1876-6102 © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of the General Assembly of the European Geosciences Union (EGU) doi: 10.1016/j.egypro.2016.10.067
Energy Procedia 97 ( 2016 ) 246 – 253
ScienceDirect
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© 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of the General Assembly of the European Geosciences Union (EGU)
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