy of cone-beam computed tomography as a modality to Accuratly identify the presence of second mesiobuccal canals in maxillary First and second molars: A pilot study. J Endod. 2010 May; 36(5):867-70.
23. Likubo M, Kobayashi K, mishima A, Shimoda sh.
Accuracy of intra oral Radiography multidetector helical CT,
& limited cone beam CT for for the detection of horizontal
tooth root fracture. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2009 Nov; 108(5):70-4.
24. Hassan B, Metska ME, Ozok AR, Van der Stelt P, Wesselink PR. Detection of Vertical root fractures in Endodontically Treated teeth by a cone beam computed tomography scan. J Endod. 2009 May; 35(5):719-22.
25. Orhan K, Akosv U, Kalender A. Cone beam computed tomographic Evaluation of spontan eously heald root fracture.
J Endod. 2010 Sept; 36(9):1584-7.
26. Patel S, Dawood A, Ford TP, Whaites E. The potentiall applications of cone beam computed tomography in the management of endodontic problems. Int Endod J. 2007 Oct;
40(10):818-30.
27. Tsuromachi T, Honda K. A new cone beam computerized tomography system for use in endodontic surgery. Int Endod J. 2007 Mar; 40(3):224-32.
28. Kovisto T, Ahmad M, Bowles WR. Proximity of the mandibular canal to the tooth apex. J Endod. 2011 Mar; 37 (3):311-5.
29. Patel S, Mannocci F, Wilson R, Dawood A, Pitt Ford T.
Detection of periapical defects in human jaws using cone beam computed tomography and intraoral radiography. Int Endod J. 2009 Jun;42(6):507-15.
30. Estrela C, Bueno MR, Alencar AH, Mattar R, Valladares Neto J. Method to evaluate in flammatory root resorption by using cone beam computed tomography. J Endod. 2009 Nov;
35(11):1491- 7.
31. Leung SF. cone beam computed tomography in endodontics .Hong Kong Medical Diary. 2010 Mar; 15 (3):16-19.
32. Landrigan MD, Flatley JC, Turnbull TL, Kruzic JJ, Ferracane JL. Detection of dentinal cracks using contrast-enhanced micro- computed tomography. J Mech behav biomed Mater. 2010 Feb;3(2):223-7.
33. Ozer SY. Detection of vertical root fractures of different thicknesses in endodontically enlarged teeth by cone beam computed tomography versus digital radiography. J Endod .2010 Jul; 36(7):1245-9.
34. Hassan B, Metska ME, Ozok AR, Van der Stelt P, Wesselink P. comparision of five CBCT systems for the Detevtion of Vertical Root fractures. J Endod. 2010 Jan, 36(1):126-129.
35. Youssefzadeh S, Gahleitner A, Dorffner R. Dental Vertical Root Fractures: Value of CT in Detection1. Radiology 1999 Feb;
210(2):545-9.
36. Loubele M Bogaerts R, Van Dijck E, Pauwels R, Vanheusden S. Comparison between effective radiation dose of CBCT and MSCT scanners for dentomaxillofacial applications.
Eur J Radiol .2009 Sept;71(3):461-8.
37. Pauwels R, Beinsberqer J, Collaert B, Theodorakou C, Rogers J. Effective dose range for dental CBCT scanners. Eur J Radiol. 2012 Feb;81(2):267-71.
38. Farman AG, Farman TT. A comparision of 18 different X-ray detectors currently used in dentistry. Oral sug Oral Med Oral Path Oral Radiol Endod. 2005 Apr; 99(4):485-9.